Outline of human anatomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:

Human anatomy is the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).

Essence of human anatomy

Front Muscles, illustrated in Compendiosa totius anatomie delineatio by Thomas Geminus, 1559. Anatomia

Back Muscles, illustrated in Compendiosa totius anatomie delineatio by Thomas Geminus, 1559. Anatomia

Branches of human anatomy

Gross anatomy - systemic or region-wise study of human body parts and organs. Gross anatomy encompasses cadaveric anatomy and osteology.
Comparative anatomy - the study of evolution of species through similarities and differences in their anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (histology).
Cell biology (cytology) and cytogenetics.
Surface anatomy.
Radiological anatomy.
Developmental anatomy (embryology).

Anatomy of the human body

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (1492 CE)

The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation.

General anatomy

Parts of human body
- Head
  - Ear
  - Face
  - Forehead
  - Cheek
  - Chin
  - Eye
  - Nose
  - Nostril
  - Mouth
  - Lip
  - Tongue
  - Tooth
- Neck
- Torso
  - Thorax
  - Abdomen
  - Pelvis
  - Back
  - Pectoral girdle
  - Shoulder
  - Arm
  - Axilla
  - Elbow
  - Forearm
  - Wrist
  - Hand
  - Finger
  - Thumb
  - Palm
- Lower limb
  - Pelvic girdle
  - Leg
  - Buttocks
  - Hip
  - Thigh
  - Knee
  - Calf
  - Foot
  - Ankle
  - Heel
  - Toe
  - Big toe
  - Sole
- Cavities
  - Cranial cavity
  - Spinal cavity
  - Thoracic cavity
  - Abdominopelvic cavity
    - Abdominal cavity
    - Pelvic cavity
Planes, lines, and regions
- Regions of head
- Regions of neck
- Anterior and lateral thoracic regions
- Abdominal regions
- Regions of back
- Perineal regions
- Regions of upper limb
- Regions of lower limb

Bones

Diagram of an adult human skeleton

General terms
- Bony part
  - Cortical bone
  - Compact bone
  - Spongy bone
- Cartilaginous part
- Membranous part
  - Periosteum
  - Perichondrium
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
- Pneumatized bone
- Sesamoid bone
- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis
  - Epiphysial plate (Growth plate)
- Metaphysis
- Apophysis
- Tuber
- Tubercle
- Tuberosity
- Eminence (anatomy)
- Process
- Condyle
- Epicondyle
- Fossa
- Medullary cavity
- Endosteum
- Yellow bone marrow
- Red bone marrow
- Nutrient foramen
- Nutrient canal
- Ossification center
Cranium
- Neurocranium
- Viscerocranium
- Cranial cavity
- Forehead
- Occiput
- Nasion
- Bregma
- Lambda
- Inion
- Pterion
- Asterion
- Gonion
- Temporal fossa
- Zygomatic arch
- Infratemporal fossa
- Pterygopalatine fossa
- Pterygomaxillary fissure
- Fontanelles
  - Anterior fontanelle
  - Posterior fontanelle
  - Sphenoidal fontanelle
  - Mastoid fontanelle
- Calvaria
  - Vertex
  - Diploe
- Cranial base
  - Internal surface of cranial base
  - External surface of cranial base
- Orbit
  - Orbital cavity
  - Medial wall
    - Anterior ethmoidal foramen
    - Posterior ethmoidal foramen
  - Superior orbital fissure
  - Inferior orbital fissure
- Nasolacrimal canal
- Bony nasal cavity
  - Piriform aperture
  - Superior nasal meatus
  - Middle nasal meatus
  - Inferior nasal meatus
  - Spheno-ethmoidal recess
  - Choana
  - Sphenopalatine foramen
- Bones of cranium
  - Parietal bone
  - Frontal bone
    - Squamous part
      - External surface
        Glabella
        
        Frontal suture
        
        Supra-orbital margin
        Supra-orbital notch (Supra-orbital foramen)
      - Internal surface
        Foramen cecum
    - Frontal sinus
  - Occipital bone
  - Sphenoid
    - Body
      - Sella turcica
        Tuberculum sellae
        
        Hypophysial fossa
        
        Dorsum sellae
        
        Posterior clinoid process
      - Sphenoidal sinus
    - Lesser wing
    - Greater wing
  - Temporal bone
    - Petrous part
      - Mastoid process
      - Occipital groove
      - Mastoid foramen
      - Facial canal
      - Inferior surface of petrous part
        Styloid process
        
        Stylomastoid foramen
      - Tympanic cavity
    - Mandibular fossa
    - Articular tubercle
      - Petrotympanic fissure
      - Petrosquamous fissure
  - Ethmoid
    - Cribriform plate
    - Cribriform foramina
    - Crista galli
    - Ethmoidal labyrinth
      - Ethmoidal bulla
  - Inferior nasal concha
  - Lacrimal bone
  - Nasal bone
  - Vomer
  - Maxilla
    - Body of maxilla
      - Orbital surface
        Infra-orbital canal
        
        Infra-orbital groove
      - Anterior surface
        Infra-orbital foramen
      - Maxillary sinus
    - Palatine process
      - Incisive canals
    - Alveolar process
      - Dental alveoli
      - Incisive foramina
  - Palatine bone
  - Zygomatic bone
  - Mandible
    - Body of mandible
      - Mental protuberance
      - Mental tubercle
      - Mental foramen
      - Oblique line
      - Superior mental spine
      - Inferior mental spine
      - Mylohyoid line
      - Sublingual fossa
      - Submandibular fossa
      - Alveolar part
        Dental alveoli
    - Ramus of mandible
      - Angle of mandible
      - Mandibular foramen
        Mandibular canal
      - Mylohyoid groove
      - Coronoid process
      - Mandibular notch
      - Condylar process
        Pterygoid fovea
  - Hyoid bone
  - Auditory ossicles
Vertebral column
- Vertebral canal
- Vertebra (this category contains parts of a vertebra)
- Cervical vertebrae
  - Uncus of body
  - Foramen transversarium
  - Carotid tubercle
  - Atlas (anatomy)
  - Axis (anatomy)
    - Dens
  - Vertebra prominens (C7)
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae
- Sacrum
  - Dorsal surface
    - Sacral cornu
    - Sacral canal
      - Sacral hiatus
- Coccyx
Thoracic skeleton
- Ribs
- Rib
  - Body
    - Costal groove
  - Cervical rib
  - First rib
    - Scalene tubercle
  - Lumbar rib
- Sternum
- Thoracic cage
  - Thoracic cavity
  - Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
  - Inferior thoracic aperture
  - Intercostal space
  - Infrasternal angle
Bones of upper limb
- Pectoral girdle
  - Scapula
    - Acromion
    - Superior border
      - Suprascapular notch
    - Glenoid cavity
    - Supraglenoid tubercle
    - Infraglenoid tubercle
    - Coracoid process
  - Clavicle
    - Acromial end
      - Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament
        Conoid tubercle
        
        Trapezoid line
- Free part of upper limb
  - Humerus
    - Greater tubercle
    - Lesser tubercle
      - Intertubercular sulcus
    - Shaft of humerus
      - Posterior surface
        Radial groove
      - Deltoid tuberosity
    - Condyle of humerus
    - Medial epicondyle
    - Lateral epicondyle
  - Radius
    - Radial styloid process
  - Ulna
    - Olecranon
    - Coronoid process
    - Head
      - Ulnar styloid process
- Bones of hand
  - Carpal bones
    - Scaphoid
    - Lunate
    - Triquetrum
    - Pisiform
    - Trapezium
    - Trapezoid
    - Capitate
    - Hamate
  - Metacarpals
  - Phalanges (hand)
  - Sesamoid bones (hand)
Bones of lower limb
- Pelvic girdle
  - Sacrum
  - Hip bone
    - Acetabulum
    - Obturator foramen
    - Greater sciatic notch
    - Ilium
      - Arcuate line
      - Iliac crest
        Anterior superior iliac spine
        
        Anterior inferior iliac spine
        
        Posterior superior iliac spine
        
        Posterior inferior iliac spine
    - Ischium
      - Lesser sciatic notch
    - Pubis
      - Body
        Pubic tubercle
      - Superior pubic ramus
        Pecten pubis
  - Pelvis (category contains general terms)
- Free part of lower limb
  - Femur
    - Greater trochanter
    - Lesser trochanter
    - Intertrochanteric line
    - Intertrochanteric crest
    - Shaft of femur
      - Linea aspera
      - Pectineal line
    - Intercondylar fossa
  - Patella
  - Tibia
    - Medial malleolus
  - Fibula
    - Lateral malleolus
- Bones of foot
  - Tarsal bones
  - Metatarsals
  - Phalanges (foot)
  - Sesamoid bones (foot)

Thoracic cavity

The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall. The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum.

Urinary system

Genital systems

Human reproductive system

Female reproductive system
- Female internal genitalia
- Female external genitalia
  - Vulva
    - Mons pubis
    - Labia
      - Labium majus
        Pudendal cleft
      - Labium minus
        Fourchette
    - Vestibule
    - Clitoris
    - Urinary meatus
    - Vaginal introitus
    - Hymen
    - Vestibular gland openings
Male reproductive system
- Male internal genitalia
- Male external genitalia
  - Penis
  - Scrotum
    - Dartos fascia
- Perineum
  - Perineal body
  - Subcutaneous perineal pouch
  - Superficial perineal pouch
  - Deep perineal pouch
  - Ischio-anal fossa

Abdominopelvic cavity

Extraperitoneal space
Peritoneum
- Mesentery
- Mesocolon
- Lesser omentum
- Greater omentum
  - Gastrophrenic ligament
  - Gastrosplenic ligament
  - Phrenicosplenic ligament
  - Splenorenal ligament
  - Pancreaticosplenic ligament
  - Pancreaticocolic ligament
  - Splenocolic ligament
  - Phrenicocolic ligament
- Peritoneal attachments of liver
  - Coronary ligament
- Recesses, fossae, and folds
- Urogenital peritoneum
  - Vesico-uterine pouch
  - Broad ligament of uterus
    - Mesometrium
    - Mesosalpinx
    - Mesovarium
    - Suspensory ligament of ovary - see genital systems

Endocrine glands

Endocrine system

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Suprarenal gland
Pancreatic islets - see alimentary system

Cardiovascular system

General terms
- Artery
Heart
Arteries
- Pulmonary trunk
  - Right pulmonary artery
  - Left pulmonary artery
- Aorta
Veins
- Veins of heart
  - Coronary sinus
- Pulmonary veins
- Superior vena cava
  - Brachiocephalic vein
    - Inferior thyroid vein
    - Inferior laryngeal vein
    - Pericardial veins
    - Pericardiophrenic veins
    - Bronchial veins
    - Vertebral vein
      - Occipital vein
      - Anterior vertebral vein
    - Deep cervical vein
    - Internal thoracic veins
      - Superior epigastric veins
      - Musculophrenic veins
      - Anterior intercostal veins
    - Supreme intercostal vein
  - Internal jugular vein
    - Lingual vein
    - Superior thyroid vein
    - Middle thyroid veins
    - Sternocleidomastoid vein
    - Superior laryngeal vein
    - Facial vein
      - Angular vein
      - Supratrochlear veins
      - Supra-orbital vein
      - External nasal veins
      - Deep facial vein
      - External palatine vein
      - Submental vein
    - Retromandibular vein
      - Superficial temporal veins
      - Middle temporal vein
      - Transverse facial vein
      - Maxillary veins
      - Pterygoid plexus
    - External jugular vein
    - Dural venous sinuses
    - Diploic veins
    - Emissary veins
  - Cerebral veins
    - Superficial cerebral veins
    - Deep cerebral veins
      - Basal vein
      - Great cerebral vein
    - Veins of brainstem
    - Cerebellar veins
  - Orbital veins
    - Superior ophthalmic vein
      - Nasofrontal vein
      - Ethmoidal veins
      - Lacrimal vein
      - Vorticose veins
      - Ciliary veins
      - Central retinal vein
      - Episcleral vein
    - Inferior ophthalmic vein
  - Azygos vein
    - Posterior intercostal veins
      - Intervertebral vein
    - Veins of vertebral column
      - Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
        Basivertebral veins
        
        Anterior spinal veins
        
        Posterior spinal veins
  - Veins of upper limb
    - Subclavian vein
    - Axillary vein
      - Subscapular vein
      - Circumflex scapular vein
        Thoracodorsal vein
        
        Posterior circumflex humeral vein
        
        Anterior circumflex humeral vein
      - Lateral thoracic vein
    - Superficial veins of upper limb
    - Deep veins of upper limb
- Inferior vena cava
  - Inferior phrenic veins
  - Lumbar veins
  - Ascending lumbar vein
  - Hepatic veins
  - Renal veins
  - Right suprarenal vein
  - Right ovarian vein
  - Right testicular vein
    - Pampiniform plexus
  - Common iliac vein
    - Median sacral vein
    - Iliolumbar vein
  - Internal iliac vein
    - Superior gluteal veins
    - Inferior gluteal veins
    - Obturator veins
    - Lateral sacral veins
    - Vesical veins
    - Middle rectal veins
    - Internal pudendal vein
      - Deep veins of clitoris
      - Deep veins of penis
      - Inferior rectal veins
    - Posterior labial veins
    - Posterior scrotal veins
  - External iliac vein
    - Inferior epigastric vein
    - Deep circumflex iliac vein
  - Veins of lower limb
    - Superficial veins of lower limb
      - Great saphenous vein
        External pudendal veins
      - Small saphenous vein
    - Deep veins of lower limb
      - Femoral vein
      - Profunda femoris vein
      - Popliteal vein
        Sural veins
        
        Anterior tibial veins
        
        Posterior tibial veins
        Fibular veins
- Hepatic portal vein
Lymphatic trunks and ducts
- Thoracic duct
- Cisterna chyli

Lymphoid system

Lymphatic system

Primary lymphoid organs
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
Regional lymph nodes
- Lymph nodes of head and neck
- Lymph nodes of upper limb
- Thoracic lymph nodes
- Abdominal lymph nodes
- Pelvic lymph nodes
- Lymph nodes of lower limb