List of wars involving the United States

The United States has been involved in 114 military conflicts. These include major conflicts like the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the American Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II and the Gulf War. It also includes US involvement in widespread periods of conflict like the Indian Wars, the Cold War (including the Korean War and the Vietnam War), and the War on Terror (including the Iraq War, the War in Afghanistan, and others).

Four military engagements encompassing three wars, all of which are interventions, currently involve the US: the Yemeni Civil War, the Somali Civil War, and the Syrian Civil War.

USA victory

Another result *

USA defeat

Ongoing conflict

*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive

18th-century wars

Conflict	Allies	Opponent(s)	Result for the United States and its Allies	Presidents of the United States
American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) Location: Eastern and Southern North America the Atlantic The Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776	United States Kingdom of France Canadian Auxiliaries Spanish Empire Iroquois Oneida Tuscarora Watauga Association Catawba Lenape Choctaw Dutch Republic Mysore	Great Britain Loyalists German Auxiliaries Iroquois Onondaga Cayuga Seneca Cherokee	US-allied victory - The American Revolution started as a civil war within the British Empire.^{[nb 1]} It became a larger international war in 1778 once France joined.^{[nb 2]} Treaty of Paris (1783) Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America and the Thirteen Colonies.	President of the Continental Congress in American Revolutionary War: John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin
Cherokee–American wars (1776–1795) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Old Southwest Abduction of Daniel Boone's daughter by the Cherokee	United States Choctaw	Cherokee	US-allied victory	President of the Continental Congress in Cherokee–American wars: John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin Presidents of the United States: George Washington
Northwest Indian War (1785–1793) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Northwest Territory The Battle of Fallen Timbers	United States Chickasaw Choctaw	Western Confederacy List Council of Three Fires Iroquois Confederacy Seven Nations of Canada Wabash Confederacy (Wea, Piankashaw, and others) Illini Confederacy Wyandot Mississaugas Menominee Shawnee Lenape Miami Kickapoo Kaskaskia Chickamauga Cherokee (or "Lower Cherokee") Upper Muscogee Great Britain British North America	US-allied victory Treaty of Greenville (1795) American occupation of the Northwest Territory	George Washington
American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Location: Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean Captain William Bainbridge paying tribute to the Dey of Algiers	United States	Regency of Algiers	Algerian victory Establishment of the United States Navy through the Naval Act of 1794 The U.S. government agrees to pay an annual tribute of $21,600^[11]^[12] $1 million tribute offered to the Dey	George Washington
Quasi-War (1798–1800) Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean USS Constellation vs. L'Insurgente	United States Co-belligerent: Great Britain	French Republic Guadeloupe	Convention of 1800 Peaceful cessation of Franco-American alliance End of French privateer attacks on American shipping American neutrality and renunciation of claims by France	John Adams

19th-century wars

Conflict	Allies	Opponent(s)	Result for the United States and its Allies	Presidents of the United States
First Barbary War (1801–1805) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon at Derna, April 1805	United States^[13] Sweden^[13] Kingdom of Sicily^[13] Malta Protectorate^[13] Kingdom of Portugal^[13] Sultanate of Morocco^[13]	Ottoman Tripolitania^[14] Sultanate of Morocco^[14]	US-allied victory	Thomas Jefferson
Tecumseh's War (1810–1813) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Northwest River Ohio The Battle of Tippecanoe	United States	Tecumseh's Confederacy List Shawnee Red Sticks Ojibway Chickamauga Meskwaki Iroquois Miami Mingo Odawa Kickapoo Lenape Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot	US victory	James Madison
War of 1812 (1812–1815) Location: Eastern and Central North America General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910.	United States Choctaw Nation Cherokee Nation Creek Allies	United Kingdom British North America The Canadas Swiss Mercenaries (The Regiment de Meuron and De Watteville's Regiment) Tecumseh's Confederacy List Shawnee Red Sticks Ojibway Chickamauga Meskwaki Iroquois Miami Mingo Odawa Kickapoo Lenape Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Spain (1814)	Inconclusive/Other Result Treaty of Ghent Military stalemate; both sides' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh's Confederacy Burning of Washington including the White House and the Capitol
Creek War (1813–1814) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Southern United States The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814	United States Lower Creeks Cherokee Nation Choctaw Nation	Red Stick Creek	US-allied victory Treaty of Fort Jackson
Nuku Hiva Campaign (1813–1814) Part of the War of 1812 Location: Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands	United States	Tai Pi Happah (October 1813) Te I'i (May 1814)	US tactical victory Tai Pis and Happahs defeated Polynesian strategic victory Fort Madison destroyed and Nuku Hiva abandoned by May 1814
Second Barbary War (1815) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary States Decatur's squadron off Algiers	United States	Deylik of Algiers	US victory
First Seminole War (1817–1818) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Pensacola, Spanish Florida Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay	United States	Seminole Spanish Florida	US victory Spain cedes Spanish Florida to the United States in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 The United States forcibly relocates Seminole in northern Florida to a reservation in the center of the peninsula in the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823	James Monroe
Arikara War (1823) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Missouri River An Arikara warrior	United States Sioux	Arikara	Inconclusive/Other Result White Peace treaty agreed by US Col Leavenworth^[15]	James Monroe
Winnebago War (1827) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory	United States Choctaw Nation	Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks with a few allies	US-allied victory Ho-Chunks cede lead mining region to the United States	John Quincy Adams
Black Hawk War (1832) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe	United States Ho-Chunk Menominee Dakota Potawatomi	Black Hawk's British Band Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies	US-allied victory End of Native armed resistance to U.S. expansion in the Old Northwest Black Hawk Purchase (1832) The United States purchases Potawatomi land in the Treaty of Tippecanoe (1832) The United States purchases the rest of Potawatomi land west of the Mississippi River in the Treaty of Chicago (1833)	Andrew Jackson
Second Seminole War (1835–1842) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Florida, United States U.S. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades	United States	Seminole	US victory Approximately 3,800 Seminoles transported to the Indian Territory Approximately 300 remain in Everglades	Andrew Jackson (March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837) Martin Van Buren (March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841) William Henry Harrison (March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841) John Tyler (April 4, 1841 –March 4, 1845)
Texas Comanche Wars (1836–1875) Part of the Texas–Indian wars and the American Indian Wars Location: South-central United States (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado) and northern Mexico A group of U.S. soldiers defend themselves from Comanche warriors at the Battle of Buffalo Wallow.	Republic of Texas United States	Comanche	US victory	Andrew Jackson (March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837) Martin Van Buren (March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841) William Henry Harrison (March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841) John Tyler (April 4, 1841 –March 4, 1845) James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849) Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877)
Battle of Drummond's Island (1841) Part of the United States Exploring Expedition Location:Drummond's Island, Gilbert Islands, (Modern Day Kiribati) Gilbertese warriors of Tabiteuea, with shark's teeth weapons. (Drawn by Alfred Agate)	United States	Micronesian Natives	US victory 2 Native Villages Destroyed	John Tyler
Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Location: Texas, New Mexico, California and Mexico 2nd Dragoons charge the enemy at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 1846	United States California Republic	Mexico	US-allied victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Cession Mexican recognition of US sovereignty over Texas and California (among other territories)	James K. Polk
Cayuse War (1847–1855) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon The Whitman Massacre.	United States	Cayuse	US victory Cayuse reduced in numbers and forced to cede most of their lands	James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849) Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857)
Apache Wars (1849–1924) Part of the Texas–Indian wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Southwestern United States U.S. Cavalry dash for cover while fighting Apaches, by F. Remington	United States	Apache Ute Yavapai	US victory Apaches moved to reservations	James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849) Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881) James A. Garfield (March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881) Chester A. Arthur (September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885) Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889) Benjamin Harrison (March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893) Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897) William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901) Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929)
Navajo Wars (1849–1866) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Mexico Fort Defiance	United States	Navajo Nation	US victory Long Walk of the Navajo Navajos moved to reservations	James K. Polk (March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849) Zachary Taylor (March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850) Millard Fillmore (July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853) Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869)
Battle of Muddy Flat (1854) Part of the Taiping Rebellion and the Small Swords Society Uprising Location: Shanghai, China Battle of Muddy Flat along the Defense Creek	United States British Empire Shanghai Volunteer Corps Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	China	US-allied victory Qing forces retreat a mile away from the foreign concessions area Adherence to Foreign Extraterritoriality Status Maintained Yangtze Patrol, Shanghai Municipal Council, Shanghai Municipal Police, and the Chinese Maritime Customs Service established	Franklin Pierce
Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861) Location: Kansas and Missouri Sacking of Lawrence in 1856	Anti-slavery settlers (Free-Staters)	Pro-slavery settlers (Border Ruffians)	Free-Stater victory. Kansas admitted as a free state on January 29, 1861.	Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861)
Puget Sound War (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington	United States Snoqualmie	Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit	US victory Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde and Coast Reservations^{[citation needed]}	Franklin Pierce
Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Rogue Valley	United States	Tututni	US victory Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde and Coast Reservations	Franklin Pierce
Third Seminole War (1855–1858) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Pensacola, Florida	United States	Seminole	US victory By late 1850s, most Seminoles forced to leave their land; a few hundred remain deep in the Everglades on land unwanted by white settlers	Franklin Pierce (March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857) James Buchanan (March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861) Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869)
Yakima War (1855–1858) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington Territory Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces.	United States Snoqualmie	Yakama Walla Walla tribe Umatilla tribe Nez Perce tribe Cayuse tribe	US victory
Second Opium War (1856–1859) Part of the Opium Wars Location: China Palikao's bridge, on the evening of the battle, by Émile Bayard	British Empire French Empire United States	China	US victory Treaties of Tientsin Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island ceded to the United Kingdom as part of British Hong Kong
Utah War (1857–1858) Part of the Mormon wars Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming	United States	Deseret/Utah Mormons (Nauvoo Legion)	Inconclusive/Other Result Resolution through negotiation Brigham Young replaced as governor of the territory Full amnesty for charges of sedition and treason issued to the citizens of Utah Territory by President James Buchanan on the condition that they accept American Federal authority
Reform War (1858–1866) Location: Mexico The USS Savannah which fought in the Battle of Antón Lizardo in March 1860	Liberals United States	Conservatives	Liberals - US victory
Pig War (1859) Location: San Juan Islands Proposed boundaries: Through Haro Strait, favored by the US Through Rosario Strait, favored by Britain Through San Juan Channel, compromise proposal The lines are as shown on maps of the time. The modern boundary follows straight line segments and roughly follows the blue line. The modern eastern boundary of San Juan County roughly follows the red line.	United States Washington Territory	United Kingdom Colony of Vancouver Island	Inconclusive/Other Result Treaty of Washington Mostly a bloodless war – San Juan Islands awarded to the United States following third-party arbitration	James Buchanan
John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) Part of pre-Civil War conflicts Location: West Virginia Harper's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort" Teresa Baine	United States	Abolitionist Insurgents	US victory
First and Second Cortina War (1859–1861) Location: Texas and Mexico	United States Confederate States Mexico	Cortinista bandits	US-allied victory
Paiute War (1860) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pyramid Lake, Nevada	United States	Paiute Shoshone Bannock	US victory
American Civil War (1861–1865) Location: Southern United States, Indian Territory, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic Ocean The Battle of Antietam, by Thure de Thulstrup.	United States Indian Home Guard Seminole Nation (Western) (most)^[16] Seminole Nation (Florida) Muskogee Nation (part)^[17]	Confederate States Cherokee Nation Choctaw Nation Catawba Chickasaw Nation (part) Muskogee Nation (part) Seminole Nation (Western) (part) Comanche Nation (part)	US victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Beginning of the Reconstruction Era U.S. Federal government expands further control over land and railroad rights in the Indian Territory.	Abraham Lincoln
Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona Rescue of Lt. Charles King	United States	Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave	US victory	Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877)
Dakota War of 1862 (1862) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Minnesota and Dakota The Siege of New Ulm, Minnesota on August 19, 1862	United States	Dakota Sioux	US victory	Abraham Lincoln
1st Battle of Shimonoseki Straits and the following Shimonoseki campaign (1863-1864) Part of Bakumatsu Conflicts Location: Shimonoseki Straits, Honshu, Japan USS Wyoming sinking the American built Koshin (Originally the Lancefield) which had been gifted to Japan that same year (1863)	United States British Empire French Empire Netherlands	Chōshū Domain	US-allied victory Treaty of Amity and Commerce enforced
Colorado War (1863–1865) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska	United States	Cheyenne Arapaho Sioux	Inconclusive/Other Result Military and congressional hearings against John Chivington
Snake War (1864–1868) Part of the American Indian Wars Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho	United States	Paiute Bannock Shoshone	US victory	Abraham Lincoln (March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865) Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869)
Powder River War (1865) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Powder River State	United States	Sioux Cheyenne Arapaho	Inconclusive	Andrew Johnson
Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Powder River State The Fetterman Massacre	United States Crow Nation	Lakota Cheyenne Arapaho	Lakota-allied victory Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to Native Americans Creation of the Great Sioux Reservation (including the Black Hills)
Formosa Expedition (1867) Location: Hengchun, Taiwan, Qing China' Attack of United States Marines and Sailors on the pirates of the island of Formosa, East Indies, Harper's Weekly	United States	Paiwan	Paiwan victory
Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Western United States Battle of Beecher Island. One soldier and three horses have fallen, while others continue to wage the battle.	United States	Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa	US victory	Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869) Ulysses S. Grant (March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877)
United States expedition to Korea (1871) Location: Ganghwa Island The captured Sujagi aboard USS Colorado in June 1871	United States	Joseon dynasty	Inconclusive/Other Result American military victory American diplomatic failure Withdrawal of American forces Korea retains isolationist policies Eventual signing of the United States–Korea Treaty of 1882	Ulysses S. Grant
Modoc War (1872–1873) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: California and Oregon Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873.	United States	Modoc	US victory
Red River War (1874–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Texas	United States	Cheyenne Arapaho Comanche Kiowa	US victory End to the Texas-Indian Wars
Las Cuevas War (1875) Location: Texas and Mexico Texan soldiers.	United States	Mexican bandits	US victory Cattle returned to Texas
Great Sioux War of 1876 (1876–1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming Custer's last stand at Little Bighorn.	United States	Lakota Dakota Sioux Northern Cheyenne Arapaho	US victory Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to the United States
Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Texas and Oklahoma	United States	Comanche Apache	US victory
Nez Perce War (1877) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana Chief Joseph's band in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain	United States	Nez Perce Palouse	US victory	Rutherford B. Hayes
Bannock War (1878) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming	United States	Bannock Shoshone Paiute	US victory
Cheyenne War (1878–1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana Aftermath of the Battle of "The Pit."	United States	Cheyenne	US victory
Sheepeater Indian War (1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Idaho	United States	Shoshone	US victory
Victorio's War (1879–1880) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Mexico	United States Mexico	Apache	US-allied victory
White River War (1879) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado Battle of Milk Creek Canyon	United States	Ute	US victory
Egyptian Expedition (1882) Part of the Anglo-Egyptian War Location: Alexandria Front page of "Judge" magazine, August 12, 1882, featuring a cartoon by "JAW" concerning aid rendered by the American navy during the British bombardment of Alexandria.	United States	Egypt	US victory	Chester A. Arthur
Crow War (1887) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana Crow Indians Firing into the Agency 1887	United States	Crow people	US victory	Grover Cleveland
Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: South Dakota Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the Wounded Knee Massacre.	United States	Sioux	US victory	Benjamin Harrison
Garza War (1891–1893) Location: Texas and Mexico 3rd Cavalry Troopers searching a suspected Revolutionist, 1892	Mexico United States	Garzistas	US-allied victory	Benjamin Harrison
Yaqui Wars (1896–1918) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona and Mexico 10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918.	United States Mexico	Yaqui Pima Opata	US-allied victory	Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897) William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901) Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921)
Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) Location: Samoa Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899.	Samoa United States	Mataafans German Empire	Inconclusive/Other Result Allies and Rebels compromise for peace Tripartite Convention United States acquires American Samoa United Kingdom withdraws claim in exchange for concessions in the Solomon Islands Germany acquires German Samoa Mata'afa Iosefo becomes paramount chief of Samoa	William McKinley
Spanish–American War (1898) Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam Theodore Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" after the Battle of San Juan Hill.	United States Cuban Revolutionaries Filipino Revolutionaries	Spain Cuba Guam Philippines Puerto Rico	US-allied victory Treaty of Paris Fall of the Spanish Empire United States took possession of the Spanish colonies: Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam Protectorate over Cuba Rise of the United States as a world power Founding of the First Philippine Republic and beginning of the Philippine–American War The war contributed to the popular image of Theodore Roosevelt as a war hero and advanced his career, in 1901 became the 26th president of the United States Spain sells to Germany its last colonies in the Pacific in 1899	William McKinley
Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Location: Philippines U.S. soldiers during the Battle of Manila.	1899–1902 United States Military government 1902-1906 United States Civil government	1899–1902 Philippine Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Limited Foreign Support: Empire of Japan Shishi 1902-1906 Tagalog Republic Irrenconcilables	US victory Occupation of the Philippines Establishment of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands General Emilio Aguinaldo captured Dissolution of the First Philippine Republic	William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901) Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909)
Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) Location: Philippines American soldiers battling against Moro fighters.	United States	Moro Remnants of the Sulu Sultanate	US victory Total annexation of the Philippine Islands	William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901) Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921)
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China U.S. soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion in China.	British Empire United Kingdom Australia New Zealand India Russian Empire Empire of Japan French Republic United States German Empire Kingdom of Italy Austro-Hungarian Empire China (until 1900)	Boxers China (from 1900)	US-allied victory Signing of the Boxer Protocol Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing	William McKinley

20th-century wars

Conflict	Allies	Opponent(s)	Result for the United States and its Allies	Presidents of the United States
Crazy Snake's War (1909) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oklahoma Creek prisoners of war.	United States	Creek	US victory	Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929)
Mexican Border War (1910–1919) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico–United States border American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on May 27, 1916	United States	Mexico Supported by: German Empire	US victory Seditionist insurgency suppressed Permanent border wall established Pancho Villa's troops no longer an effective fighting force^[18] Mexican Constitutionalist faction leader Venustiano Carranza recognised as the sole leaders of the Mexican government by the United States	William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921)
Little Race War (1912) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Cuba USS Mississippi in Cuba	Cuba United States	Cuban PIC	US-allied victory Dissolution of the PIC	William Howard Taft
United States occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Nicaragua US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag.	United States Nicaragua	Nicaraguan Liberals Sandinistas	US victory Change of regime in Nicaragua Great Depression marks US withdrawal (1933)	William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) Herbert Hoover (March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933)
Bluff War (1914–1915) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah and Colorado Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City.	United States	Ute Paiute	US victory	Woodrow Wilson
United States occupation of Veracruz (1914) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico American ships at Veracruz	United States Supported by: United Kingdom	Mexico Supported by: German Empire Kingdom of Italy	US victory	Woodrow Wilson
United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Haiti 2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti	United States Haiti	Haitian Rebels	US-allied victory	Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929) Herbert Hoover (March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945)
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Dominican Republic US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic.	United States	Dominican Republic	US victory	Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding (March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923) Calvin Coolidge (August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929)
World War I (1914–1918, direct U.S. involvement in 1917–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America US troops firing 37mm gun during an advance against German entrenched positions.	French Republic British Empire United Kingdom Canada Newfoundland Australia New Zealand Ceylon India South Africa Kingdom of Italy United States (since 1917) Russian Empire (until 1917) Empire of Japan Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Romania Kingdom of Greece Belgium Portugal Republic of Armenia Sultanate of Egypt Idrisid Emirate of Asir Emirate of Nejd and Hasa Kingdom of Hejaz Republic of China Siam Brazil	German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire Tsardom of Bulgaria	US-allied victory First time in history, the United States sent soldiers abroad to defend foreign soil The October Revolution in 1917 in Russian Empire On December 13, 1918, Woodrow Wilson arrived to France and became the first U.S. president to visit Europe while in office to take part in World War I peace negotiations Fall of the German, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations, which led to the creation of today's United Nations	Woodrow Wilson
Russian Civil War (1917–1923, direct U.S. involvement in 1918–1920) Location: Russia US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka.	White Movement Mountain Republic Makhnovshchina Right SRs Left SRs Green armies Czechoslovakia British Empire United Kingdom Canada Australia India South Africa Empire of Japan Kingdom of Greece United States French Republic Kingdom of Serbia Romania Italy Poland Estonia Latvia China Mongolia	Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic Mongolian Communists Makhnovshchina Left SRs Green armies	Bolshevik Victory^[19] The October Revolution led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin The Communist Massacre of the Russian Royal Family Fall of the Russian Empire Establishment of the Soviet Union Victory for the Bolshevik Red Army in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia; incorporation of those territories into the Russian SFSR and Soviet Union Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces from those territories	Woodrow Wilson
Posey War (1923) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah Ute and Paiute prisoners of war.	United States	Ute Paiute	US victory Last Indian uprising	Warren G. Harding
World War II (1939–1945, direct U.S. involvement in 1941–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America Six United States Marines raising the U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima.	Allies: French Republic British Empire United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand India and others United States (since 1941) Soviet Union (since 1941) Republic of Poland Czechoslovak Republic Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Republic of Cuba Republic of Haiti Argentina Brazil Mexico Chile Peru United States of Venezuela Liberia Kingdom of Egypt Ethiopian Empire Union of South Africa Sultanate of Muscat and Oman Kingdom of Nepal Republic of China Mongolian People's Republic Commonwealth of the Philippines Viet Minh Korean Provisional Government	Axis: Nazi Germany Empire of Japan Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Romania Slovak Republic Tsardom of Bulgaria Independent State of Croatia Finland French State Hellenic State Quisling's Norway Manchukuo Mengjiang RNG China Thailand Philippine Republic Empire of Vietnam Kingdom of Kampuchea State of Burma Free India Kingdom of Iraq	US-allied victory The end of America's isolationism after attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 The United States was first referred to as a superpower in 1944 In July 1945, the United States conducted the first nuclear test, and one month later became the first and only country to use nuclear weapons in war Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese Empire and Italian Empire End of Fascism in Europe and Japanese militarism in Asia–Pacific Creation of the United Nations Creation of the NATO Creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, which led to the creation of today's European Union Beginning of the Atomic Age Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers until dissolution of the Soviet Union The Iron Curtain separated Eastern and Western Europe (1945–1991) Beginning of the Cold War (1947–1991) Germany and Austria, as well as their capitals, Berlin and Vienna, respectively, divided into four occupation zones each, one for each of the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union	Franklin D. Roosevelt (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945) Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953)
Operation Beleaguer (1945-1949) Part of the Chinese Civil War and the Cold War Location: Hebei and Shandong provinces, China Marines in Qingdao during Operation Beleaguer	United States Republic of China	China	Inconclusive/Other Result U.S. Withdrawal from China Japanese and Korean Soldiers successfully disarmed and repatriated Subsequent PRC Victory	Harry S. Truman
Korean War (1950–1953) Part of the Cold War Location: Korea U.S. soldier fires a 75mm recoilless rifle, near Oetlook-tong, Korea, in support of infantry units directly across the valley.	South Korea United Nations United States United Kingdom Australia Belgium Canada France Philippines Colombia Ethiopian Empire Kingdom of Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Spanish State Union of South Africa Thailand Turkey	North Korea China Soviet Union Supported by: East Germany Czechoslovak Republic Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Romanian People's Republic People's Republic of Bulgaria Mongolian People's Republic	Inconclusive/Other Result UNSC Resolution 83 goals achieved North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled South Korean statehood preserved Subsequent United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese-North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement Korean Demilitarized Zone established in 1953	Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961)
Vietnam War (1955–1964^[a], 1965–1973^[b], 1974–1975^[c]) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos 1st Cavalry Division, Battle of Ia Drang, 1965.	South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia New Zealand Thailand Philippines Kingdom of Laos Khmer Republic	North Vietnam Viet Cong Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge China Soviet Union North Korea Supported by: East Germany Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Socialist Republic of Romania People's Republic of Bulgaria Cuba	North Vietnam-allied victory Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the communist state Socialist Republic of Vietnam Communist governments take power also in Laos and Cambodia	Dwight D. Eisenhower (January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961) John F. Kennedy (January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon (January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974) Gerald Ford (August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977)
Laotian Civil War (1959–1975) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location: Laos A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970.	Kingdom of Laos United States South Vietnam Thailand Supported by: Philippines Taiwan	Pathet Lao North Vietnam Supported by: China Soviet Union East Germany Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania Cuba	Pathet Lao-allied victory Fall of the Kingdom of Laos Establishment of the communist state Lao People's Democratic Republic
Permesta Rebellion (1958–1961) Location: Indonesia The capture of Allen Lawrence Pope.	Permesta United States	Indonesia	Indonesian government victory Permesta surrendered to Indonesia government	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Lebanon crisis (1958) Location: Lebanon US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut.	Lebanon United States	Lebanese opposition: INM LCP PSP	US-allied victory US-Lebanese occupation of the port and international airport of Beirut	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Part of the Cold War Location: Cuba A4D-2 Skyhawks in flight over USS Essex during the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961.	CDRF United States	Cuba	Cuban government victory Failure to topple Castro's government United States sponsored Brigade 2506 (Cuban exiles) defeated Increased cooperation between Cuba and the Soviet Union	John F. Kennedy
Operation Dragon Rouge (1964) Part of the Simba Rebellion during the Congo Crisis and the Decolonization of Africa during the Cold War Location: Stanleyville, Congo-Léopoldville Belgian paratroopers exiting out of U.S. C-130 Hercules after returning from Operation Dragon Rouge	United States Belgium Supported by: Democratic Republic of the Congo	Simba rebels	US-allied victory Most Hostages rescued Rebels Defeated	Lyndon B. Johnson
Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Location: Dominican Republic US soldiers push a child underneath a Jeep to protect him during a firefight in Santo Domingo on May 5, 1965.	Dominican Loyalists United States IAPF Brazil Paraguay Nicaragua Costa Rica El Salvador Honduras	Dominican Constitutionalists	US-allied victory Fall of the Bosch regime Joaquín Balaguer elected as the new president	Lyndon B. Johnson
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone ROK and US troop stationed at the DMZ, 1967.	South Korea United States	North Korea	US-allied victory North Korean failure to launch an insurgency in South Korea	Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon (January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974)
Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975) Part of the Cold War Location: Cambodia US troops and tanks entering town in Cambodia.	Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970) Khmer Republic (1970–1975) United States South Vietnam Supported by: Australia Canada France Thailand	National United Front of Kampuchea Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh North Vietnam Việt Cộng Supported by: China Soviet Union North Korea Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania Cuba	Khmer Rouge-allied victory Fall of the Kingdom of Cambodia Creation but eventual collapse of the Khmer Republic Creation of the Democratic Kampuchea Beginning of the Cambodian genocide	Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon (January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974) Gerald Ford (August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977)
Multinational intervention in Lebanon (1982–1984) Location: Lebanon US Marines of the 32nd Marine Amphibious Unit come ashore to assume the management of the port of Beirut.	Lebanese Armed Forces UNIFIL Multinational Force in Lebanon: United States France United Kingdom Italy Israel Lebanese Front Army of Free Lebanon SLA	Lebanese National Movement Jammoul PLO Amal Movement Iran Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Hezbollah Islamic Jihad Organization Islamic Unification Movement Syria Arab Deterrent Force Saudi Arabia Sudan United Arab Emirates Libya South Yemen	Syrian-allied victory Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias^[20]^[21] Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization Humanitarian crisis in Southern Lebanon Civil war continues until 1990 President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country	Ronald Reagan (January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989)
United States invasion of Grenada (1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Grenada American soldiers in artillery positions at Grenada.	United States Barbados Jamaica Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	PRG of Grenada Cuba Military advisors: List Soviet Union Bulgaria East Germany Libya	US-allied victory Military dictatorship of Hudson Austin deposed Defeat of Cuban military presence Restoration of constitutional government	Ronald Reagan
Bombing of Libya (1986) Location: Libya USAF F-111 taking off for Libya	United States	Libya	Inconclusive Both sides claimed victory^[22] Failed Libyan Scud missile response Muammar Gaddafi survives U.S. successfully destroyed Iraqi ground targets in response to the West Berlin discotheque bombing
Tanker War (1987–1988) Part of the Iran–Iraq War Location: Persian Gulf Iranian frigate Sahand after being attacked by U.S. aircraft.	United States	Iran	US victory U.S. Navy sinks several ships and damages Iranian military installations used to attack U.S. and U.S. allied civilian shipping U.S. Navy vessel USS Vincennes shoots down civilian Iran Air Flight 655 killing all 290 passengers, among them 66 children Iran–Iraq War ends in August 1988 following UN enforcement of the ceasefire
United States invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Location: Panama U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City, December 1989.	United States Panamanian Opposition	Panama	US-allied victory Dictator Manuel Noriega deposed	George H. W. Bush
Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge.	United States United Kingdom Kuwait Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Qatar Bahrain United Arab Emirates Oman	Iraq	US-allied victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber III restored Sanctions against Iraq	George H. W. Bush
Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement Operations (1991–2003) Location: Iraq A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998.	United States United Kingdom France Australia Belgium Netherlands Saudi Arabia Turkey Italy	Iraq	US-allied victory Periodic depletion of Iraqi air defenses	George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001) George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009)
First U.S. Intervention in the Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Part of the Somali civil war (1991–present) Location: Somalia U.S. Marines on patrol in Somalia.	United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Italy India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia New Zealand	Somali National Alliance	Somali victory Failure to capture SNA leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid; specific Aidid lieutenants captured Withdrawal of U.S. forces 5 months after losses in the Battle of Mogadishu The UN mandate saved close to 100,000 lives, before and after U.S. withdrawal Civil war is ongoing	George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001)
Bosnian War and Croatian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia A U.S. Army M-113 Armor Personnel Carrier prepares to pull an armored Humvee out of the mud in Bosnia and Herzegovina.	Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia United States Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom	Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia	Inconclusive/Other Result Military stalemate in Bosnia Victory in Croatia Dayton Accords Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina Over 101,000 dead, 65,000 Bosniaks, 28,000 Serbs, 8,000 Croats^{[citation needed]} Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to uphold the peace agreement High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina established to implement the peace agreement Yugoslav army formally withdrew from Croatia from January 1992 under the Sarajevo Agreement Croatian forces regained control over most of Republic of Serbian Krajina-held territory The Croatian government gains control over the vast majority of territory previously held by rebel Serbs, with the remainder coming under UNTAES control.^{[nb 3]}
Intervention in Haiti (1994–1995) Location: Haiti U.S. Marine guarding an area in Haiti.	United States Poland Argentina	Haiti	US-allied victory Reinstatement of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president of Haiti	Bill Clinton
Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Serbia A U.S. Air Force F-15E Strike Eagle takes off for an air strike mission.	KLA AFRK Albania Croatia United States Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland Spain Turkey United Kingdom	FR Yugoslavia	Inconclusive/Other Result ^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29] Ceasefire reached through Kumanovo Agreement of June 1999. after Russian and Finnish envoys visit Belgrade Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo UN Resolution 1244 confirming Kosovo as de jure part of FRY De facto separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia under UN administration Return of Albanian refugees after attempted ethnic cleansing of Albanians KLA veterans join the UÇPMB, starting the Preševo insurgency Around 200,000 Serbs, Romani, and other non-Albanians fleeing Kosovo and many of the remaining civilians becoming victims of abuse Three Chinese journalists were killed in United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade	Bill Clinton

^ Advisory role from the forming of the MAAG in Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 saw all U.S forces withdrawn; the Case–Church Amendment, passed by the U.S Congress on August 15, 1973, officially ended direct U.S military involvement .
^ The war reignited on December 13, 1974, with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under five months.

21st-century wars

Conflict	Allies	Belligerent	Result for the United States and its Allies	Presidents of the United States
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Part of the war on terror and the Afghan conflict Location: Afghanistan U.S. soldiers from A Company, 101st Airborne Division Special Troop Battalion air assault into a village inside Jowlzak valley in Afghanistan.	Resolute Support Mission Islamic Republic of Afghanistan United States Canada United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Norway Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Georgia Germany Netherlands Italy Romania Slovakia Spain Turkey Formerly: ISAF	Taliban Haqqani network Allied groups Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin al-Qaeda Islamic Jihad Union^[30] Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Taliban splinter groups Fidai Mahaz IS-Affiliates: Islamic State – Khorasan Province 2001 Invasion: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Talibani Army Salafist extremists 055 Brigade	Afghan Taliban victory United States invasion of Afghanistan (2001) Destruction of al-Qaeda and Taliban militant training camps (2001) Fall of the Taliban government (2001) and Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Start of Taliban insurgency Osama bin Laden killed by SEAL Team Six operators in Abbottabad, Pakistan in May 2011 "Afghanization" of Afghan conflict. Withdrawal of most US troops by 2014 End of Operation Enduring Freedom; start of Operation Freedom's Sentinel. End of US and ISAF led combat mission; beginning of NATO-led training and assistance mission. Doha Agreement and progressive withdrawal of remaining US troops after 2020^[31] Renewed Taliban offensive in 2021 Taliban forces capture Kabul on August 15, 2021, and overthrow the U.S.-backed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Re-establishment of the Taliban-run Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Start of Operation Allies Refuge On August 30, 2021, the last American military plane departed Afghanistan.^[32]^[33] Billions of dollars of foreign-origin military hardware that was formerly in custody of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan seized by Taliban^[34]	George W. Bush (October 7, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent)
US intervention in Yemen (2002–present) Part of the war on terror, the al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen, the Yemeni Civil War and the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war Location: Yemen MQ-9 Predator commonly used in drone strikes in Yemen.	United States CIA USAF Saudi-led coalition: Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Bahrain Kuwait Qatar Jordan Morocco Sudan Senegal Supported by: United States United Kingdom In support of: Cabinet of Yemen Yemen Armed Forces (pro-Hadi) Yemeni Air Force Popular Resistance	al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al-Sharia Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Yemen Province Yemen Revolutionary Committee/Supreme Political Council Houthi movement Yemen Armed Forces Yemeni Republican Guard	Ongoing US Intervention against jihadists 378 drone strikes confirmed^[35] 57 al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula leaders confirmed killed^[36] Numerous al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula bases destroyed Most recent drone strike against al-Qaeda launched in February 2023^[37] US Intervention against Houthi movement Saudi-led coalition forces intervene in Yemen in 2015 to restore the internationally recognized Yemen government led by President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi United States support the Saudi Arabian-led intervention primarily through arms sales and technical assistance^[38] Green Berets deployed to the Saudi Arabia-Yemen border to help defeat the Houthi rebels in 2018.^[39] Missile strikes against Houthi-controlled territory codenamed Operation Poseidon Archer beginning in 2024	George W. Bush (October 7, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent)
Iraq War (2003–2011) Part of the war on terror Location: Iraq U.S. soldiers at the Hands of Victory monument in Baghdad.	Post-invasion (2003–2011) United States Iraq United Kingdom MNF–I List Australia Romania Azerbaijan Jordan UAE Kuwait Estonia El Salvador Bulgaria Moldova Albania Ukraine Denmark Czech Republic South Korea Singapore Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina North Macedonia Latvia Poland Kazakhstan Mongolia Georgia Tonga Japan Armenia Slovakia Lithuania Italy Norway Hungary Netherlands Portugal New Zealand Thailand Philippines Honduras Dominican Republic Spain Nicaragua Iceland Costa Rica Invasion phase (2003) United States United Kingdom Australia Poland Iraqi Kurdistan Supported by: Netherlands Italy Spain	Post-invasion (2003–2011) Ba'ath Loyalists Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Naqshbandi Army Dulaim Tribes Sunni insurgents al-Qaeda in Iraq Islamic State of Iraq Ansar al-Sunnah Islamic Army of Iraq Shia insurgents Mahdi Army Special Groups Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Invasion phase (2003) Iraq Dulaim Tribes MEK Ansar al-Islam Islamic Emirate of Byara	Inconclusive/Other Result Invasion and occupation of Iraq Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government Execution of Saddam Hussein Emergence of significant insurgency, rise of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and severe sectarian violence^[40] Subsequent reduction in violence and depletion of al-Qaeda in Iraq^[41]^[42] Establishment of democratic elections and formation of new Shia-led government U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011 Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq^[43]^{[dubious – discuss]}^[44]^[45]^[46] Escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq^[47]^[48] Return of US forces to Iraq in 2014	George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)
US intervention in the War in North-West Pakistan (2004–2018) Part of the war on terror and the War in North-West Pakistan Location: Pakistan MQ-1 Predator drones typically used in covert bombing operations in Pakistan.	Pakistan United States USAF CIA Supported by: United Kingdom	Jihadists: Taliban Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Haqqani network al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Foreign Mujahideen Uzbek Islamic Movement Turkistan Islamic Party Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province	US-allied victory 430 drone strikes confirmed^[49] 81 high-level insurgent leaders and thousands of low-level insurgents killed^[50] Deaths of Hafiz Saeed Khan, the leader (emir) of ISIS-K, Afghan Taliban head Akhtar Mansour, and successive TPP heads Baitullah Mehsud and Hakimullah Mehsud Destruction of numerous insurgent camps and safe havens Large number of insurgents killed while some fled to Afghanistan^[51] Most recent drone strike launched in January 2018^[52]	George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021)
Second US Intervention in the Somali Civil War (2007–present) Part of the Somali Civil War, the Somali Civil War and the war on terror Location: Somalia and Northeastern Kenya U.S. Marines establish security positions at Baledogle Airfield in Somalia, December 2020.	Somalia United States U.S. Army U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Air Force U.S. Navy U.S. Africa Command U.S. Special Operations Command AMISOM Burundi Djibouti Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Nigeria Sierra Leone Uganda Supported by: Italy Turkey United Kingdom Non-combat support: European Union^[53] United Nations UNSOM^[54] UNSOS^[54] UNGU^[54]	Jihadists: al-Shabaab al-Qaeda Hizbul Islam Islamic State in Somalia	Ongoing Hundreds of drone strikes targeting the terrorist group al-Shabaab Raids against al-Shabaab militants conducted by U.S. Special Operations Forces U.S. backed Ethiopian invasion (2006–2009) African Union Intervention (2007–2022) Kenyan intervention (2011–2012) Newly formed federal government established in 2012 Majority of US Troops withdraw in January 2021 Redeployment of US troops in Somalia in 2022^[55]^[56] African Union Transition Mission in 2022 A key operative and facilitator for the Islamic State in Somalia Bilal al-Sudani killed by SEAL Team Six on January 25, 2023^[57] Approximately 450 U.S. troops remain in Somalia as of June 2024^[58] United States supports Somali forces and a multinational African Union force with drone strikes, intelligence and training^[59]	George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent)
Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016) Location: Indian Ocean A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by USS Farragut in March 2010.	NATO United States Belgium Canada Denmark Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom Australia China Colombia India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Oman Pakistan Russia Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Somalia South Korea Ukraine	Somali pirates	US-allied victory Number of pirate attacks dramatically decreased The US Office of Naval Intelligence have officially reported that in 2013, only 9 incidents of piracy were reported and that none of them were successfully hijacked^{[citation needed]} Piracy drops 90%^[60]	Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)
International intervention in Libya (2011) Part of the Libyan Crisis and the First Libyan Civil War Location: Libya U.S. vessels launch missiles in support of Anti-Gaddafi rebels during the First Libyan Civil War.	UNSC Resolution 1973 forces NATO United States Belgium Bulgaria Canada Denmark France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Romania Spain Turkey United Kingdom Sweden Jordan Qatar United Arab Emirates Anti-Gaddafi rebels	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Armed Forces Pro-Gaddafi militias Mercenaries (alleged)^[61]^[62]^[63]	US-allied victory UN authorisation of NATO led military intervention Overthrow and collapse of The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya The killing of Muammar Gaddafi and the end of his rule over Libya Start and continuation of The Libyan crisis Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council (NTC); remains in power until August 8, 2012 Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU Post-civil war violence in Libya leading to the second civil war in 2014^[64] Rise and spread of Madkhalism in Libya^[65]	Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017)
Operation Observant Compass (2011–2017) Part of the war on terror and the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Location: Uganda U.S. Marine Sgt. Joseph Bergeron, a task force combat engineer, explains combat marksmanship tactics to a group of Ugandan soldiers.	United States Uganda DR Congo Central African Republic South Sudan	Lord's Resistance Army	US-allied victory Founder and leader of the LRA Joseph Rao Kony goes into hiding Senior LRA commander Dominic Ongwen surrenders to American forces in the Central African Republic and is tried in The Hague Majority of LRA installations and encampments located in South Sudan and Uganda abandoned and dismantled Small scale LRA activity continues in eastern DR Congo, and the Central African Republic	Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021)
US military intervention in Niger (2013–2024) Part of the war on terror, the Operation Juniper Shield and the Jihadist insurgency in Niger Location: Niger American special forces training alongside Nigerien soldiers.	United States Supported by: Niger France	Jihadists: al-Qaeda Nusrat al-Islam Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Islamic State – West Africa Province Islamic State in the Greater Sahara Boko Haram (partially aligned with ISIL since 2015)	Jihadist victory^[66]^[67]^[68]^[69] Niger's junta ended a military agreement that allowed US troops to be deployed in the country^[70] US lost access to Niger Air Base 201, largest drone base in Africa built by the United States for $110 million^[71] Beginning of new military cooperation between Niger and Russia^[72] Jihadi groups linked to al-Qaida, the Islamic State group and Boko Haram remained still active in Niger in 2024^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]	Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent)
US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the War in Iraq (2013–2017), the Spillover of the Syrian civil war, the war on terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Iraq U.S. soldiers use a rooftop as an observation post, during the Battle of Mosul in Iraq, March 2017.	United States Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan CJTF-OIR Members: Australia New Zealand Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Jordan Morocco Netherlands Turkey United Kingdom	Jihadists: Islamic State of Iraq and Syria White Flags	US-allied victory Tens of thousands of ISIL fighters killed American-led forces launch over 13,300 airstrikes on ISIL positions in Iraq Heavy damage dealt to ISIL forces, ISIL loses 40% of its territory in Iraq by January 2016 Iraq declares military victory against ISIL on December 9, 2017^[77] Low-intensity ISIL insurgency following December 2017 Multinational humanitarian and arming of ground forces efforts 200 ISIL created mass graves found containing up to 12,000 people^[78] Ongoing US-led Coalition advising and training of Iraqi and Kurdish ground forces^[79] U.S. forces have ended combat mission in Iraq in December 2021^[80]^[81]	Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent)
US intervention in the Syrian civil war (2014–present) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the Syrian civil war, the war on terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Syria U.S. 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment troops conduct area reconnaissance patrol in Syria, February 2021.	United States Revolutionary Commando Army Authenticity and Development Front Free Syrian Army Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Syrian Democratic Forces International Freedom Battalion People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Al-Sanadid Forces Euphrates Volcano CJTF-OIR Members: Australia New Zealand Canada Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Romania United Kingdom Lebanon Morocco Jordan Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Qatar Bahrain Supported by: Iraq Kurdistan Regional Government Turkey Turkish-backed rebels Israel (limited involvement; against Hezbollah and government forces only)	Islamic State of Iraq and Syria al-Qaeda linked groups: al-Nusra Front Khorasan group Jaysh al-Sunna Jund al-Aqsa Rouse the Believers Hurras al-Din Tahrir al-Sham Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Ahrar al-Sham Syria (limited encounters with US and Israel) Supported by: Russia Iran Kata'ib Hezbollah	Ongoing US Intervention against jihadists Over 11,200 American and allied airstrikes hit ISIS and other extremist groups within Syria Thousands of ISIS targets destroyed and thousands more militants captured or killed Deployment of U.S. Marines and Special Forces in 2015 ISIL lose Mosul and Raqqa (2017), then other most of territory in Iraq and then Syria ISIS detainee crisis takes hold in northern Syria^[82] Death of ISIS caliphs: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in 2019, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi in 2022 and Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi in 2023^[83]^[84] Attacks on US bases in Syria in 2023 and 2024^[85] Approximately 900 U.S. troops remain in Syria to combat ISIS as of January 2024^[86]^[87] US Intervention against Assad government Ghouta chemical attack leading to OPCW-UN Joint Mission in Syria (2013–2014) Beginning of OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria in 2014 American support for anti-government rebels Chemical attacks attributed to the Assad government leads to condemnation and threats of measures to enforce the chemical weapons convention and the Geneva protocol to which Syria is a party Khan Shaykhun chemical attack results in a retaliatory naval strike on the Syrian government-controlled Shayrat Airbase Douma chemical attack results in retaliatory strikes Various confrontations and airstrikes on forces belonging to, or allied with the Syrian government Russian direct military involvement in the Syrian civil war after a request for military support by the government of Bashar al-Assad Syrian President Bashar al-Assad remains in power	Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021) Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent)
US intervention in Libya (2015–2019) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the war on terror, the Second Libyan Civil War, and the International ISIS Campaign Location: Libya USS Wasp conducts flight operations in Operation Odyssey Lightning.	United States United Kingdom France Libya Government of National Accord	Jihadists: Islamic State in Libya al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb	ISIS in Libya largely defeated Liberation of Sirte Hundreds of airstrikes carried out in Libya against Islamic State affiliated militant groups Thousands of ISIL targets destroyed ISIS presence in Libya severely diminished; airstrikes cease in 2019 Second Libyan Civil War continues until a permanent ceasefire was ratified on October 23, 2020	Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump (January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021)
Operation Prosperity Guardian (2023–present) Part of the Red Sea crisis, the Israel–Hamas war and the Yemeni Civil War Location: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Yemen USS Carney engages Houthi missiles.	United States United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Canada Denmark Greece Netherlands Norway Bahrain Singapore Sri Lanka Supported by: Seychelles	Yemen Supreme Political Council Houthi movement	Ongoing US-led multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.^[88]^[89] United States declares Red Sea conflict with Houthis as largest naval battle since World War II^[90]	Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent)

Notes

^
Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".^[1]^[2] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
- As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."^[7] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.^[8]^[9]^[10][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
- A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their “most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten” and ask for their majesty’s “Wisdom and Goodness” to save them from “a lasting and ruinous Civil War.”[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here
- The “constrained voice” is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]
- In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]
^
France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.[5]
- The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[6]
- Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]
^ Three months after the military defeat of the RSK in Operation Storm,^[23] the UN-sponsored Erdut Agreement between the Croatian and RSK authorities was signed on 12 November 1995.^[24] The agreement provided for a two-year transitional period, later extended by a year, during which the remaining occupied territory of Croatia was to be transferred to control of the Croatian government. The agreement was implemented by UNTAES and successfully completed by 1998.^[25]

References

^ Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived June 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, September 6, 2016.
^ James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution Archived January 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, August 4, 2011.
^ Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.
^ Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.
^ Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
^ Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries^[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."
^ David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. 1789.
^ Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War Archived October 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
^ Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War Archived June 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.
^ 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.
^ "Milestones: 1801–1829". Office of the Historian, State Department, United States.
^ David Hunter Miller, ed. (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. Vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 275, 303.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Tripolitan War | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
^ ^a ^b r2WPadmin. "First Barbary War". American History Central. Retrieved May 8, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Serial 89, 18th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Document No. 1, p. 95
^ "The Indians". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 12, 1884.
^ "Union and Confederate Indians in the Civil War". civilwarhome.com. February 16, 2002. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
^ "City of Albuquerque". City of Albuquerque.
^ Kenez, Peter (1977). Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. p. 182. ISBN 978-0520033467.
^ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982.
^ Brinkley, Joel (March 11, 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.
^ Martel, William C. Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy, p. 162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
^ Dean E. Murphy (August 8, 1995). "Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
^ Chris Hedges (November 12, 1995). "Serbs in Croatia Resolve Key Issue by Giving up Land". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
^ Chris Hedges (January 16, 1998). "An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
^ McEldowney, Nancy (2000). "Kosovo: Redefining Victory in an Era of Limited War" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center.
^ Cambridge Scholars Publisher (2015). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-4438-7668-1.
^ Erlanger, Steven (November 7, 1999). "NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than Is Widely Realized". The New York Times.
^ Lake, Daniel R. (2009). "The Limits of Coercive Airpower: NATO's "Victory" in Kosovo Revisited". International Security. 34: 83–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.83. S2CID 57572298.
^ "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. August 24, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "U.S. Troops in Afghanistan now down to 2,500, lowest since 2001: Pentagon". Reuters. January 15, 2021.
^ "Remarks by President Biden on Afghanistan". The White House. August 16, 2021.
^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Katzenberg, Lauren (August 30, 2021). "The U.S. military finishes its evacuation, and an era ends in Afghanistan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ Lou, Mary (January 1, 2022). "Taliban a 'major U.S. arms dealer' after weaponry left behind in Afghanistan, watchdog warns". Just The News. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
^ "The War in Yemen". newamerica.org. August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
^ "Yemen Leaders Killed". Washington, DC, USA: New America. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ "US drone strike kills 2 suspected Al-Qaeda militants in Yemen's Marib". arabnews.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
^ Gatehouse, Gabriel (September 11, 2015). "Inside Yemen's forgotten war". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.
^ "US special forces secretly deployed to assist Saudi Arabia in Yemen conflict". The Independent. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. July 3, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
^ Petrou, Michael (September 9, 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's. George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
^ Spencer C. Tucker (December 14, 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-4408-3879-8. Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011
^ South, Todd (January 20, 2019). "Army's long-awaited Iraq war study finds Iran was the only winner in a conflict that holds many lessons for future wars". Army Times. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
^ Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7432-9424-9.
^ "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters. March 23, 2015.
^ "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony". National Review Online. April 10, 2015.
^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. February 5, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
^ "Drone War: Pakistan". The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ "Pakistan Leaders Killed" Archived September 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. New America Foundation. June 23, 2018
^ "US Drone Kills Afghan-Based Pakistani Taliban Commander". Voice of America (VOA). July 4, 2018.
^ "CIA drone strikes in Pakistan, 2004 to present". Bureau of Investigative Journalism. January 24, 2018. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
^ Somalia, EUTM. "Home". EUTM-Somalia. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Service and Sacrifice: Ugandan 'Blue Helmets' support UN efforts to bring peace to Somalia". UN News. April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ "Biden approves deployment of hundreds of US troops to Somalia". aljazeera.com. June 4, 2022.
^ "New Somali President Welcomes Return of US Troops". voanews.com. June 4, 2022.
^ "Bilal al-Sudani: US forces kill Islamic State Somalia leader in cave complex". BBC News. January 27, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
^ "US increases military support for Somalia against al-Shabab". Defense News. Defense News. March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
^ "Federal Government of Somalia, AFRICOM target al-Shabaab". United States Africa Command. May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
^ "Somali piracy is down 90 per cent from last year". The Journal. December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
^ Blomfield, Adrian (February 23, 2011). "Libya: Foreign Mercenaries Terrorising Citizens". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ HUMA KHAN; HELEN ZHANG (February 22, 2011). "Moammar Gadhafi's Private Mercenary Army 'Knows One Thing: To Kill'". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Meo, Nick (February 27, 2011). "African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Holmes, Oliver (January 24, 2012). "UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence". Bani Walid. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
^ "The rise of the 'Madkhalists': Inside Libya's struggle for religious supremacy". Middle East Eye. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
^ "America has lost the war against Islamist terror in Africa". The Spectator. May 3, 2024.
^ "After Failure in Niger, U.S. Africa Policy Needs a Reset". Foreign Policy. July 3, 2024.
^ "The US War on Terror in West Africa Is a Continuing Disaster". Jacobin. July 3, 2024.
^ "America's $280 Million Military Mission in Niger Ends in Failure". Reason. July 3, 2024.
^ "Niger ends military agreement with US, calls it 'profoundly unfair'". CNN. CNN. April 12, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "Niger's Military Junta Ditches America and Courts Russia". Bloomberg. Bloomberg. March 19, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
^ "Russian military trainers arrive in Niger as African country pulls away from US". The Guardian. The Guardian. April 12, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "Niger attack: Jihadists kill dozen of soldiers in deadliest raid since coup". BBC. May 1, 2024.
^ "Niger: 7 soldiers killed in a suspected jihadists attack". Africanews. May 1, 2024.
^ "Niger: 17 troops killed in suspected jihadist attack". Le Monde. May 1, 2024.
^ "Armed men ambush Niger soldiers, causing dozens of casualties". TRT World. May 1, 2024.
^ "Baghdad declares victory over ISIS". NBC News. February 5, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ "IS left 200 mass graves in Iraq - UN". November 6, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
^ Arraf, Jane (December 9, 2021). "U.S. Announces End to Combat Mission in Iraq, but Troops Will Not Leave". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021.
^ "US-led combat mission in Iraq ends, shifting to advisory role". aljazeera.com.
^ "U.S.-led troops end Iraq combat mission, as planned - military officials". reuters.com. December 9, 2021.
^ "Belgium takes back six children of Isis fighters from Syrian camps". The Guardian. Reuters. June 15, 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
^ "ISIL confirms death of leader Abu Hussein al-Qurashi, names successor". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
^ "Islamic State confirms death of its leader, names replacement". Reuters. August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
^ Carl, Nicholas; Jhaveri, Ashka; Braverman, Alexandra (January 28, 2024). "Iran Update, January 28, 2024" (Think tank analysis). Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved January 29, 2024. These militias have conducted over 170 attacks targeting US positions as part of this effort since October 2023.
^ Seligman, Lara (July 27, 2021). "Troops to stay put in Syria even as Biden seeks to end America's 'forever wars'". Politico. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ "U.S. troops to expand patrols in Syria despite tension with Turkey". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping". CNN. CNN. December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
^ "US-led coalition of 10 nations to counter Houthi attacks on vessels in Red Sea". The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
^ "Navy faces most intense running sea battle since WWII with Houthis". Navy Times. June 16, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.

External links

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK)
- Conflict Barometer – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War^{[permanent dead link‍]}, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
Timeline of wars involving the United States, Histropedia
U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Congressional Research Service

[22] Advisory role from the forming of the MAAG in Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.

[23] Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 saw all U.S forces withdrawn; the Case–Church Amendment, passed by the U.S Congress on August 15, 1973, officially ended direct U.S military involvement .

[24] The war reignited on December 13, 1974, with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under five months.

[AmericanRevolution1-11] Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".^[1]^[2] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."^[7] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.^[8]^[9]^[10][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here

A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their “most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten” and ask for their majesty’s “Wisdom and Goodness” to save them from “a lasting and ruinous Civil War.”[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here

The “constrained voice” is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]

In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]

[5] As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."^[7] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.^[8]^[9]^[10][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here

[6] A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their “most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten” and ask for their majesty’s “Wisdom and Goodness” to save them from “a lasting and ruinous Civil War.”[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here

[7] The “constrained voice” is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]

[8] In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]

[AmericanRevolution2-12] France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.[5]
The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[6]

Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]

[10] The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[6]

[11] Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]

[31] Three months after the military defeat of the RSK in Operation Storm,^[23] the UN-sponsored Erdut Agreement between the Croatian and RSK authorities was signed on 12 November 1995.^[24] The agreement provided for a two-year transitional period, later extended by a year, during which the remaining occupied territory of Croatia was to be transferred to control of the Croatian government. The agreement was implemented by UNTAES and successfully completed by 1998.^[25]

[1] Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived June 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, September 6, 2016.

[2] James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution Archived January 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, August 4, 2011.

[3] Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.

[4] Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.

[5] Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.

[6] Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries^[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."

[7] David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. 1789.

[8] Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War Archived October 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.

[9] Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War Archived June 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.

[10] 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.

[13] "Milestones: 1801–1829". Office of the Historian, State Department, United States.

[14] David Hunter Miller, ed. (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. Vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 275, 303.

[:2-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Tripolitan War | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 8, 2019.

[:3-16] r2WPadmin. "First Barbary War". American History Central. Retrieved May 8, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[17] Serial 89, 18th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Document No. 1, p. 95

[inq1884-18] "The Indians". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 12, 1884.

[19] "Union and Confederate Indians in the Civil War". civilwarhome.com. February 16, 2002. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2021.

[20] "City of Albuquerque". City of Albuquerque.

[21] Kenez, Peter (1977). Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. p. 182. ISBN 978-0520033467.

[25] "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982.

[26] Brinkley, Joel (March 11, 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.

[27] Martel, William C. Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy, p. 162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

[28] Dean E. Murphy (August 8, 1995). "Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2010.

[29] Chris Hedges (November 12, 1995). "Serbs in Croatia Resolve Key Issue by Giving up Land". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2010.

[30] Chris Hedges (January 16, 1998). "An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2010.

[32] McEldowney, Nancy (2000). "Kosovo: Redefining Victory in an Era of Limited War" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center.

[Publisher2015-33] Cambridge Scholars Publisher (2015). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-4438-7668-1.

[34] Erlanger, Steven (November 7, 1999). "NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than Is Widely Realized". The New York Times.

[35] Lake, Daniel R. (2009). "The Limits of Coercive Airpower: NATO's "Victory" in Kosovo Revisited". International Security. 34: 83–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.83. S2CID 57572298.

[36] "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. August 24, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.

[37] "U.S. Troops in Afghanistan now down to 2,500, lowest since 2001: Pentagon". Reuters. January 15, 2021.

[:4-38] "Remarks by President Biden on Afghanistan". The White House. August 16, 2021.

[NYT300821-39] Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Katzenberg, Lauren (August 30, 2021). "The U.S. military finishes its evacuation, and an era ends in Afghanistan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2021.

[Equipment-40] Lou, Mary (January 1, 2022). "Taliban a 'major U.S. arms dealer' after weaponry left behind in Afghanistan, watchdog warns". Just The News. Retrieved August 15, 2022.

[41] "The War in Yemen". newamerica.org. August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.

[42] "Yemen Leaders Killed". Washington, DC, USA: New America. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

[43] "US drone strike kills 2 suspected Al-Qaeda militants in Yemen's Marib". arabnews.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.

[bbc-com_2015-09-11_IYF-44] Gatehouse, Gabriel (September 11, 2015). "Inside Yemen's forgotten war". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.

[45] "US special forces secretly deployed to assist Saudi Arabia in Yemen conflict". The Independent. Retrieved May 9, 2023.

[46] "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. July 3, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.

[47] Petrou, Michael (September 9, 2011). "The decline of al-Qaeda". Maclean's. George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.

[48] Spencer C. Tucker (December 14, 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-4408-3879-8. Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011

[49] South, Todd (January 20, 2019). "Army's long-awaited Iraq war study finds Iran was the only winner in a conflict that holds many lessons for future wars". Army Times. Retrieved January 20, 2019.

[50] Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7432-9424-9.

[51] "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters. March 23, 2015.

[52] "How to Stop Iran's Growing Hegemony". National Review Online. April 10, 2015.

[ctc.usma.edu-53] "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2014.

[54] "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. February 5, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2010.

[bureau-pakistan-55] "Drone War: Pakistan". The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

[56] "Pakistan Leaders Killed" Archived September 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. New America Foundation. June 23, 2018

[57] "US Drone Kills Afghan-Based Pakistani Taliban Commander". Voice of America (VOA). July 4, 2018.

[58] "CIA drone strikes in Pakistan, 2004 to present". Bureau of Investigative Journalism. January 24, 2018. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2019.

[59] Somalia, EUTM. "Home". EUTM-Somalia. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[:1-60] "Service and Sacrifice: Ugandan 'Blue Helmets' support UN efforts to bring peace to Somalia". UN News. April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[61] "Biden approves deployment of hundreds of US troops to Somalia". aljazeera.com. June 4, 2022.

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