Wikipedia

Honda Group, Colombia

Not to be confused with Hondita Formation.

The Honda Group (Spanish: Grupo Honda, Tsh, Ngh) is a geological group of the Upper and Middle Magdalena Basins and the adjacent Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, in older literature also defined as formation, is in its present-day type section in the Tatacoa Desert in the department of Huila subdivided into two main formations; La Victoria and Villavieja.

Honda Group
Stratigraphic range: Late Oligocene-Late Miocene
typically Middle Miocene
(Laventan)
~13.8–11.8 Ma
↓
Statue of a prehistoric ground sloth from the Honda Group in Villavieja, Huila
TypeGeological group
Sub-unitsVillavieja Fm.
 Cerro Colorado Mb.
 Baraya Mb.
La Victoria Fm.
 Cerbatana Mb.
UnderliesGigante Group
 Neiva Fm.
OverliesPayandé Group
 Barzalosa Fm., Saldaña Fm., Santa Teresa Fm.
Thicknessup to 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryConglomerate, sandstone
OtherClaystone, siltstone, volcanoclastic sediments
Location
Coordinates5°11′31″N 74°43′21″W / 5.19194°N 74.72250°W / 5.19194; -74.72250
RegionHuila, Tolima, Cundinamarca
Middle Magdalena Valley, Upper Magdalena Valley
Central & Eastern Ranges
Andes
Country Colombia
Extent~250 km (160 mi)
Type section
Named forHonda
Named byHettner
LocationHonda (original)
Tatacoa Desert (redefined)
Year defined1892
Coordinates3°14′04″N 75°12′15″W / 3.23444°N 75.20417°W / 3.23444; -75.20417
Approximate paleocoordinates3°06′N 72°24′W / 3.1°N 72.4°W / 3.1; -72.4
RegionTolima (original)
Huila (redefined)
Country Colombia
Thickness at type section3,255 m (10,679 ft)

Paleogeography of Northern South America
20 Ma, by Ron Blakey
Honda Group, Colombia is located in Tolima Department
Honda Group, Colombia
Honda Group, Colombia
class=notpageimage|
Topographical map of Tolima Department
original type locality of the Honda Group
redefined type section in Huila

The group was originally defined in and named after Honda, Tolima, but has been redefined based on the many fossil finds in the Tatacoa Desert, 250 kilometres (160 mi) to the south. In the original type section of its occurrence, the 3,255 metres (10,679 ft) thick group is subdivided into three formations, from old to young; Cambrás, San Antonio and Los Limones.

The group dates to the Neogene period; in its broadest definition from the Late Oligocene to Late Miocene, and in the redefined type section restricted to the Laventan age of the South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMA), equivalent to the Middle Miocene Serravallian epoch.

The Honda Group is a Konzentrat-Lagerstätte at the fossiliferous La Venta site in the department of Huila and eastern Tolima and hosts one of the richest formations containing Miocene fauna worldwide.

Etymology and definitions

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View of Honda, Tolima, namesake of the Honda Group

The group was first defined by Hettner in 1892 in the area of the town after which it is named; Honda, Tolima.[1] In 1942 and 1946, the group was defined as a formation by Royo and Gómez. The first author who used the name Honda for a group, was American zoologist who studied the La Venta fauna in detail, Ruben Arthur Stirton. Subdivisions of the group have been proposed by many different authors with high detail in the different beds.[2] Names as "Monkey Beds", "Fish Beds" and "Unit above Fish Beds" have been colloquially used to designate certain stratigraphic units based on their fossil content.[3][4] The most accepted definition of the group, formations and members was proposed by Villarroel et al. in 1996 to simplify the stratigraphy in a regional sense solving the excessive subdivision into 19 units by Guerrero et al. (1994).[5]

Regional setting

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Today, the sediments of the Honda Group are exposed in the Middle (Valle Medio del Magdalena, VMM) and Upper Magdalena Valley (Valle Superior del Magdalena, VSM) in an intermontane valley between the Central Ranges in the west and the Eastern Ranges in the east. The valley in between the two major orogenic chains is filled by the Magdalena River, the longest river of Colombia. The Upper Magdalena Valley geologically is subdivided into the Neiva Sub-basin with the Girardot Sub-basin of the southernmost Middle Magdalena Valley to the north, divided by the Natagaima Arch.[6] The Neiva Sub-basin is bound by the Chusma Fault in the west and to the east by the west-verging Garzón Fault.[7] The Mulato-Getudo Fault possibly underlies the Honda Group south of the La Miel River.[8] The Tatacoa Desert, where the type section of the Honda Group has been redefined is an unusually dry region in Colombia, caused by a mountain induced rain-shadow effect. In Middle Miocene times, the geography was more comparable to the present eastern foothills of the Andes.[9]

The tectonic history of the three mountain chains of Colombia, from west to east, the Western, Central and Eastern Ranges has been studied in detail. The Western and Central Ranges were the first to be exhumed in the Paleogene, with minor uplifts in the Eastern Ranges at this age. The onset of the regional uplift of the Eastern Ranges is dated around the Middle Miocene, with an increased rate of exhumation between 12 and 3 Ma.[10] This caused a segmentation of the current Magdalena Basins and the Llanos Basin to the east, previously part of a larger foreland basin to the east of the Central Ranges.[11] The León Formation in the Llanos Basin provides the first indication of the tectonic uplift of the Eastern Ranges, isolating the Llanos Basin from the Magdalena Valley.[12]

Description

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Stratigraphy

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The Honda Group unconformably overlies in parts the volcanic deposits of the Prado Member,[4] Barzalosa Formation of the Payandé Group, and in other parts the Saldaña,[13] and Santa Teresa Formations.[14] The unit is overlain by the Neiva Formation of the Gigante Group.[3][15] The presence of a hiatus between the Honda Group and the Barzalosa Formation has been suggested.[16] The group is characterised by two main formations; the lower La Victoria Formation and upper Villavieja Formation. Previously, the La Dorada Formation has been named as a subdivision of the Honda Group, while other authors define that unit as a member. Other names for members and formations are Cerbatana Member, also published as Cervetana Member, named after Quebrada La Cerbatana, Las Mesitas Formation, El Líbano Formation, Baraya Volcanic Member, named after Baraya, and Cerro Colorado Red Bed Member.[17] The Perico Member of the La Dorada Formation has been made equivalent to the La Victoria Formation, as well as the El Líbano Formation.[4]

La Victoria Formation

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This formation was first defined by Guerrero in his Master's thesis (1991) and further refined in his doctoral thesis in 1993. The type locality of the La Victoria Formation has been set in the La Venta area and the formation is named after the town of La Victoria, at 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north-northeast of the urban centre of Villavieja. The formation, restricted to the Neiva Sub-basin,[18] consists mainly of sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones and conglomerates (75%) with intercalated claystones and siltstones (25%).[5]

The upper part of the La Victoria Formation, underlying the Villavieja Formation, is characterised by a 45 metres (148 ft) section of conglomerates, designated the Cerbatana Member or Cerbatana Conglomerates. The conglomerate shows trough-cross lamination and imbrication of clasts in a predominantly matrix-supported sequence, with minor clast-supported sections. The base of the conglomerate marks an erosional surface into the underlying silt and clay beds. The clasts of the conglomerate are mostly milky quartz, chert and volcanic in origin, with diameters averaging around 7 centimetres (2.8 in) with a maximum of 15 centimetres (5.9 in). Conglomeratic and medium to coarse-grained sandstone banks, with a similar grain composition as the conglomerates, up to 2 metres (79 in) thick are intercalated between the conglomeratic sections. The sandstones are cemented by calcium carbonate in hardgrounds that sometimes form rounded concretions. The claystones and siltstones that are less commonly found in the La Victoria Formations range in thickness from 1 to 11 metres (3.3 to 36.1 ft) and show reddish-brown, greenish-grey and greyish colourations.[19]

Villavieja Formation

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Wind erosion of the Villavieja Formation in the Tatacoa Desert

The name Villavieja Formation was first proposed by Wellman in 1968 as a member of the Honda Formation. Two years later, the author elevated the rank to a formation, as part of the Honda Group. The formation takes its name from the municipality Villavieja, Huila, 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the north-northeast of the departmental capital Neiva. The type locality is situated on the right bank of the Magdalena River in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.[20]

The contact between the Villavieja Formation and the underlying La Victoria Formation is concordant.[18] The basal part of the Villavieja Formation comprises siltstones and claystones that also form the bulk of the formation with 75 percent. The remaining quarter is composed of conglomeratic sandstones. The thickness of the siltstones and claystones can exceed 8 metres (26 ft) and have interspersed fine- to medium-grained 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thin sandstone beds. The fine sediments of the Villavieja Formation are coloured greenish, reddish-brown or bluish-grey and display weathering patterns in so-called "cauliflower erosion" structures. The light grey coarser beds, up to conglomeratic sandstone size, do not exceed 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in thickness and commonly show a lateral transition with the silt- and claystones. The Baraya Member of the Villavieja Formation shows thin yellowish and reddish brown sandstone and siltstone levels with volcaniclastic grains.[20]

Honda area

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The Honda Group extends for approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) from the Upper to the Middle Magdalena Basin and is exposed in various locations along the right and left banks of the Magdalena River. Outcrops along the road between Girardot and Agua de Dios, Cundinamarca show a lower sequence of thick beds of greenish-yellow feldspar- and mica-rich conglomeratic sandstones, intercalated with reddish claystones and an upper level of alternating medium-to-coarse grained quartz arenites with low-angle cross stratification. These sandstones are intercalated with thick layers of fissile claystones with common calcareous sandstone concretions.[21] Sediments of the Honda Group restrict the course of the Sumapaz River to a narrow valley, close to its confluence with the Magdalena River.[22]

The majority of the municipality Prado, Tolima rests upon sediments of the Honda Group.[23] In the Middle Magdalena Basin and the eastern flank of the Central and the western flank of the Eastern Ranges, the group is subdivided into the Los Limones, San Antonio and Cambrás Formations. The total thickness of these formations in the northern original type section of the Honda Group reaches 3,255 metres (10,679 ft),[1] while a total thickness of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) has been registered.[15]

Age

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Thanks to the fossil abundance of the Honda Group at La Venta, the geological period of the sediments has received a separate name in the South American Mammal Ages (SALMA); Laventan, ranging from 13.8 to 11.8 Ma, as the only SALMA age defined north of the equator and in Colombia.[24] The age of the Villavieja Formation has been estimated to be between 17.0 and 12.1 Ma,[20] while the stratigraphically lower La Victoria Formation is dated at 13.82 to 12.38 Ma (Serravallian), based on fission track and volcanic analysis and paleomagnetic research.[18]

The Honda Group is laterally time equivalent with the lower part of the Real Formation in the central and northern Middle Magdalena Basin,[25] the lower part of the León Formation of the Llanos Basin,[26] the upper range of the Ciénaga de Oro Formation of the Lower Magdalena Basin,[27] and the Caja and Diablo Formations of the Llanos foothills.[28]

Depositional environment

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The paleogeography of the meandering and braided river sediments of the Honda Group was characterised by a more African or Asian ecosystem than that of the Neotropics

The Honda Group has been deposited in a fluvial environment, with the lower part of the La Victoria Formation in a meandering setting, while the upper part was formed in a braided river system. The paleocurrent was from the west to the east and east-southeast.[19] The overlying predominantly finer grained Villavieja Formation was deposited in a meandering setting of a smaller size than those of the older La Victoria Formation. Paleocurrent analysis of the sediments in the Baraya and Cerro Colorado Members has revealed a similar flow direction as the La Victoria paleorivers, while the upper part of the Cerro Colorado Member shows an opposite trend to the west.[20] The volcanic clasts of the formations have as provenance the Central Range volcanism, of which the volcaniclastics in the Honda Group mark its onset.[29][30]

The depositional boundary for the Honda Group in the east is formed by the reverse Prado-Suárez and Cambrás-Salinas-Cambao Faults.[31]

Paleoclimate and vegetation

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Analysis of the "Monkey Beds" of the Honda Group, provided estimates of annual precipitation levels between 1,500 and 2,000 millimetres (59 and 79 in). Today, these levels of rainfall are associated with the transition between savanna and forest environments in lowland South America. The vegetation of the La Venta fossil assemblage was diverse due to the different biomes of the depositional environment; meandering and braided river systems in a setting at lower altitudes than the present-day elevation of more than 400 metres (1,300 ft) above mean sea level. It has been suggested that the vegetational cover of the Honda Group sedimentary sequence was not a continuous canopy forest, yet a complex pattern of different flora ecosystems. The evergreen Amazonian foothill forests of today would therefore postdate the uplift of the Eastern Ranges of the Andes.[32] Based on vegetational and grazer diversity analysis of the La Venta fauna, it has been suggested the ecosystem resembled more that of Africa and Asia than of the modern Neotropics.[33] Research of the paleosols found in various levels within the Honda Group suggests the presence of arid areas in close proximity to pluvial parts.[34]

Petroleum geology

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In the oil-producing Upper Magdalena Basin, the Honda Group is one of the reservoir formations, next to the more important Caballos and Monserrate Formations.[35][36] Shales of the Honda Group function as seal rock for certain oilfields in the Upper Magdalena Basin.[37] In the Tello Field in the basin, the Honda Group forms the overburden rock for the producing Monserrate reservoirs.[38]

Fossil content

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A fossil species in the genus Arapaima has been described among the many fishes from the Honda Group
Main article: La Venta (Colombia)

The Honda Group is the richest fossiliferous stratigraphic unit of Colombia, and one of the most important for the Miocene worldwide. At the La Venta site, numerous fossils of various orders have been recovered and are found still. The site marks a unique ecosystem showing a broad range of biodiversity. La Venta is also an important site as it represents the youngest uniquely South American faunal assemblage before the Great American Biotic Interchange; the result of the uplift of the Isthmus of Panama, of which the initial phase has been dated at around 12 Ma.[39] This led to a drastic alteration of the South American former island continental fauna. The Sparassodonta formed the dominant carnivorous mammal group in South America during most of the Cenozoic.

In South America, the carnivorous adaptive zone in terrestrial ecosystems was shared with other mammals; terror birds (Phorusrhacoidea), large crocodiles (Sebecidae), large snakes (Madtsoiidae and Boidae), and even occasionally frogs.[40] The diversity of fossil freshwater fishes and crocodilians at La Venta is the richest assemblage of South America.[33][41] Fossilised trunks of Goupioxylon sp. have been identified in the Honda Group.[42]

The genus names Hondadelphys and Hondathentes, and the species epithets of Anadasypus hondanus and Scirrotherium hondaensis refer to the Honda Group. The giant sloth Brievabradys laventensis, the primate Stirtonia tatacoensis (originally described as Kondous laventicus), and the marsupial Micoureus laventicus were named after La Venta, while the primates Miocallicebus villaviejai and Stirtonia victoriae received their species epithets from the formations comprising the Honda Group.

Mammals

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Chiroptera

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Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Diclidurus D. sp.
[43][44]
[45][46]
Eumops E. sp.
Kiotomops K. lopezi
Lophostoma L. sp.
Mormopterus M. colombiensis
Noctilio N. albiventris A lesser bulldog bat
[43][47]
Notonycteris N. magdalenensis
[43][44]
[45][46]
N. sucharadeus
Palynephyllum P. antimaster
Potamops P. mascahehenes
Tonatia T. sp.
Thyroptera T. lavali A LaVal's disk-winged bat
[43][47]
T. robusta
T. tricolor A Spix's disk-winged bat

Marsupials

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Didelphimorphia
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Thylamys T. colombianus
[48][49][50]
T. minutus
Microbiotheria
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Micoureus M. laventicus
[48][51]
Pachybiotherium P. minor
Sparassodonta
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Anachlysictis A. gracilis Villavieja Formation, La Venta. A Skull and lower jaw. A Thylacosmilidae sparassodont.
 
[48]
Dukecynus D. magnus Konzentrat-Lagerstätte, La Venta. A fragment skull and parts of the humerus and femur. A sparassodont.
 
[48]
Hondadelphys H. fieldsi La Venta. A basicranium. A sparassodont.
 
[48][52][53]
Lycopsis L. longirostrus Duke locality, La Venta. A nearly complete skeleton. A sparassodont.
 
[48][54]
Paucituberculata
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Hondathentes H. cazador
[48][55][56]
Pithiculites P. chenche

Primates

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Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Aotus A. dindensis
[48][57][58]
[59][60][61]
[62][63][64]
[65][66][67]
[68][69][70]
Cebupithecia C. sarmientoi
 
Lagonimico L. conclucatus
Micodon M. kiotensis
Miocallicebus M. villaviejai
Mohanamico M. hershkovitzi
Neosaimiri N. annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens)
N. fieldsi
Nuciruptor N. rubricae
Patasola P. magdalenae
Stirtonia S. tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus)
S. victoriae

Astrapotheria

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Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Hilarcotherium H. castanedaii
 
[71]
Granastrapotherium G. snorki
 
[72][73][74]
Xenastrapotherium X. kraglievichi
 
[72]

Panperissodactyla

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Litopterna
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Megadolodus M. molariformis La Venta, Villavieja Formation. A left preserved mandibles, limb bones, teeth, vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs A proterotheriid litoptern.
[72][75]
[76][77][78]
Mesolicaphrium M. sanalfonense La Victoria and Villavieja Formations The jaw symphysis, two right mandibular rami, and teeth. A litoptern.
Neodolodus N. colombianus La Victoria and Villavieja Formations. Right mandibular ramus, teeth, and part of the fore- and hindlimbs A litoptern.
Proterotheriidae P. indet. A litoptern.
Theosodon T. sp. A litoptern.
 
Villarroelia V. totoyoi La Victoria Formation. A partial skull. A litoptern.
Notoungulata
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Cochilius C. sp.
[79][72]
[72][80][81]
[82]
Huilatherium H. pluriplicatum Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta. A leontiniid.
 
Leontiniidae L. sp.
Miocochilius M. anomopodus An interatheriid.
 
Pericotoxodon P. platignathus La Gaviota locality Several fossil remains. A toxodontid.
Toxodontidae T. sp.

Rodent

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Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Acarechimys A. minutissimus
[57][83][84]
[85][86][87]
[88][89][90]
[91][92]
Dolichotinae D. sp.
Echimyidae ?E. sp.
Eodolichotis E. elachys
E. maddeni
Microscleromys M. cribiphilus
M. paradoxalis
M. jacobsi
Neoreomys N. huilensis
Olenopsis O. sp.
Prodolichotis P. guerreroi
P. pridiana
Rhodanodolichotis Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana
R. vucetichae
Ricardomys R. longidens
Scleromys Scleromys colombianus
S. schurmanni
Steiromys ?S. sp.

Sirenia

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Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Potamosiren P. magdalenensis
[93]

Xenarthra

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Pilosa
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Hapalops H. sp.
 
[83]
Brievabradys B. laventensis
[94][83][95]
[96][97]
[98][99][100]
Glossotheriopsis G. pascuali
Huilabradys H. magdaleniensis
Magdalenabradys M. confusum
Megalonychidae M. sp.
Megatheriinae M. sp.
Neonematherium N. flabellatum
Neotamandua N. borealis
Nothrotheriinae N. sp.
Cingulata
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Anadasypus A. hondanus
[48][83][101]
[102][103][104]
[105][106]
Boreostemma B. acostae
 
B. gigantea
Dasypodidae D. sp.
Nanoastegotherium N. prostatum
Neoglyptatelus N. originalis
Pedrolypeutes P. praecursor
Scirrotherium S. hondaensis
 

Birds

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Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Aramus A. paludigrus Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta. A nearly complete tibiotarsus bone. An extinct aramidae bird.
[107]
Galbula G. hylochoreutes Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta One end of the right humerus. An extinct Jacamar bird.
 
[107]
Hoazinoides H. magdalenae Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta Fragmentary remains, including the back portion of the skull. An extinct opisthocomidae bird.
[107][108]

Reptiles and amphibians

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Crocodilians
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Alligatoridae Indetermidate.
[74][109][110]
[111][112]
[113]
Balanerodus B. logimus
Charactosuchus C. fieldsi
Eocaiman E. maddeni
Gavialis G. sp.
Gryposuchus G. colombianus
 
[114]
Langstonia L. huilensis
 
[115]
Purussaurus P. neivensis
 
[116]
Mourasuchus M. atopus
[74][109][110]
[111][112]
[113]
Sebecus S. sp.
Turtles
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Chelus C. colombiana
[117]
Chelonoidis C. hesterna
[118]
Mesoclemmys M. vanegasorum  
[119]
Podocnemis P. medemi
[120]
Snakes
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Colombophis C. portai
[121][122]
Eunectes ?E. stirtoni
Lizards
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Dracaena D. colombiana (syn. Paradracaena colombiana)
[123]
Frogs
Taxa Species Presence Abundance Description Images Notes
Rhinella R. marina a Cane toad
[124]

Fish and crustaceans

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Group Fossils Notes
Fish Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum, Hydrolycus sp., Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp., Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3, Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2, Potamotrygonidae
[41][125]
[126][127]
Crabs Sylviocarcinus piriformis
[41]

Panorama

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Panorama of the Tatacoa Desert, reassigned type section of the Honda Group

Regional correlations

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Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma Age Paleomap Regional events Catatumbo Cordillera proximal Llanos distal Llanos Putumayo VSM Environments Maximum thickness Petroleum geology Notes
0.01 Holocene
 
 Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity		 alluvium Overburden
1 Pleistocene
 
 Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations		 Guayabo Soatá
Sabana		 Necesidad Guayabo Gigante
 Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) 550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)		 [128][129][130][131]
2.6 Pliocene
 
 Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI		 Subachoque
5.3 Messinian Andean orogeny 3
Foreland		 Marichuela Caimán Honda [130][132]
13.5 Langhian Regional flooding León hiatus Caja León Lacustrine (León) 400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)		 Seal [131][133]
16.2 Burdigalian Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2		 C1 Carbonera C1 Ospina Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) 850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)		 Reservoir [132][131]
17.3 C2 Carbonera C2 Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) Seal
19 C3 Carbonera C3 Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) Reservoir
21 Early Miocene Pebas wetlands C4 Carbonera C4 Barzalosa Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) Seal
23 Late Oligocene
 
 Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep		 C5 Carbonera C5 Orito Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) Reservoir [129][132]
25 C6 Carbonera C6 Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) Seal
28 Early Oligocene C7 C7 Pepino Gualanday Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) Reservoir [129][132][134]
32 Oligo-Eocene C8 Usme C8 onlap Marine-deltaic (C8) Seal
Source		 [134]
35 Late Eocene
 
 Mirador Mirador Coastal (Mirador) 240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)		 Reservoir [131][135]
40 Middle Eocene Regadera hiatus
45
50 Early Eocene
 
 Socha Los Cuervos Deltaic (Los Cuervos) 260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)		 Seal
Source		 [131][135]
55 Late Paleocene PETM
2000 ppm CO2		 Los Cuervos Bogotá Gualanday
60 Early Paleocene SALMA Barco Guaduas Barco Rumiyaco Fluvial (Barco) 225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)		 Reservoir [128][129][132][131][136]
65 Maastrichtian
 
 KT extinction Catatumbo Guadalupe Monserrate Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) 750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)		 Reservoir [128][131]
72 Campanian End of rifting Colón-Mito Juan [131][137]
83 Santonian Villeta/Güagüaquí
86 Coniacian
89 Turonian Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event La Luna Chipaque Gachetá hiatus Restricted marine (all) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)		 Source [128][131][138]
93 Cenomanian
 
 Rift 2
100 Albian Une Une Caballos Deltaic (Une) 500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)		 Reservoir [132][138]
113 Aptian
 
 Capacho Fómeque Motema Yaví Open marine (Fómeque) 800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)		 Source (Fóm) [129][131][139]
125 Barremian High biodiversity Aguardiente Paja Shallow to open marine (Paja) 940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)		 Reservoir [128]
129 Hauterivian
 
 Rift 1 Tibú-
Mercedes		 Las Juntas hiatus Deltaic (Las Juntas) 910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)		 Reservoir (LJun) [128]
133 Valanginian Río Negro Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca		 Restricted marine (Macanal) 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)		 Source (Mac) [129][140]
140 Berriasian Girón
145 Tithonian Break-up of Pangea Jordán Arcabuco Buenavista
 Saldaña Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) 110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)		 "Jurassic" [132][141]
150 Early-Mid Jurassic
 
 Passive margin 2 La Quinta
Noreán		 hiatus Coastal tuff (La Quinta) 100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)		 [142]
201 Late Triassic
 
 Mucuchachi Payandé [132]
235 Early Triassic
 
 Pangea hiatus "Paleozoic"
250 Permian
 
300 Late Carboniferous
 
 Famatinian orogeny Cerro Neiva
()		 [143]
340 Early Carboniferous Fossil fish
Romer's gap		 Cuche
(355-385)		 Farallones
()		 Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) 900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360 Late Devonian
 
 Passive margin 1 Río Cachirí
(360-419)		 Ambicá
()		 Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) 2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)		 [140][144][145][146][147]
390 Early Devonian
 
 High biodiversity Floresta
(387-400)
 Shallow marine (Floresta) 600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410 Late Silurian Silurian mystery
425 Early Silurian hiatus
440 Late Ordovician
 
 Rich fauna in Bolivia San Pedro
(450-490)		 Duda
()
470 Early Ordovician First fossils Busbanzá
(>470±22)
 Guape
()		 Río Nevado
()		 [148][149][150]
488 Late Cambrian
 
 Regional intrusions Chicamocha
(490-515)		 Quetame
()		 Ariarí
()		 SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)		 San Isidro
()		 [151][152]
515 Early Cambrian Cambrian explosion [150][153]
542 Ediacaran
 
 Break-up of Rodinia pre-Quetame post-Parguaza El Barro
()		 Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)		 Basement [154][155]
600 Neoproterozoic Cariri Velhos orogeny Bucaramanga
(600-1400)		 pre-Guaviare [151]
800
 
 Snowball Earth [156]
1000 Mesoproterozoic
 
 Sunsás orogeny Ariarí
(1000)		 La Urraca
(1030-1100)		 [157][158][159][160]
1300 Rondônia-Juruá orogeny pre-Ariarí Parguaza
(1300-1400)		 Garzón
(1180-1550)		 [161]
1400
 
 pre-Bucaramanga [162]
1600 Paleoproterozoic Maimachi
(1500-1700)		 pre-Garzón [163]
1800
 
 Tapajós orogeny Mitú
(1800)		 [161][163]
1950 Transamazonic orogeny pre-Mitú [161]
2200 Columbia
2530 Archean
 
 Carajas-Imataca orogeny [161]
3100 Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]


Laventan correlations

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Laventan correlations in South America
Formation Honda Honda Aisol Cura-Mallín Pisco Ipururo Pebas Capadare Urumaco Inés Paraná Map
Basin VSM Honda San Rafael Caldera Pisco Ucayali Amazon Falcón Venezuela Paraná
Honda Group, Colombia (South America)
Country   Colombia   Bolivia   Argentina   Chile   Peru   Venezuela   Argentina
Boreostemma      
Hapalops      
Miocochilius      
Theosodon      
Xenastrapotherium      
Mylodontidae        
Sparassodonta    
Primates  
Rodents              
Birds      
Terror birds  
Reptiles              
megalodon      
Flora  
Insects  
Environments Fluvial Fluvio-deltaic Fluvio-lacustrine Fluvio-deltaic Fluvial
  Laventan volcanoclastics

  Laventan fauna

  Laventan flora
Volcanic Yes

See also

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Sources

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Notes

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  1. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019),[164] García González et al. (2009),[165] and geological report of Villavicencio[166]
  2. ^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[164] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[167]

References

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  1. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.34
  2. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.47
  3. ^ a b Villarroel et al., 1996, p.48
  4. ^ a b c Villarroel et al., 1996, p.50
  5. ^ a b Villarroel et al., 1996, p.51
  6. ^ López Quintero, 2007, p.1
  7. ^ Jiménez et al., 2012, p.186
  8. ^ Plancha 188, 2009
  9. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.163
  10. ^ Sánchez et al., 2012, p.1
  11. ^ Parra, 2008, p.41
  12. ^ Villegas et al., 1994, p.1849
  13. ^ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.24
  14. ^ Álvarez et al., 2017, p.142
  15. ^ a b García et al., 2009. p.85
  16. ^ López Quintero, 2007, p.16
  17. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.49
  18. ^ a b c Villarroel, 1996, p.53
  19. ^ a b Villarroel et al., 1996, p.52
  20. ^ a b c d Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
  21. ^ ANi & Infracon, 2015, p.33
  22. ^ ANi & Infracon, 2015, p.45
  23. ^ N.N., s.a., p.182
  24. ^ Laventan at Fossilworks.org
  25. ^ Sánchez et al., 2012, p.3
  26. ^ García et al., 2009. p.60
  27. ^ Torres et al., 2012, p.2
  28. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.22
  29. ^ Gónzalez, 2001, p.81
  30. ^ Kroonenberg et al., 1982, p.21
  31. ^ Triviño, 1993, p.29
  32. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.186
  33. ^ a b Kay & Madden, 1997, p.183
  34. ^ Flórez et al., 2013, p.243
  35. ^ Barrero et al., 2007, p.85
  36. ^ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.25
  37. ^ Carrera Ortíz, 2015, p.26
  38. ^ Ramón et al., 2001, p.63
  39. ^ De Porta, 2003, p.191
  40. ^ Súarez, 2015, p.03
  41. ^ a b c (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
  42. ^ The Villavieja Formation, Colombia - University of California, Berkeley
  43. ^ a b c d Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
  44. ^ a b Takai et al., 1991
  45. ^ a b Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
  46. ^ a b Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
  47. ^ a b Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i Croft, 2007, p.299
  49. ^ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  50. ^ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
  51. ^ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
  52. ^ Marshall, 1976
  53. ^ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  54. ^ Suárez et al., 2015
  55. ^ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
  56. ^ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
  57. ^ a b Croft, 2007, p.301
  58. ^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
  59. ^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
  60. ^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
  61. ^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
  62. ^ Setoguchi, 1985
  63. ^ Takai et al., 2001
  64. ^ Tejedor, 2013, p.22
  65. ^ Defler, 2004, p.32
  66. ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
  67. ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
  68. ^ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
  69. ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
  70. ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
  71. ^ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
  72. ^ a b c d e Croft, 2007, p.302
  73. ^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
  74. ^ a b c Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
  75. ^ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
  76. ^ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  77. ^ Duke Locality 33 at Fossilworks.org
  78. ^ Villarroelia totoyoi at Fossilworks.org
  79. ^ Villarroel, 1997
  80. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
  81. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
  82. ^ Stirton, 1953, p.265
  83. ^ a b c d Croft, 2007, p.300
  84. ^ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
  85. ^ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
  86. ^ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  87. ^ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
  88. ^ Prodolichotis guerreroi at Fossilworks.org
  89. ^ UCMP V4936 at Fossilworks.org
  90. ^ Eodolichotis elachys at Fossilworks.org
  91. ^ Eodolichotis maddeni at Fossilworks.org
  92. ^ Rhodanodolichotis vucetichae at Fossilworks.org
  93. ^ Croft, 2007, p.303
  94. ^ Villarroel, 2000, p.118
  95. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.171
  96. ^ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
  97. ^ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
  98. ^ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
  99. ^ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
  100. ^ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
  101. ^ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
  102. ^ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
  103. ^ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
  104. ^ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
  105. ^ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
  106. ^ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
  107. ^ a b c Rasmussen, 1997
  108. ^ Miller, 1953
  109. ^ a b Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  110. ^ a b Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
  111. ^ a b UCMP Locality V4524 at Fossilworks.org
  112. ^ a b Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
  113. ^ a b Eocaiman at Fossilworks.org
  114. ^ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  115. ^ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
  116. ^ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
  117. ^ Cadena et al., 2008, p.1206
  118. ^ Marcelo S. de la Fuente, Gerardo G. Zacarías, Evangelos Vlachos (1 October 2018). "A Review of the Fossil Record of South American Turtles of the Clade Testudinoidea". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 59 (2): 18. doi:10.3374/014.059.0201. hdl:11336/162647.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  119. ^ Cadena et al., 2020
  120. ^ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
  121. ^ Hsiou et al., 2010
  122. ^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - serpientes
  123. ^ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
  124. ^ Estes, Richard; Wassersug, Richard (1963). "A Miocene toad from Colombia, South America" (PDF). Breviora. 193: 1–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
  125. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
  126. ^ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
  127. ^ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
  128. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
  129. ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
  130. ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
  131. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  132. ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  133. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  134. ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  135. ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  136. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  137. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  138. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  139. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  140. ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  141. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  142. ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  143. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  144. ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  145. ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  146. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  147. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  148. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  149. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  150. ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  151. ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  152. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  153. ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  154. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  155. ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  156. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  157. ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  158. ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  159. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  160. ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  161. ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  162. ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  163. ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  164. ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
  165. ^ García González et al., 2009
  166. ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  167. ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

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General

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  • Villamil, Tomas (2012). Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia (Report). Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM). pp. 161–216.
  • García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009). Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas (Report). Universidad Industrial de Santander. pp. 1–219.
  • Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007). Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal (Report). ANH. pp. 1–92.
  • Cooper, M.A.; Addison, F.T.; Álvarez, R.; Coral, M.; Graham, R.H.; Hayward, A.B.; Howe, S.; Martínez, J.; Naar, J.; Penas, R; Pulham, A.J.; Taborda, A. (1995). "Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia". AAPG Bulletin. 79: 1421–1443.

Llanos Basin

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  • González Iregui, Humberto; Duque Pineda, Jorge; Rincón, Juan Pablo; Castro Rodríguez, Wilmar; Suárez Gómez, Alejandro; Peláez Mejía, Carolina; Vélez Giraldo, Wilson; Dávila Bolívar, Cristina (2015). Geología de la Plancha 173 - Támara - 1:100,000 (PDF) (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–139. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
  • Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Geología de la Plancha 177 - Río Agua Clara - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–108.
  • Pulido, Orlando; Gómez, Luz Stella (2001). Geología de la Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000 (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–52.
  • Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Geología de la Plancha 304 - La Uribe - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–102.
  • Unión Temporal, G&H (2015). Geología de la Plancha 348 - Serranía de la Macarena - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–101.
  • Unión Temporal, G&H (2011). Geología de la Plancha 350 - San José del Guaviare - 1:100,000 (Report). Servicio Geológico Colombiano. pp. 1–165.

Basement

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'Paleozoic'
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'Jurassic'
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Maps

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National
Regional

Llanos Basin

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Catatumbo Basin

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Eastern Cordillera

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Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM)

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  • Fuquen M., Jaime Alberto; Osorno M, José Fernando (2002). Geología de la Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000 (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–88.
  • Rodríguez, Gabriel; et al. (2002). Geología de las Planchas 367 Gigante, 368 San Vicente del Caguán, 389 Timaná, 390 Puerto Rico, 391 Lusitania (parte noroccidental) y 414 El Doncello (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–164.

Caguán-Putumayo Basin

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  • Núñez Tello, Alberto (2003). Cartografía geológica de las zonas Andina Sur y Garzón-Quetame (Colombia) - Memoria explicativa de las planchas 411 La Cruz, 412 San Juan de Villalobos, 430 Mocoa, 431 Piamonte, 448 Monopamba, 449 Orito y 465 Churuyaco (Report). INGEOMINAS. pp. 1–298.


See also

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Notes

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References

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Bibliography

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Regional geology

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Local geology

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Paleontology

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Maps

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