Cultural divisions
editArizona has historically been a place where various peoples have brought their own traditions and adapted them to life in an often inhospitable desert environment. The combination of migration, adaptation, and trade has allowed Arizona to become a crossroads where multiple outside cultures intermingle and develop into something characteristic to the region. While positive for cultural and technological development, this constant contact has created difficulties in identifying distinct historical cultures within the region. Pre-Columbian Arizonan archeology has a number of limitations for multiple reasons, which help to explain the difficulty in establishing a definitive chronology:
Pre-Columbian cultures in Arizona
edit| Ancestral Puebloan (Pecos) | |
| Hohokam (Gladwin-Haury) | |
| Mogollon (Anyon-Gilman-LeBlanc) | |
| Sinagua (Pilles) | |
| Patayan (Rogers/Schaefer) |
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Hohokam chronology
edit- Bayman's Formative Period extends to c.1200BC in the Tucson basin. It is broken down into the 1200-800BC San Pedro phase and 800BC-0AD Cienega phase.
Bayman JM (2001)
Conventional
Gila Basin - Haury EW (1976)
Tucson Basin - Deaver WL, Ciolek-Torrello RS (1995);
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Ceramic typology
edit- Classic period ceramics most often contained phyllite, Squaw Peak schist, Camelback granite, Estrella gneiss, South Mountain granodiorite, and/or micaceous schist (Abbott DR, 2016).
- Phyllite is found in Wingfield Plain and Wingfield Red pottery.
- Squaw Peak schist is found in Squaw Peak Plain and Squaw Peak Red pottery.
- Micaceous schist is found in Gila Plain, Gila Variety, and Gila Red pottery.
- "Sand" (granite, gneiss, and/or granodiorite) is found in Salt Plain, Salt Variety, and Salt Red pottery.
- Each type can be identified at 30x magnification.
Historically described peoples
editSobaipuri
edit- Lived along the San Pedro Valley.
- Acted as a buffer against Apache attacks during the Spanish era.
- Following successive raids and manpower losses, they largely abandoned the valley c.1762.
- Some accounts suggest that they were forcibly relocated to frontier Piman missions by the Spanish to bolster their defenses. In 1764, Fr. Manuel Aguirre criticized the Spanish decision, arguing that the Tubac garrison should have been moved to the San Pedro Valley instead to reinforce the Sobaipuri.
- Another account suggests that the Sobaipuri voluntarily abandoned the area, with Gaybanipitea being permanently abandoned due to death taboos and Quiburi being resettled following rapprochement with the Apaches.
- Movement of the Sobaipuri has been implicated in the increased number of Apache raids on central Sonora.
Osera
edit- Notes from Juan de Oñate:
"Near this river [the Gila] there were four or five rancherías (for because the houses of all this river are ranchos I call its settlements rancherías) of people of a different language [from Yuman], from whom I learned that a continuous settlement extended all along the River Nombre de Jesus [Gila] already mentioned, and that they planted maize, beans, and squash like the Amacavas and Bahacechas and made mantas of cotton, some of which I saw, which are stitched like those of the provinces of New Mexico. The people or nation of the River Nombre de Jesus are called Osera, and from words which I learned from them (though having learned only a few I do not affirm it positively) them to be Tepeguanes [Tepehuan], for seeing in the village of Sonbretete [in Zacatecas] a religious who was a Tepeguane interpreter, I learned that the dress of the Tepeguanes was the same as those of the Osera; and I saw likewise that they agreed in the two or three words which I remembered, for, having found these Indians less friendly, and more importunate and more ill-favored than any of those who lived on the River of Buena Esperanza [Colorado], I learned fewer words of their language than of the Amacava.
"The costume of the women of this nation of Ocara was the same as that of those encountered heretofore. That of the men differed only in the hair, which these wear very long, tied with a maguey cord twisted round the head. Otherwise they go naked like all the rest. Near the rancherías of these last, twenty or more horses were left behind, since there was good grass for grazing, in order that they might make up for the lack of it they had suffered, and that they might be able to return to the province of New Mexico; but when we returned from the sea we found that the Indians had killed and eaten thirteen of them. We had almost certain evidence that they and no others were the guilty ones, although they denied it in great fear, and unanimously placed the blame on others; and we were forced under the circumstances to bear the loss in patience, since they inflicted it on us at the time when no one was rude in our presence, and when it was considered unnecessary to watch the horse-herd at night, as was true from time to time when we set out from the provinces of New Mexico until we returned, so great was the friendliness of the Indians."
Nixora
edit- Origin of Nixora is unclear. Spier suggests a Yuman origin, from nyicao'ʀa "for the old," reflecting a custom where "captives were thought to carry sickness which would fall on the captor unless he got rid of them or they were purified. Women and girls were given into the custody of old men, who, since they had not much longer to live, might chance the danger of keeping them." Because of this, there is a debate as to whether the Nixora were a distinct tribe, or just a collective term for captives that were successively sold between Yumans, Pimans, and the Spanish.
- In the 1740's, Fr. Jacobo Sedelmayr described Halchidhoma reports of Nixotas along the Colorado River. Sedelmayr never encountered free Nixora, but reported of them within the slave trade. Later he reported that the Papagos spread rumors among the Cocomaricopa to discourage them from visiting the Spanish missions, and consequently selling slaves directly to the Spanish.
- Fr. Pedro Font was certain of Juan Bautista de Anza that "in order heap up salaries he had listed an interpreter of the Nixora tribe, although there is no such tribe, for in the Pimeria they call Nixoras the Indians whom the tribes of the interior in their wars capture amongst themselves..." On 22 March 1781, he wedded two Nixoras in San Diego de Pitiquito, mentioning that the baptized Andrés and María were "of the Jamajab Tribe" [Mohave] and "Cajuenche Tribe" [Kahuana], respectively.
- After 1800, Yuma began to replace Nixora as a term for slaves or servants traded in this manner in Sonora.
- Last appeared in Spanish documents c.1847.
Oñate accounts
editJuan de Oñate records the following groups along the lower Colorado River in 1604-1605, going south from the confluence with the Bill Williams River.
- Amacava - the Mohave
- Bahacecha - a Yuman-speaking group, possibly the Quechan
- Osera - a Piman-speaking group that lived around the confluence with the Gila River.
- Alebdoma - the Halchidhoma
- Coguana - the Kohuana
- Agalle - possibly a Yuman-speaking group
- Agalecquamaya - the Halyikwamai
- Cocopa - the Cocopah
Gila
editThe commonly-mentioned etymology is that Gila is related to the the O'odham Keli "elder" via Spanish. But the sound change has seemed odd.
- The Gila River has historically seen its name rendered as Gila, Hila, Jila, Xila, Hela, and Helay.
- Possible origin from Apache tsihl or dzil "mountain." Benavides mentions the Apaches de Xila in 1634.
Spanish expeditions
edit- Melchior Díaz, 1540.
- Juan de Oñate, 1604-1605. Accounts by friar Francisco de Escobar and captain Gerónimo Márquez.
- Eusebio Francisco Kino,
Sites
editSelected Sinagua sites
Hodges
Valencia Vieja
Antler House
Picacho
Redington
Selected Hohokam sites
Spanish missions in Arizona-Sonora
editSpanish missions and visitas in Arizona
Caborca
Tubutama
Oquitoa
Spanish missions and visitas in Sonora
Pueblos in New Mexico
edit
Morphology
editThe words of Nahuatl can be divided into three basic functional classes: verbs, nouns and particles. Adjectives exist, but they generally behave like nouns and there are very few adjectives that are not derived from either verbal or nominal roots. The few adverbs that can be said to exist fall into the class of particles.
Nouns
editThe noun is inflected for two basic contrasting categories:
- possessedness: non-possessed contrasts with possessed
- number: singular contrasts with plural
Nouns belong to one of two classes: animates or inanimates. Originally the grammatical distinction between these were that inanimate nouns had no plural forms, but in most modern dialects both animate and inanimate nouns are pluralizable.
Nominal morphology is mostly suffixing. Some irregular formations exist.
Possessedness
editNon-possessed nouns take a suffix called the absolutive. This suffix takes the form -tl after vowels (ā-tl, "water") and -tli after consonants, which assimilates to a final /l/ (tōch-tli, "rabbit", but cal-li, "house"). Some nouns have an irregular form in -in (mich-in, fish). These suffixes are dropped in most derived forms: tōch-calli, "rabbit-hole", mich-matlatl, "fishing net". Possessed nouns do not take the absolutive suffix (see Noun inflection below).
Number
edit- The absolutive singular suffix has three basic forms: -tl/tli, -lin/-in, and some irregular nouns with no suffix.
- The absolutive plural suffix has three basic forms: -tin, -meh, or just a final glottal stop -h. Some plurals are formed also with reduplication of the noun's first or second syllable, with the reduplicated vowel long.
- The possessive singular suffix has two basic forms: -uh (on stems ending in a vowel) or -Ø (on stems ending in a consonant).
- The possessive plural suffix has the form -huān.
Only animate nouns can take a plural form. These include most animate living beings, but also words like tepētl ("mountain"), citlālin ("star") and some other phenomena.
| -h | -tin | -meh | |
|---|---|---|---|
| With reduplication |
teōtl, tēteoh | tōchtli, tōtōchtin | Never occurs |
| Without reduplication |
cihuātl, cihuāh | oquichtli, oquichtin | michin, michmeh |
The plural is not totally stable and in many cases several different forms are attested.
Noun inflection
edit| Absolutive singular | cihuātl "woman, wife" | oquichtli "man, husband" | totōlin "turkey" | tlācatl "person (sg.)" |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolutive Plural | cihuāh "women" | oquichtin "men" | totōlmeh "turkeys" | tlatlācah "people" |
| Possessed Singular | nocihuāuh "my wife" | noquich "my husband" | nototōl "my turkey" | notlācauh "my person (ie. my slave)" |
| Possessed Plural | nocihuāhuān "my wives" | noquichhuān "my husbands" | nototōlhuān "my turkeys" | notlācahuān "my slaves" |
Possessor prefixes
edit| 1st person singular | no-, 'my' |
|---|---|
| 2nd person singular | mo-, 'your' |
| 3rd person singular | ī-, 'his, hers, its |
| 1st person plural | to-, 'our' |
| 2nd person plural | anmo-, 'your' |
| 3rd person plural | īn-, 'their' |
| Unknown possessor | tē-, 'their' (somebody's) |
Example: nocal, 'my house'
Some other categories can be inflected on the noun such as:
- Honorific formed with the suffix -tzin.
- cihuā-tl "woman" + tzin+ tli absolutive = cihuātzintli "woman (said with respect)"
Inalienable possession
editThe suffix -yo — the same suffix as the abstract/collective -yō(tl) — may be added to a possessed noun to indicate that it is a part of its possessor, rather than just being owned by it. For example, both nonac and nonacayo (possessed forms of nacatl) mean "my meat", but nonac may refer to meat that one has to eat, while nonacayo refers to the flesh that makes up one's body. This is known as inalienable, integral or organic possession.[1]
Derivational morphology
edit- -tia derives from noun X a verb with an approximate meaning of "to provide with X " or "to become X".
- -huia derives from noun X a verb with an approximate meaning of "to use X " or "to provide with X".
- -yōtl derives from a noun X a noun with an abstract meaning of x-hood or x-ness.
- -yoh derives from a noun X a noun with a meaning of "thing full of X" or "thing with a lot of X"
The structure of verb forms
editThe verb is marked with prefixes in order to agree with the person and number of the subject and the object of the sentence; additionally, verbs inflect for tense and aspect. Here are three sentence types, each containing a single word: a nominal predicate, an intransitive sentence, and a transitive sentence.
- ticihuātl, 'you (singular) are a woman' (sentence with a noun predicate cihuātl, 'woman')
- ticochi, 'you (singular) sleep' (sentence with an intransitive verb, -cochi, 'sleep')
- ticochih, 'we sleep' (sentence with an intransitive verb, -cochi, 'sleep')
- tiquimittah 'we see them' (sentence with a transitive verb, -itta-, 'see')
Caution: ti- means 'you (singular)' but ti-____-h means 'we'.
From these examples, it can be seen that the arrangement of a verb stem and its argument affixes is as follows:
SUBJECT PREFIX + OBJECT PREFIX + VERB STEM + 'h' (example: 'ti-quim-itta-h', we - them - see - we, i.e., 'we see them')
Affixes for the arguments of the verb (subject and object)
editIn the table below, Ø indicates there is no marker in the given position.
| Subject | Object | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | ni-, 'I' | -nēch-, 'me' |
| 2nd person singular | ti-, 'you' | -mitz-, 'you' |
| 3rd person singular | Ø-, 'he, she, it' | -qui-, 'him, her, it' |
| 1st person plural | ti (+ verb +) -h, 'we' | -tēch-, 'us' |
| 2nd person plural | an (+ verb +) -h, 'you' | -amēch-, 'you' |
| 3rd person plural | Ø- (+ verb +) -h, 'they' | -quim-, 'them' |
| Unknown | -tē-, 'somebody'; -tla-, 'something' |
Temporal and aspectual affixes
edit- Present: has no suffix.
- Customary present or Quotidian: -ni; niquittāni "I used to see it" nipēhuāni "I used to start".
- Perfect: -c/h/?/Ø, (ō)niquittac "I saw him/her/it (preterit aspect)", ōnipēuh "I started"
- Note that the optional ō- prefix on the perfect form indicates the act described has consequences that affect the present. Its absence is common in mythic or historical narratives.
- Future: -z; niquittaz "I will see him/her/it ", nipēhuaz "I will start"
- Imperfect: -ya; niquittāya "I saw him/her/it (imperfect aspect)", nipēhuāya "I started"
- Irrealis: -zquiya; niquittāzquiya "I would have seen him/her/it", nipēhuazquiya "I would have started"
- Pluperfect: -ca; niquittaca "I had seen him", nipēuca "I had started
- Optative: -cān; niquittacān "would that I could see him", nipēucān "would that I could start"
- Admonitive: -(h)tin; niquittatin "don't let me see him", nipēucatin "don't let me start" [2]
Applicative
editThe applicative construction adds an argument to the verb. The role of the added argument can be benefactive, malefactive, indirect object or similar. It is formed by the suffix -lia.
- niquittilia "I see it for him"
Causative
editThe causative construction also adds an argument to the verb. This argument is an agent causing the object to undertake the action of the verb. It is formed by the suffix -tia.
- niquittatia "I make him see it/I show it to him"
Unspecified Subject/Passive
editThe construction called "passive" by some grammarians and "unspecified subject construction" by others removes the subject from the valency of the verb, substituting it with a null reference, and promoting the argument marked by object prefixes to subject. The passive or unspecified subject construction uses one of two suffixes: -lo or -hua.
- quitta "he sees it"+ -lo= quittalo "it is seen (by someone)"
- miqui "he dies" + hua = micohua "there is dying/people are dying"
Directional affixes
editDeixis:
- -on- "away from the speaker"
- on+ tlahtoa "to speak" = ontlahtoa "he/she/it speaks towards there"
- -huāl- " towards the speaker"
- huāl+ tlahtoa "to speak" = huāllahtoa "he/she/it speaks towards here"
Introvert: Imperfective: -qui "comes towards the speaker in order to X" qui + itta "to see" + qui ="quittaqui "he/she/it will come here to see it" Perfective: -co "has come towards the speaker in order to X" qui + itta "to see" + co =quittaco "he/she/it has come here to see it"
Extrovert: Imperfective: -tīuh "goes away from the speaker in order to X" qui + itta "to see" + tīuh ="quittatīuh "he/she/it will go there to see it" Perfective: -to " has gone away from the speaker in order to X" qui + itta "to see" + to =quittato "he/she/it has gone there to see it"
Derivational
editA number of different suffixes exist to derive nouns from verbs:
- -lli used to derive passivized nouns from verbs.
tla "something" + ixca "roast" + l + tli = tlaxcalli "something roasted/ a tortilla"
tla + ihcuiloa "write/draw" + l - tli = tlahcuilolli "scripture/ a drawing"
- -liztli used to derive abstract nouns from verbs.
miqui "to die" + liztli = miquiliztli "death"
tlahcuiloa "to write something" + liztli = tlahcuiloliztli "the concept of writing or being a scribe"
- -qui used to derive agentive nouns from verbs.
ichtequi "to steal" + qui = ichtecqui "a thief"
tlahuāna "to become drunk" + qui = tlahuānqui "a drunkard"
- -ni used to derive habitual nouns from verbs.
miqui "to die" +ni = miquīni "a mortal"
cuacua "to bite" + ni = cuacuāni "someone that is known to be capable of or to habitually bite"
tla- "something" + ihtoā "to speak" + ni = tlahtoāni "one that says things; a speaker"
Verbal compounds
editTwo verbs can be compounded with the ligature morpheme -ti-.
Relational Nouns and Locatives
editSpatial and other relations are expressed with relational nouns. Some locative suffixes also exist.
Noun Incorporation
editNoun incorporation is productive in Classical Nahuatl and different kinds of material can be incorporated.
- Body parts
- Instruments
- Objects
Indigenous Languages of California
editKampō
edit| Rōmaji | Kanji | Kampō # | Class (Subclass) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anchū-San | 安中散 | 5 | 温裏剤 (温中散寒剤-大建中湯) | ||
| Bakumondō-Tō | 麦門冬湯 | 29 | 治燥剤 (滋陰潤燥剤) | ||
| Bōfū-Tsūshō-San | 防風通聖散 | 62 | 表裏双解剤(解表攻裏剤) | ||
| Bōi-ōgi-tō | 防已黄耆湯 | ぼういおうぎとう | 20 | fáng jǐ huáng qí wán | 防己黃耆丸 |
| Bukuryō-in | 茯苓飲 | ぶくりょういん | 69 | ||
| Bukuryō-in-gō-hange-kōboku-tō | 茯苓飲合半夏厚朴湯 | ぶくりょういんごうはんげこうぼくとう | 116 | ||
| Byakko-ka-ninjin-tō | 白虎加人参湯 | びゃっこかにんじんとう | 34 | bái hǔ tāng wán | 白虎湯丸 |
| Chikujo-untan-tō | 竹じょ温胆湯 | ちくじょうんたんとう | 91 | ||
| Chōi-jōki-tō | 調胃承気湯 | ちょういじょうきとう | 74 | ||
| Chorei-tō | 猪苓湯 | ちょれいとう | 40 | ||
| Chorei-tō-gō-shimotsu-tō | 猪苓湯合四物湯 | ちょれいとうごうしもつとう | 112 | ||
| Chōtō-san | 釣藤散 | ちょうとうさん | 47 | ||
| Dai-bōfū-tō | 大防風湯 | だいぼうふうとう | 97 | ||
| Dai-jōki-tō | 大承気湯 | だいじょうきとう | 133 | ||
| Dai-kenchū-tō | 大建中湯 | だいけんちゅうとう | 100 | ||
| Daiō-botanpi-tō | 大黄牡丹皮湯 | だいおうぼたんぴとう | 33 | ||
| Daiō-kanzō-tō | 大黄甘草湯 | だいおうかんぞうとう | 84 | ||
| Dai-saiko-tō | 大柴胡湯 | だいさいことう | 8 | dà chái hú wán | 大柴胡丸 |
| Eppi-ka-jutsu-tō | 越婢加朮湯 | えっぴかじゅつとう | 28 | ||
| Goko-tō | 五虎湯 | ごことう | 95 | ||
| Gorei-san | 五苓散 | ごれいさん | 17 | wǔ líng sǎn wán | 五苓散丸 |
| Gorin-san | 五淋散 | ごりんさん | 56 | ||
| Goshaku-san | 五積散 | ごしゃくさん | 63 | ||
| Gosha-jinki-gan | 牛車腎気丸 | ごしゃじんきがん | 107 | ||
| Goshūyu-tō | 呉茱萸湯 | ごしゅうとう | 31 | ||
| Hachimi-jiō-gan | 八味地黄丸 | はちみじおうがん | 7 | bāwèi dìhuáng wán | 八味地黄丸 |
| Hainō-san-kyū-tō | 排膿散及湯 | はいのうさんきゅうとう | 122 | ||
| Hange-byakujutsu-tenma-tō | 半夏白朮天麻湯 | はんげびゃくじゅつてんまとう | 37 | ||
| Hange-kōboku-tō | 半夏厚朴湯 | はんげこうぼくとう | 16 | bàn xià hòu pō wán | 半夏厚樸丸 |
| Hange-shashin-tō | 半夏瀉心湯 | はんげしゃしんとう | 14 | ||
| Heii-san | 平胃散 | へいいさん | 79 | píng wèi sǎn wán | 平胃散丸 |
| Hochū-ekki-tō | 補中益気湯 | ほちゅうえっきとう | 41 | bǔ zhōng yì qì wán | 补中益气丸 |
| Inchin-gorei-san | 茵ちん五苓散 | いんちんごれいさん | 117 | yīnchén wǔlíng sǎn | 茵陈五苓散 |
| Inchinkō-tō | 茵ちん蒿湯 | いんちんこうとう | 135 | ||
| Irei-tō | 胃苓湯 | いれいとう | 115 | ||
| Ji-daboku-ippō | 治打撲一方 | ぢだぼくいっぽう | 89 | ||
| Jiin-kōka-tō | 滋陰降火湯 | じいんこうかとう | 93 | ||
| Jiin-shihō-tō | 滋陰至宝湯 | じいんしほうとう | 92 | ||
| Jinso-in | 参蘇飲 | じんそいん | 66 | ||
| Ji-zusō-ippō | 治頭瘡一方 | ぢずそういっぽう | 59 | ||
| Junchō-tō | 潤腸湯 | じゅんちょうとう | 51 | ||
| Jūmi-haidoku-tō | 十味敗毒湯 | じゅうみはいどくとう | 6 | ||
| Jūzen-daiho-tō | 十全大補湯 | じゅうぜんだいほとう | 48 | shí quán dà bǔ wán | 十全大补丸 |
| Kakkon-tō | 葛根湯 | かっこんとう | 1 | ||
| Kakkon-tō-ka-senkyū-shin'i | 葛根湯加川きゅう辛夷 | かっこんとうかせんきゅうしんい | 2 | ||
| Kami-kihi-tō | 加味帰脾湯 | かみきひとう | 137 | ||
| Kami-shōyō-san | 加味逍遙散 | かみしょうようさん | 24 | jiā wèi xiāo yáo wán | 加味逍遙丸 |
| Kan-baku-daisō-tō | 甘麦大棗湯 | かんばくだいそうとう | 72 | gān mài dà zǎo wán | 甘麥大棗丸 |
| Keigai-rengyō-tō | 荊芥連翹湯 | けいがいれんぎょうとう | 50 | ||
| Keihi-tō | 啓脾湯 | けいひとう | 128 | ||
| Keishi-tō | 桂枝湯 | けいしとう | 45 | guì zhī tāng wán | 桂枝湯丸 |
| Keishi-bukuryō-gan | 桂枝茯苓丸 | けいしぶくりょうがん | 25 | guì zhī fú líng wán | 桂枝茯苓丸 |
| Keishi-bukuryō-gan-ka-yokui'nin | 桂枝茯苓丸加よく苡仁 | けいしぶくりょうがんかよくいにん | 125 | guì zhī fú líng wán | 桂枝茯苓丸 |
| Keishi-ka-jutsubu-tō | 桂枝加朮附湯 | けいしかじゅつぶとう | 18 | ||
| Keishi-ka-ryūkotsu-borei-tō | 桂枝加竜骨牡蛎湯 | けいしかりゅうこつぼれいとう | 26 | ||
| Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-tō | 桂枝加芍薬湯 | けいしかしゃくやくとう | 60 | ||
| Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-daiō-tō | 桂枝加芍薬大黄湯 | けいしかしゃくやくだいおうとう | 134 | ||
| Keishi-ninjin-tō | 桂枝人参湯 | けいしにんじんとう | 82 | ||
| Kihi-tō | 帰脾湯 | きひとう | 65 | guī pí wán | 归脾丸 |
| Kikyō-tō | 桔梗湯 | ききょうとう | 138 | jié gěng wán | 桔梗丸 |
| Kōso-san | 香蘇散 | こうそさん | 70 | ||
| Kyūki-kyōgai-tō | きゅう帰膠艾湯 | きゅうききょうがいとう | 77 | ||
| Ma-kyō-kan-seki-tō | 麻杏甘石湯 | まきょうかんせきとう | 55 | ||
| Ma-kyō-yoku-kan-tō | 麻杏よく甘湯 | まきょうよくかんとう | 78 | ||
| Maō-tō | 麻黄湯 | まおうとう | 27 | má huáng tāng wán | 麻黃湯丸 |
| Maō-bushi-saishin-tō | 麻黄附子細辛湯 | まおうぶしさいしんとう | 127 | ||
| Mashinin-gan | 麻子仁丸 | ましにんがん | 126 | má zǐ rén wán | 麻子仁丸 |
| Moku-boi-tō | 木防已湯 | もくぼういとう | 36 | ||
| Nichin-tō | 二陳湯 | にちんとう | 81 | èr chén wán | 二陳丸 |
| Nijutsu-tō | 二朮湯 | にじゅつとう | 88 | ||
| Ninjin-tō | 人参湯 | にんじんとう | 32 | rén shēn bài dú wán | 人參敗毒丸 |
| Ninjin-yōei-tō | 人参養栄湯 | にんじんようえいとう | 108 | ||
| Nyoshin-san | 女神散 | にょしんさん | 67 | ||
| Ōgi-kenchū-tō | 黄耆建中湯 | おうぎけんちゅうとう | 98 | ||
| Ōren-tō | 黄連湯 | おうれんとう | 120 | huáng lián sù wán | 黃連素丸 |
| Ōren-gedoku-tō | 黄連解毒湯 | おうれんげどくとう | 15 | huáng lián jiě dú wán | 黃連解毒丸 |
| Otsuji-tō | 乙字湯 | おつじとう | 3 | ||
| Rikkō-san | 立効散 | りっこうさん | 110 | ||
| Rikkunshi-tō | 六君子湯 | りっくんしとう | 43 | liù jūn zǐ wán | 六君子丸 |
| Rokumi-gan | 六味丸 | ろくみがん | 87 | liù wèi dì huáng wán | 六味地黄丸 |
| Ryō-kan-kyo-mi-shin-ge-nin-tō | 苓甘姜味辛夏仁湯 | りょうかんきょみしんげにんとう | 119 | ||
| Ryō-kei-jutsu-kan-tō | 苓桂朮甘湯 | りょうけいじゅつかんとう | 39 | ||
| Ryō-kyo-jutsu-kan-tō | 苓姜朮甘湯 | りょうきょじゅつかんとう | 118 | ||
| Ryūtan-shakan-tō | 竜胆瀉肝湯 | りゅうたんしゃかんとう | 76 | lóng dǎn xiè gān wán | 龍膽瀉肝丸 |
| Saiboku-tō | 柴朴湯 | さいぼくとう | 96 | ||
| Saikan-tō | 柴陥湯 | さいかんとう | 73 | ||
| Saiko-ka-ryūkotsu-borei-tō | 柴胡加竜骨牡蛎湯 | さいこかりゅうこつぼれいとう | 12 | ||
| Saiko-keishi-tō | 柴胡桂枝湯 | さいこけいしとう | 10 | ||
| Saiko-keishi-kankyō-tō | 柴胡桂枝乾姜湯 | さいこけいしかんきょうとう | 11 | ||
| Saiko-seikan-tō | 柴胡清肝湯 | さいこせいかんとう | 80 | chái hú shū gān wán | 柴胡舒肝丸 |
| Sairei-tō | 柴苓湯 | さいれいとう | 114 | ||
| Sanmotsu-ōgon-tō | 三物黄ごん湯 | さんもつおうごんとう | 121 | ||
| San'ō-shashin-tō | 三黄瀉心湯 | さんおうしゃしんとう | 113 | ||
| Sansonin-tō | 酸棗仁湯 | さんそにんとう | 103 | suān zǎo rén tāng piàn | 酸棗仁湯片 |
| Seihai-tō | 清肺湯 | せいはいとう | 90 | qīng fèi yì huǒ piàn | 清肺抑火片 |
| Seijō-bōfū-tō | 清上防風湯 | せいじょうぼうふうとう | 58 | ||
| Seishin-renshi-in | 清心蓮子飲 | せいしんれんしいん | 111 | ||
| Seisho-ekki-tō | 清暑益気湯 | せいしょえっきとう | 136 | ||
| Senkyū-chachō-san | 川きゅう茶調散 | せんきゅうちゃちょうさん | 124 | ||
| Sha-kanzō-tō | 炙甘草湯 | しゃかんぞうとう | 64 | zhì gān cǎo wán | 炙甘草丸 |
| Shakuyaku-kanzō-tō | 芍薬甘草湯 | しゃくやくかんぞうとう | 68 | sháo yào gān cǎo wán | 芍藥甘草丸 |
| Shichimotsu-kōka-tō | 七物降下湯 | しちもつこうかとう | 46 | ||
| Shigyaku-san | 四逆散 | しぎゃくさん | 35 | sì nì sǎn wán | 四逆散丸 |
| Shikunshi-tō | 四君子湯 | しくんしとう | 75 | sì jūn zǐ tāng wán | 四君子湯丸 |
| Shimotsu-tō | 四物湯 | しもつとう | 71 | sì wù tāng wán | 四物湯丸 |
| Shinbu-tō | 真武湯 | しんぶとう | 30 | zhēn wǔ tāng wán | 真武湯丸 |
| Shin'i-seihai-tō | 辛夷清肺湯 | しんいせいはいとう | 104 | ||
| Shinpi-tō | 神秘湯 | しんぴとう | 85 | ||
| Shōfū-san | 消風散 | しょうふうさん | 22 | qīng qì huà tán wán | 清氣化痰丸 |
| Shō-hange-ka-bukuryō-tō | 小半夏加茯苓湯 | しょうはんげかぶくりょうとう | 21 | ||
| Shō-kenchū-tō | 小建中湯 | しょうけんちゅうとう | 99 | xiǎo jiàn zhōng wán | 小健中丸 |
| Shō-saiko-tō | 小柴胡湯 | しょうさいことう | 9 | xiǎo chái hú tāng wán | 小柴胡汤丸 |
| Shō-saiko-tō-ka-kikyō-sekkō | 小柴胡湯加桔梗石膏 | しょうさいことうかききょうせっこう | 109 | xiǎo chái hú tāng wán | 小柴胡湯丸 |
| Shō-seiryu-tō | 小青竜湯 | しょうせいりゅうとう | 19 | xiǎo qīng lóng wán | 小青龍丸 |
| Shōma-kakkon-tō | 升麻葛根湯 | しょうまかっこんとう | 101 | ||
| Sokei-kakketsu-tō | 疎経活血湯 | そけいかっけつとう | 53 | tōng qiào huó xuè wán | 通竅活血丸 |
| Tōkaku-jōki-tō | 桃核承気湯 | とうかくじょうきとう | 61 | ||
| Tōki-tō | 当帰湯 | とうきとう | 102 | dāng guī wán | 當歸丸 |
| Tōki-inshi | 当帰飲子 | とうきいんし | 86 | ||
| Tōki-kenchū-tō | 当帰建中湯 | とうきけんちゅうとう | 123 | ||
| Tōki-shakuyaku-san | 当帰芍薬散 | とうきしゃくやくさん | 23 | ||
| Tōki-shigyaku-ka-goshū-shōkyo-tō | 当帰四逆加呉茱萸生姜湯 | とうきしぎゃくかごしゅうしょうきょとう | 38 | dāng guī sì nì wán | 當歸四逆丸 |
| Tsū-dō-san | 通導散 | つうどうさん | 105 | ||
| Unkei-tō | 温経湯 | うんけいとう | 106 | ||
| Unsei-in | 温清飲 | うんせいいん | 57 | ||
| Yokuinin-tō | よく苡仁湯 | よくいにんとう | 52 | ||
| Yokukansan | 抑肝散 | よくかんさん | 54 | ||
| Yoku-kan-san-ka-chinpi-hange | 抑肝散加陳皮半夏 | よくかんさんかちんぴはんげ | 83 |
Missions
edit| Mission | Founded | Founder | Status | Location | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Opodepe | 1649 | S.J. | |||
| Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Cósari | 1687 | Kino | Ruins | Cucurpe, Sonora | 30°30′40″N 110°42′00″W / 30.511°N 110.70°W |
| Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Doágibubig | 1687 | Kino | Ruins | Ímuris, Sonora | 30°46′26″N 110°42′36″W / 30.774°N 110.71°W |
| Mission San Ignacio de Cabórica | 1687 | Kino | Preserved | Magdalena, Sonora | |
| San Pedro y San Pablo del Tubutama | 1691 | Kino | Active | Tubutama, Sonora |
- Misión de Cuquiárachi founded in 1645, south of Fronteras, Sonora
- San Ignacio de Cabórica was founded in 1687 and is located in San Ignacio, Sonora.
- Santa Teresa de Atil was founded in 1687, in the small town of Atil, Sonora.
- Santa María Magdalena was founded in 1687, located in Magdalena de Kino, Sonora. Padre Kino's grave is located here.
- San José de Imuris was founded in 1687, in Imuris, Sonora.
- Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera was founded in 1689. It is located in Cocóspera, Sonora.
- San Antonio Paduano del Oquitoa was founded in 1689. It is located in Oquitoa, Sonora.
- San Diego del Pitiquito was founded in 1689. It is located in Pitiquito, Sonora.
- San Luis Bacoancos was founded in 1691, but was soon abandoned after Apache attacks.
- Mission San Cayetano del Tumacacori was founded in 1691 at a native Sobaipuri settlement. Later a church was built. After the 1751 Pima Revolt the settlement and mission were moved to the opposite side of the river and became --
- Mission San José de Tumacácori, the presently known location that is a National Historic Park. The farming land around the mission was sold at auction in 1834 and the mission was abandoned by 1840. It is now a National Monument in Tumacácori National Historical Park in Southern Arizona.
- Mission Los Santos Ángeles de Guevavi was founded in 1691 and is the location of the first church built in southern Arizona. The church was initially established in a native settlement, but then was destroyed by fire, probably during an indigenous uprising. The church rebuilt in new locations twice, the final and largest one being built in 1751. Its ruins are part of Tumacácori National Historical Park.
- San Lázaro was founded in 1691, but was soon abandoned after Apache attacks.
- San Xavier del Bac (O'odham [Papago]: Wa:k), 16 miles south of Tucson, Arizona, founded in 1692, the present building dates from 1785. The interior is richly decorated with ornaments showing a mixture of New Spain and Native American artistic motifs. It is still used by Tohono O'odham and Yaqui tribal members.
- Mission San Cosme y Damián de Tucsón: founded 1692
- La Purísima Concepción de Nuestra Señora de Caborca: founded 1693
- Mission Santa María Suamca: Originally founded as Santa María del Pilar in 1693, the location changed and it became known as Santa María Suamca (spellings vary), now Santa Cruz, Sonora.
- San Valentín de Busanic/Bisanig: founded 1693
- Nuestra Señora de Loreto y San Marcelo de Sonoyta: founded 1693
- Nuestra Señora de la Ascención de Opodepe: founded 1704
- Los Reyes de Sonoita/Los Reyes del Sonoydag/San Ignacio de Sonoitac: a ranchería near Patagonia founded 1692.
Creative cities network
editThe UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) is a project of UNESCO launched in 2004 to promote cooperation among cities which recognized creativity as a major factor in their urban development.[3][4][5] As of 2017[update], there are 180 cities from 72 countries in the network.[6]
The network recognizes the concept of creative tourism, defined as travel associated with creative experience and participation,[7] and aims to foster mutual international cooperation with and between member cities committed to invest in creativity as a driver for sustainable urban development, social inclusion and cultural vibrancy.[8] The overall situation and activities within the Network is reported in the UCCN Membership Monitoring Reports, each for a 4-year period for a particular city.[9] The network recognizes the following creative fields:[3] crafts and folk art, design, film, gastronomy, literature, media arts, and music.
List of members
edit| City | Country | Category | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adelaide |  Australia
|
Music | 2015 |
| Al-Ahsa |  Saudi Arabia
|
Craft and folk art | 2015 |
| Alba |  Italy
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| Almaty |  Kazakhstan
|
Music | 2017 |
| Amarante |  Portugal
|
Music | 2017 |
| Aswan |  Egypt
|
Craft and folk art | 2005 |
| Auckland |  New Zealand
|
Music | 2017 |
| Austin |  United States
|
Media arts | 2015 |
| Baguio |  Philippines
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Bamyan |  Afghanistan
|
Crafts and folk art | 2015 |
| Bandung |  Indonesia
|
Design | 2015 |
| Barcelona |  Spain
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Barcelos | Portugal
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Beijing |  China
|
Design | 2012 |
| Belém |  Brazil
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Bergen |  Norway
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Bilbao | Spain
|
Design | 2014 |
| Bitola |  North Macedonia
|
Film | 2015 |
| Bogotá |  Colombia
|
Music | 2012 |
| Bologna | Italy
|
Music | 2006 |
| Bradford |  United Kingdom
|
Film | 2009 |
| Braga | Portugal
|
Media arts | 2017 |
| Brasília | Brazil
|
Design | 2017 |
| Brazzaville |  Congo
|
Music | 2013 |
| Bristol | United Kingdom
|
Film | 2017 |
| Brno |  Czechia
|
Music | 2017 |
| Bucheon |  South Korea
|
Literature | 2017 |
| Budapest |  Hungary
|
Design | 2015 |
| Buenaventura | Colombia
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| Buenos Aires |  Argentina
|
Design | 2005 |
| Burgos | Spain
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Busan | South Korea
|
Film | 2014 |
| Cairo | Egypt
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Cape Town |  South Africa
|
Design | 2017 |
| Carrara | Italy
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Changsha | China
|
Media arts | 2017 |
| Chengdu | China
|
Gastronomy | 2010 |
| Chennai |  India
|
Music | 2017 |
| Chiang Mai |  Thailand
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Chordeleg |  Ecuador
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Cochabamba |  Bolivia
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| Curitiba | Brazil
|
Design | 2014 |
| Daegu | South Korea
|
Music | 2017 |
| Dakar |  Senegal
|
Media arts | 2014 |
| Dénia | Spain
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Detroit | United States
|
Design | 2015 |
| Dubai |  United Arab Emirates
|
Design | 2017 |
| Dublin |  Ireland
|
Literature | 2010 |
| Dundee | United Kingdom
|
Design | 2014 |
| Dunedin | New Zealand
|
Literature | 2014 |
| Durán | Ecuador
|
Craft and folk art | 2015 |
| Durban | South Africa
|
Literature | 2017 |
| Edinburgh | United Kingdom
|
Literature | 2004 |
| Enghien-les-Bains |  France
|
Media arts | 2013 |
| Ensenada |  Mexico
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Fabriano | Italy
|
Crafts and folk art | 2013 |
| Florianópolis | Brazil
|
Gastronomy | 2014 |
| Frutillar |  Chile
|
Music | 2017 |
| Gabrovo |  Bulgaria
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Galway | Ireland
|
Film | 2014 |
| Gaziantep |  Turkey
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Geelong | Australia
|
Design | 2017 |
| Ghent |  Belgium
|
Music | 2009 |
| Glasgow | United Kingdom
|
Music | 2008 |
| Granada | Spain
|
Literature | 2014 |
| Graz |  Austria
|
Design | 2011 |
| Guadalajara | Mexico
|
Media arts | 2017 |
| Gwangju | South Korea
|
Media arts | 2014 |
| Hamamatsu |  Japan
|
Music | 2014 |
| Hangzhou | China
|
Craft and folk art | 2012 |
| Hanover |  Germany
|
Music | 2014 |
| Hatay | Turkey
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| Heidelberg | Germany
|
Literature | 2014 |
| Helsinki |  Finland
|
Design | 2014 |
| Icheon | South Korea
|
Craft and folk art | 2010 |
| Idanha-a-Nova | Portugal
|
Music | 2015 |
| Iowa City | United States
|
Literature | 2008 |
| Isfahan |  Iran
|
Craft and folk art | 2015 |
| Istanbul | Turkey
|
Design | 2017 |
| Jacmel |  Haiti
|
Craft and folk art | 2014 |
| Jeonju | South Korea
|
Gastronomy | 2012 |
| Jaipur | India
|
Craft and folk art | 2015 |
| Jingdezhen | China
|
Crafts and folk art | 2014 |
| João Pessoa | Brazil
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Kanazawa | Japan
|
Craft and folk art | 2009 |
| Kansas City | United States
|
Music | 2017 |
| Katowice |  Poland
|
Music | 2015 |
| Kingston |  Jamaica
|
Music | 2015 |
| Kinshasa |  Congo DR
|
Music | 2015 |
| Kolding |  Denmark
|
Design | 2017 |
| Kortrijk |  Netherlands
|
Design | 2017 |
| Košice |  Slovakia
|
Media arts | 2017 |
| Kraków | Poland
|
Literature | 2013 |
| Kütahya | Turkey
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Lillehammer | Norway
|
Literature | 2017 |
| Limoges | France
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Linz | Austria
|
Media arts | 2014 |
| Liverpool | United Kingdom
|
Music | 2015 |
| Ljubljana |  Slovenia
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Łódź | Poland
|
Film | 2017 |
| Lubumbashi | Congo DR
|
Craft and folk art | 2015 |
| Lviv |  Ukraine
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Lyon | France
|
Media arts | 2008 |
| Madaba |  Jordan
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Macau | China
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| Manchester | United Kingdom
|
Literature | 2017 |
| Mannheim | Germany
|
Music | 2014 |
| Medellín | Colombia
|
Music | 2015 |
| Melbourne | Australia
|
Literature | 2008 |
| Mexico City | Mexico
|
Design | 2017 |
| Milan | Italy
|
Literature | 2017 |
| Montevideo |  Uruguay
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Morelia | Mexico
|
Music | 2017 |
| Nagoya | Japan
|
Design | 2008 |
| Nassau |  Bahamas
|
Craft and folk art | 2014 |
| Norrköping |  Sweden
|
Music | 2017 |
| Norwich | United Kingdom
|
Literature | 2012 |
| Nottingham | United Kingdom
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Óbidos | Portugal
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Östersund | Sweden
|
Gastronomy | 2010 |
| Ouagadougou |  Burkina Faso
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Paducah | United States
|
Craft and folk art | 2013 |
| Panama City |  Panama
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| Paraty | Brazil
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| Parma | Italy
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Pekalongan | Indonesia
|
Craft and folk art | 2014 |
| Pesaro | Italy
|
Music | 2017 |
| Phuket | Thailand
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Popayán | Colombia
|
Gastronomy | 2005 |
| Porto-Novo |  Benin
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Prague | Czechia
|
Literature | 2014 |
| Praia |  Cabo Verde
|
Music | 2017 |
| Puebla | Mexico
|
Design | 2015 |
| Qingdao | China
|
Film | 2017 |
| Rasht | Iran
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Reykjavík |  Iceland
|
Literature | 2011 |
| Rome | Italy
|
Film | 2015 |
| Saint-Étienne | France
|
Design | 2010 |
| Salvador | Brazil
|
Music | 2015 |
| San Antonio | United States
|
Gastronomy | 2017 |
| San Cristóbal de las Casas | Mexico
|
Craft and folk art | 2015 |
| Santa Fe | United States
|
Craft and folk art | 2005 |
| Santos | Brazil
|
Film | 2015 |
| Sapporo | Japan
|
Media arts | 2013 |
| Seattle | United States
|
Literature | 2017 |
| Seoul | South Korea
|
Design | 2010 |
| Seville | Spain
|
Music | 2006 |
| Shaki |  Azerbaijan
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Shanghai | China
|
Design | 2010 |
| Shenzhen | China
|
Design | 2008 |
| Shunde | China
|
Gastronomy | 2014 |
| Singapore |  Singapore
|
Design | 2015 |
| Sofia | Bulgaria
|
Film | 2014 |
| Sokodé |  Togo
|
Crafts and folk art | 2017 |
| Suzhou | China
|
Craft and folk art | 2014 |
| Sydney | Australia
|
Film | 2010 |
| Tamba-Sasayama | Japan
|
Craft and folk art | 2015 |
| Tartu |  Estonia
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Tel Aviv |  Israel
|
Media arts | 2014 |
| Terrassa | Spain
|
Film | 2017 |
| Tétouan |  Morocco
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Tongyeong | South Korea
|
Music | 2015 |
| Toronto |  Canada
|
Media arts | 2017 |
| Tsuruoka | Japan
|
Gastronomy | 2014 |
| Tucson | United States
|
Gastronomy | 2015 |
| Tunis |  Tunisia
|
Craft and folk art | 2017 |
| Turin | Italy
|
Design | 2014 |
| Ulyanovsk |  Russia
|
Literature | 2015 |
| Utrecht | Netherlands
|
Literature | 2017 |
| Varanasi | India
|
Music | 2015 |
| Wuhan | China
|
Design | 2017 |
| Yamagata | Japan
|
Film | 2017 |
| York | United Kingdom
|
Media arts | 2014 |
| Zahlé |  Lebanon
|
Gastronomy | 2013 |
Nakasendo
editStations of the Nakasendō
edit
The sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō, in addition to the starting and ending locations (which are shared with the Tōkaidō), are listed below in order. The stations are divided by their present-day prefecture and include the name of their present-day city/town/village/district.
| No. | Name | Japanese | Station (km) |
Distance (km) |
Historical Location | Modern Location | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province | District | Prefecture | Municipality | |||||
| – | Nihonbashi | 日本橋 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Musashi | Toshima | Tokyo | Chūō |
| 1 | Itabashi-shuku | 板橋宿 | 9.8 | 9.8 | Itabashi | |||
| 2 | Warabi-shuku | 蕨宿 | 9.0 | 18.8 | Adachi | Saitama | Warabi | |
| 3 | Urawa-shuku | 浦和宿 | 5.4 | 24.2 | Saitama | |||
| 4 | Ōmiya-shuku | 大宮宿 | 5.0 | 29.2 | ||||
| 5 | Ageo-shuku | 上尾宿 | 7.9 | 37.1 | Ageo | |||
| 6 | Okegawa-shuku | 桶川宿 | 3.7 | 40.8 | Okegawa | |||
| 7 | Kōnosu-shuku | 平塚宿 | 7.2 | 48.0 | Kōnosu | |||
| 8 | Kumagai-shuku | 熊谷宿 | 16.4 | 64.4 | Ōsato | Kumagaya | ||
| 9 | Fukaya-shuku | 深谷宿 | 10.8 | 75.2 | Hanzawa | Fukaya | ||
| 10 | Honjō-shuku | 本庄宿 | 10.5 | 85.7 | Kodama | Honjō | ||
| 11 | Shinmachi-shuku | 新町宿 | 7.9 | 93.6 | Kōzuke | Midono | Gunma | Takasaki |
| 12 | Kuragano-shuku | 倉賀野宿 | 5.9 | 99.5 | Gunma | |||
| 13 | Takasaki-shuku | 高崎宿 | 6.0 | 105.5 | ||||
| 14 | Itahana-shuku | 板鼻宿 | 7.2 | 112.7 | Usui | Annaka | ||
| 15 | Annaka-shuku | 安中宿 | 3.3 | 116.0 | ||||
| 16 | Matsuida-shuku | 松井田宿 | 9.6 | 125.6 | ||||
| 17 | Sakamoto-shuku | 坂本宿 | 9.5 | 135.1 | ||||
| 18 | Karuisawa-shuku | 軽井沢宿 | 1.6 | 146.7 | Shinano | Saku | Nagano | Karuizawa |
| 19 | Kutsukake-shuku | 沓掛宿 | 4.5 | 151.2 | ||||
| 20 | Oiwake-shuku | 追分宿 | 4.3 | 155.5 | ||||
| 21 | Otai-shuku | 小田井宿 | 5.0 | 160.5 | Miyota | |||
| 22 | Iwamurada-shuku | 岩村田宿 | 4.7 | 165.2 | Saku | |||
| 23 | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
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| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
| # | SHUKU | Ja | km | kmT | PROV | DIST | PREF | CITY |
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- ^ Andrews (2003): pp. 382–384; Carochi (2001): pp. 308–309; Lockhart (2001): pp. 69–70.
- ^ http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/NahuatlGrammarBook.pdf
- ^ a b "What is the Creative Cities Network ?", a UNESCO webpage
- ^ Creative Cities Network homepage
- ^ Inequalities in Creative Cities: Issues, Approaches, Comparisons, 2016, ISBN 1349951153 p. 241
- ^ Macdonald, Moira (31 October 2017). "UNESCO declares Seattle a City of Literature". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
- ^ OECD Studies on Tourism Tourism and the Creative Economy, 2014, ISBN 9264207872, p. 83
- ^ "UCCN today: 116 Cities in 54 countries | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
- ^ "Reporting & monitoring", a UCCN webpage