34°43′23″N 36°42′52″E / 34.723185°N 36.714462°E
| Siege of Emesa | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Muslim conquest of Syria (Arab–Byzantine Wars) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Rashidun Caliphate |
Arab Christians from Hit and Circesium | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah Khalid ibn al-Walid Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi | Heraclius | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Heavy[1] | ||||||||
The siege of Emesa in 638 was laid by a coalition force of Arab Christian tribes from Jazira which mustered by Heraclius in an attempt to stem the losses of Byzantine territories due to rapid expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate in the Levant.
Background
editAfter the devastating defeat in the Battle of Yarmouk, the remainder of the Byzantine Empire was left vulnerable. With few military resources left, it was no longer in a position to attempt a military comeback in Syria. To gain time to prepare a defense of the rest of his empire, Heraclius needed the Muslims occupied in Syria.[1][2]
Heraclius thus sought help from the Christian Arab tribes which came of Jazirah which particularly came from two cities along the Euphrates river, Circesium and Hīt.[3] The tribes mustered a large army and marched against Emesa in no time, which was erected as military headquarter by Abu Ubaydah at the time.[4]
Caliphate strategy
editAcknowledging a huge Arab Christian army marching to his position, Abu Ubaidah withdrew all his forces from northern Syria to Emesa as a part of a complex strategy which he devised to repel the massive invasion of the Christian Arabs against Emesa, while Caliph Umar instructed Abu Ubaydah to send his field commanders outside of Emesa with sufficient splinter forces to lay counter siege to cities in Jazira, the homeland of enemy Arab Christian tribes, in order to divert the focus of enemy concentration in Emesa.[5] So the splinter forces under Iyadh ibn Ghanm In 638 the Muslims attacked Hīt, which they found to be well fortified; thus, they left a fraction of the army to impose a siege on the city, while the rest went after Circesium.[6] Iyadh in turn sent Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri toward Circesium taking with him a particular division of Banu Kilab known as Corps of 'Amr,[7] which are famed for their 'militant and warlike attitude.[7] The division is directly under the leadership of Aslam ibn Zur'a al-Kilabi along with al-Harith ibn Yazid and his son Zufar ibn al-Harith.[3]
Meanwhile, Umar sent a detachment from Iraq to invade Jazirah from three different routes. Umar himself marched from Medina with 1,000 men.[1] On the orders of Umar, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, who had recently conquered Iraq, sent Another detachment to assist Emesa under Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, a prominent veteran of both Battle of Yarmouk and Battle of Qadisiyyah.[1][2] Another detachment from Suhayl ibn 'Uday followed al-Farad road until they reached Raqqa.[citation needed]
Siege
editAfter the large contingent of Arab Christians came from Jazira has been mustered, they immediately marched to Homs, which immediately laid siege to the city.[8] As Khalid just returned from conquest of Qinnasrin,[9] he immediately appealed to Abu Ubaydah to be sent outside so he can led the sally outside the wall, However Abu Ubaidah decided they should wait behind the wall, while he waited for reinforcements[8]
Counter siege
editThe sieges toward Circessium and Hit laid by corps under Iyadh occurred simultaneously as the siege of Homs goes on. At first the Muslims faced difficulty in the siege of Hit as the defenders dug a moat around the city, until the Muslim army was able to penetrate it.[2] Meanwhile, Circesium was captured from the Byzantines without resistance by a Muslim army commanded by Habib, Though many Muslim sources state this occurred in 637, Maximillan Streck stated it is more likely occurred in 640.[8]
The counter sieges did not stop at Circesium and Hit, as Iyadh further sent Walid ibn Uqba to subdue the fortresses of the tribe of Rabi'a and Tanukhid.[8] Abu Ubaydah strategy of counter siege toward Circesium and Hit not only resulted in a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa against the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of Jazira, but also succeeded to take both Circesium and Hit, while the Christian Arabs were still being pursued by Khalid and his relentless cavalry. Between the end of 639 and December 640, Iyad and his lieutenants subdued, in succession, Circesium (al-Qarqisiya), Amid, Mayyafariqin, Nisibin, Tur Abdin, Mardin, Dara, Qarda and Bazabda.[10] In the case of Raqqa (Kallinikos to the Byzantines), the peasants outside the city walls were defended by the Arab Christian nomads. There, the Muslim forces compelled the city's leaders, facing the prospect of starvation, to surrender within five or six days. As the city fell to the Muslims, Since then, it has figured in Arabic sources as al-Raqqah.[11]
End of siege
editWhen the Christian Arabs received the news of the arrival of fresh reinforcements led by the caliph himself,[1] combined with Iyadh invasions of their homeland in Jazira,[8][1] they immediately abandoned the siege and hastily withdrew there.[1][12] By the time the Christian Arab coalitions left, Khalid and his mobile guard has been reinforced by 4000 soldiers under Qa'qa from Iraq, and now had been given permission by Abu Ubaydah to came out of the fort to pursue the enemy.[13] Khalid inflicted heavy losses on the Arab Christian coalition forces, which not only broke the entire siege, but also prevented their return to Jazira.[1]
In summary, the objective of the Jazira invasion by Iyadh to capture cities with minimal destruction and, in Petersen's view, Iyadh's campaign to partially divert the Christian Arab coalition forces in Syria, had succeeded.[14][15]
Aftermath
editThe success of the defense, which not only repelled the siege attempt by the Byzantine allies but also allowed Iyadh to capture almost entire Jazira region, has motivated the caliphate to launch the full-scale invasion further to the north until it reached Armenia.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl. "Al Bidayah wa Nihayah". Waqfeya. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ a b c El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO Pub. p. 949. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ a b Crone, Patricia (1980). Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52940-9.
- ^ Martasyabana, Ilham (6 August 2017). "ABU UBAIDAH MEMPERLEMAH PEMBERONTAK ROMAWI DI SYAM amquoting Tarikh Ath-Thabari, 4: no. 50-52; Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah Ibnu Katsir; Vol.Conquest of Sham during Umar ibn al-Khattab, h. h. 230-231". WARTAPILIHAN.com. Warta Pilihan news agency. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ Tibbetts, Jann (July 30, 2016). 50 Great Military Leaders of All Time. Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 548. ISBN 9789385505669. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- ^ Ibrahim Akram, Agha; Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl (October 18, 2017). The Sword of Allah Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. American Eagle Animal Rescue. p. 310. ISBN 9781948117272. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ a b Zakkar, Suhayl (1971). The Emirate of Aleppo: 1004–1094. Aleppo: Dar al-Amanah.
- ^ a b c d e Donner, Fred (July 14, 2014). The Early Islamic Conquests (electronic ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 512. ISBN 9781400847877. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- ^ Mango, Marlia M. (1991). "Chalkis ad Belum". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
- ^ Al-Baladhuri 1916, p. 275.
- ^ Meinecke 1995, p. 410.
- ^ Canard 1965, p. 574.
- ^ ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Hibat Allāh ibn `Abd Allāh, Ibn Asakir Ali (1921). "Ibn 'Asākir Tārīkh Dimashq. 8vo. Vol. I, 7 and 479 pp.; Vol. II, 464 and 11 pp.; Vol. III, 463 and 7 pp.; Vol. IV, 464 and 14 pages; Vol. V, 464 and 11 pp. Cairo: Raudat ash-Shām Press, a.h.1329–1332". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 53 (4). Cambridge university: 612–614. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00149494. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- ^ Petersen 2013, p. 439.
- ^ Petersen 2013, pp. 434–435.
- ^ Canard & Cahen 1960, p. 635.
Bibliography
edit- Al-Baladhuri (1916). Hitti, Philip Khuri (ed.). The Origins of the Islamic State, Volume 1. London: Columbia University, Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 622246259.
- Canard, M. (1965). "Al-Djazīra". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 523–524. OCLC 495469475.OCLC 192262392
- Streck, M. (1978). "Karkisiya". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 654–655. OCLC 758278456.
- Meinecke, Michael (1995). "al-Raḳḳa". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 410–414. ISBN 90-04-09834-8.
- Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-25199-1.
- Canard, Marius & Cahen, Claude (1960). "Armīniya". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 634–640. OCLC 495469456.