Names of European cities in different languages (E–H)

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[citation needed] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]

English name Other names or former names
   Edinburgh Àidīngbǎo愛丁堡 (traditional characters) / 爱丁堡 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Ài-teng-pó愛丁堡 (Hokkien/Taiwanese), Caeredin (Welsh*),[KNAB] Dinedin* / Din Edin[KNAB] (Breton), Doon Edin (Manx*), Dún Éideann (Irish*), Dùn Èideann (Scottish Gaelic*), Edeunbeoreo / Edŭnbŏrŏ – 에든버러 (Korean), Edimborg (Occitan*), Édimbourg (French*),[KNAB] Êdîmbourg (Jersey Norman), Edimburg (Catalan*,[KNAB] alternative Serbian*), Edimburgo (Italian*,[KNAB] Portuguese*,[KNAB] Spanish*,[KNAB] Tagalog*), Edimburgum (alternative Latin), EdimvoúrgoΕδιμβούργο (Greek*), Eḍinabrāএডিনবরা (Bengali*), `Ēdinbaraเอดินบะระ [ʔeː din bàʔ ráʔ] (Thai)*, Eḍinbarā - एडिनबरा (Hindi*),[KNAB] Eḍin‌barāఎడిన్‌బరా (Telugu), Ēḍinbarāਐਡਿਨਬਰਾ (Punjabi*), Edinboarch (alternative West Frisian*), Edinborg (Faroese, Icelandic*[KNAB]), Edinbroאדינברו (Hebrew*), Edinburc (Friulian*), Edinburch (West Frisian*), Edinburg (Afrikaans*, Albanian*, German [rare])*, Romanian*, Slovenian*), Edinburg – Единбург (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), EdinburgЕдінбурґ (alternative Ukrainian*), Edinburgעדינבורג (Yiddish*), ÈdinburgЭдинбург (Russian*),[KNAB] Edinburga (Latvian*), Edinburgas (Lithuanian*), Edinburgiედინბურგი (Georgian*),[KNAB] Edinburgum (Latin*), Edinburk (Czech*), Edynburg (Polish*),[KNAB] Edynburh – Единбург (Ukrainian*), EdynburhЭдынбург (Belarusian*), Ejimbaraエジンバラ (Japanese*), Embra, Embro* (Scots), Eṭiṉparōஎடின்பரோ (Tamil*), ʾIdinburahإدنبرة (Arabic*), Karedin (Cornish*), Ngoidìngbóu愛丁堡 (Cantonese)*, Oi-tên-páu愛丁堡 (Hakka*)
  Edirne Aderneاَدِرنه (Persian*), Adirnaأَدِرْنَة (Arabic*), ÄdirnäӘдирнә (Bashkir*, Kazan Tatar*), Adrianopel (former German*), Adrianopla (Portuguese*), Adrianople (former English*), Adrianopojë* (Albanian), Adrianopol (Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak*), Adrianopol'Адрианополь (former Russian*), Adrianopole (Romanian*), Adrianopoliადრიანოპოლი (former Italian*, Finnish*, Georgian*), AdrianopolisԱդրիանապոլիս (Armenian*, Czech*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Adrianópolis (Spanish*), Adríanópólis (former Icelandic), Andrinople (former French),[KNAB] AdrianoúpoliΑδριανούπολη (Greek*), Āidíěrnèi埃迪爾內 (traditional characters) / 埃迪尔内 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Drinápoly (alternative/former Hungarian*), Drinopol (alternative Czech*, alternative Slovak*), DrinopoljДринопољ (former Serbian), Drinopolje (former Croatian),[2] Edirnä (Gagauz*), Edirne (Crimean Tatar*, Kurdish*, Turkish*), ÈdirneЭдирне (Russian*), Ədirnə (Azeri*), Edrene - Едрене (alternative Macedonian*), Εdrenë* (alternative Albanian), Hādéliángbōlìsī - 哈德良波利斯 (former Mandarin Chinese), Hadrianople (former variant in English*), Hadrianopolis (Latin*), JedreneЈедрене (Serbian*), OdrinОдрин (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*), Odrina (former Romanian), Odrysa (Thracian), Orestiás – Ὀρεστιάς (Ancient Greek*), Uskudama (Thracian)
  Eger Agria (Latin*), Eger (Hungarian*,[KNAB] Dutch*, Finnish*), EgerЕґер (alternative Ukrainian*), Eğri (Turkish*), EherЕгер (Ukrainian*), Erlau (German*),[KNAB] Jager (archaic Czech*),[KNAB] JagerЯгеръ (archaic Russian),[KNAB] Jáger (Slovak*),[KNAB] Jagier (archaic Polish),[citation needed] Jegar (archaic Croatian), Jegra (archaic Croatian), JegraЈегра (Serbian*)
  Eisenhüttenstadt Eisenhüttenstadt (German*), Stalinstadt (former German*)
  Eisenstadt AjzenštatАјзенштат (Serbian*), Castrum Ferrum (alternative Latin), Eisenstadt (German*),[KNAB] Eisnstod (Austro-Bavarian German*), Ferreum Castrum (Latin*), Kismarton (Hungarian*),[KNAB] Železno (Slovak, Slovene*), Željezno (Croatian*),[KNAB] ŽeljeznoЖељезно (alternative Serbian) (NB: the city's subdivisions also have different names in different languages)
  Elbląg Elbing (German*), El'bingЭльбинг (former Russian), Elbiąg (local Polish dialect), Elbląg (Polish)*, El'blongЭльблонг (Russian*), Ilfing (Old Danish*), Truso (Old Prussian)
  Elista ElistaЭлиста (Russian), ElistaЕліста (Ukrainian), ElstЭлст (Kalmyk, Mongolian), Stepnoy (former name*)
  Ełk Ełk (Polish*), Lyck (German*), Éwūkè - 俄乌克/俄烏克 (Mandarin), Lukas (Lithuanian)
  Elsinore Elseneur (French*), Elsenor (Portuguese*), Elsinor (Spanish*, Romanian*), Elsinore (Italian*), Helsingør (Danish*, German variant*, Norwegian*), Helsingör (Finnish*, German*, Swedish*)
  Emmerich Emmerich (German*), Emmerik (Dutch*)
  Erfurt Erfurt (German*), Ερφούρτη (Greek*), Erfordia (Latin*), Jarobrod (Upper Sorbian*)
  Erlangen Erlangen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Erlanky (Czech, old, obsolete*)
  Espoo Aīsībō – 埃斯波 (Chinese*), Esbo (Swedish*), Espo (Latvian*, Lithuanian*), Espoo (Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), EspooЭспоо (Russian*), Esupō – エスポー (Japanese*)
  Essen Assindia (Latin), Esse (Limburgish*), Essen (English, German), Essjen - Э́ссен (Russian)
  Esztergom Eštergon or OstrogonOстргон (Serbian*), EstergomЭстергом (Russian*), Estergon (Turkish*), Esztergom (Hungarian*), Gran (German*), Ostřihom (Czech*), Ostrihom (Slovak*), Ostrogon or Ostrigon (Croatian*), Ostrzyhom (Polish*), Solva* or Strigonium * (Latin), Strigonio (ancient Italian*), Strigoniu (Romanian*)
  Eupen Eupen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Naowe* or Naouwe* (Walloon, medieval spellings), Néau (French*, archaïc), Neyow (Walloon*)
   Exeter Caerwysg (Welsh*), Escanceaster (Old English), Exchestre (Middle English), Exonia (Latin*), Isca (Dumnoniorum) (Imperial Latin), Karesk (Cornish*)
English name Other names or former names
 /  Famagusta AmmóchostosΑμμόχωστος (Greek*), Famagosta (Italian*), Famagouste (French*), Famagusta (Dutch*, English*, German*), Gazimağusa (Turkish*)
  Feldkirch Feldkirch (German*), San Peder (Romansh), Tǔsì - 土寺 (Mandarin)
 /  Feodosia Cafà (archaic Ligurian), Caffa (archaic English), KafaКафа (archaic Ukrainian), KäfäКәфә (Kazan Tatar), KáffasΚάφφας (medieval Greek), Kefe (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Feodosija (Finnish), FeodosijaФеодосия (Russian), FeodosijaФеодосія (Ukrainian), Feodossija (German), TʿeodosiaԹեոդոսիա (Armenian), Teodozja (Polish), TheodhosíaΘεοδωσία (Greek), Theodosia (Latin), Théodosie (French), Xí'àoduōxíyà - 席奥多席亚/席奧多席亞 (Mandarin)
  Fiesole Faesulae (Latin), Fiesole (Italian), Vipsul (Etruscan)
  Flensburg Flensborag (North Frisian*), Flensborg (Danish*, Low German*), Flensbourg (French*), Flensburch (West Frisian*), Flensburg (German*, Romanian*), Flensburgo (Portuguese*), Flensbörg (Gronings, Swedish*)
  Flims Flem (Romansh*), Flims (German*)
  Florence Fflorens (Welsh*), Firenca (Bosnian*, Croatian*), FirencaФиренца (Serbian*), Firence (Slovene*), Firentse – フィレンツェ (Japanese*), Firenze (Estonian*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Maltese, Norwegian*), Floireans (Scottish Gaelic), Florance (Walloon*), Flórans (Irish*), Floransa (Turkish*), Florença (Portuguese*), Florence (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, Latvian*), Florència (Catalan*), Florencia (Slovak*, Spanish*), Florencie (Czech*), Florencija (Lithuanian*), Florencja (Polish*), Florens (former Danish*, Swedish*), Florenţa (Romanian*), FlorentíaΦλωρεντία (Greek*), Florentia (Latin), Florentië (older Dutch*), FlorentsiyaФлоренция (Russian*), FlorentsiyaФлоренція (Ukrainian*), Florenz (German*), Fóluólúnsi – 佛羅倫斯 / 翡冷翠 (Chinese), Pirenche / P'irench'e – 피렌체 (Korean)
  Flushing Flesinga (Spanish*), Flessinga (Italian*), Flessingue (French*), Flissingen (West Frisian*), Vlissienge (Zeelandic), Vlissingen (Dutch*)
   Fort Augustus Cille Chuimein (Irish*, Scots Gaelic*), Fort Augustus (Dutch*, English*, French*, German*), Forte Augusto (Italian*), Kiliwhimin (former English, former Scots), Àogǔsīdūbǎo - 奥古斯都堡 (Mandarin)
  Frankfurt am Main Fǎlánkèfú – 法蘭克福 (Mandarin Chinese*),Francfort (Catalan*), Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French*), Francfurt (Romansh*), Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese*), Francoforte sul Meno (Italian*), Frankfort aan de Main (Dutch*, Limburgian*), FrankfoúrtiΦρανκφούρτη or Frankfoúrti epí tou MáinΦρανκφούρτη επί του Μάιν (Greek)*, Frankfurt al Mayn – פרנקפורט על מיין (Hebrew*), Frankfurt am Main (German*), Frankfurt Maini ääres (Estonian*), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Mohanem (Czech*), Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak*), Frankfurt na Majni (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt na MajniФранкфурт на Мајни (Serbian*) Frankfurt-na-MayneФранкфурт-на-Майне (Russian*), Frankfurt-na-MayniФранкфурт-на-Майні (Ukrainian*), Frankfurt pe Main (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Maino (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Mainas (Latvian*), Furankufuruto – フランクフルト (Japanese*), (Main Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Majnafrankfurt (former Hungarian*), Maynada Frankfurt (Azeri*), Peurangkeupureuteu / P'ŭrangk'ŭp'urŭt'ŭ – 프랑크푸르트 (Korean)
  Frankfurt (Oder) Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French*), Francoforte sobre o Óder (Portuguese*), Francoforte sull'Oder (Italian*), Frankfurt (Oder)* or Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Frankfurt nad Odrą / Słubice (historic) (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Odrou (Czech*, Slovak*), Frankfurt-na-OdereФранкфурт-на-Одере (Russian*), Frankfurt na Odri (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt Oderi ääres (Estonian*)Frankfurt pe Oder (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Oderio (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Oderas (Latvian*), (Oder Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Oderafrankfurt (older Hungarian*), (Oderdə) Frankfurt (Azeri*), Frankfoúrti (Óder)Φρανκφούρτη (Όντερ) or Frankfoúrti epí tou ÓderΦρανκφούρτη επί του Όντερ (Greek)*
  Freiburg FrajburgФрајбург (Serbian*), Freiburg im Breisgau (German*), Freiburga (Latvian*), Fribourg or Fribourg-en-Brisgau (French*), Friburgo (Portuguese*), Friburgo de Brisgovia (Spanish*), Friburgo in Brisgovia (Italian*), Fryburg Bryzgowijski (Polish*), Furaiburuku – フライブルク (Japanese*)
  Freising Brižinje* or Brižine* (Slovene), Freising (German*), Fresinga (Spanish variant*), Frisinga (Italian*, Spanish*), Frisingue (French*), Fryzynga (Polish*)
  Fribourg Freiburg im Üechtland (German*), Friborgo (Swiss Italian*), Fribourg (Finnish*, French*), Friburg (Catalan*, Romansh*), Friburgo (Italian *, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Fryburg (Polish*)
  Frombork Frauenburg (German*), Frombork (Polish*)
English name Other names or former names
  Galway Gaillimh (Irish)*, Galvia (Latin)*, Golwei / Kolwei - 골웨이 (Korean), a' Ghailbhinn (Scots Gaelic)*
  Gällivare Gällivare (Swedish)*, Jällivaara (Finnish)*, Jelivarė (Lithuanian)*, Jiellevárre (Lule Sami), Jiellevárri (Northern Sami)*, Váhčir (Northern Sami alternate)*, Váhtjer (Lule Sami alternate), YellivareЕлливаре (Russian)*
  Gävle Gefle (Norwegian, Swedish before 1910), Gevalia (Latin)
  Gdańsk Dancig, Dancka (older Hungarian*), Danswijk (former Dutch)*, Danţig (older Romanian*), Dantiscum (Latin alternate)*, Dants - דאַנץ (Yiddish)*, Dantsic (older English alternate)*, Dantzig or Gdansk (Afrikaans)*, Danzica (Italian)*, Danzig (Icelandic)*, Danzig (German*, Spanish, older Turkish*), Danzigue (Portuguese)*, Gdaňsk (Czech)*, Gdansk (Finnish*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Gdansk - גדנסק (Hebrew)*, Gdańsk (Danish*, Dutch*, Polish*), Gdan'sk - Гданьск (Russian)*, Gdanjsk (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*), Gdaņska (Latvian)*, Gdanskas (Lithuanian)*, Gdanjsk - Гдањск (Serbian*, Macedonian*), Gduńsk (Kashubian)*, Gedania (Latin alternate)*, Gedanum (Latin)*, Geudanseukeu / Kŭdansŭk'ŭ - 그단스크 (Korean), Ghdhansk - Γδανσκ (Greek)*, Gudanisuku - グダニスク (Japanese)*, Gydanysg (Welsh)*, Gyddanyzc (Pomeranian, mentioned in 997 AD), Hdans'k - Гданськ (Ukrainian)*
  Gdynia Gdiņa (Latvian)*, Gdingen (former Dutch*, German*), Gdiniô (Kashubian*, Pomeranian), Gdyně (Czech)*, Gdynė (Lithuanian)*, Gdynia (Finnish*, Polish*, Romanian*), Ghdhínia - Γδύνια (Greek)*, Gotenhafen (German 1939–1945)*, Hdyniya - Гдиня (Ukrainian)*
  Geneva Cenevre (Turkish)*, Djeneve (Walloon)*, Genebra (Portuguese)*, Genefa (Welsh)*, Geneva (Romanian)*, Geneve (Afrikaans*, Armenian, Finnish*, Swedish*), Genève (Danish*, Dutch, French*), Genevra (Romansh)*, Genewa (Polish)*, Genf (Estonian*, German*,Icelandic*, Hungarian*), An Ghinéiv (Irish)*, Ginebra (Catalan*, Spanish*), Ginevra (Italian) *, Ġinevra (Maltese), Cenevrə (Azeri)*, Jenewa (Indonesian)*, Jinīf - جنيف (Arabic), Xenebra (Galician)*, Yenévi - Γενεύη (Greek)*, Ženeva - Женева (Bosnian*, Bulgarian*, Croatian*, Czech*, Lithuanian*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Ukrainian*), Ženēva (Latvian) *, Zjenaef (Limburgian)*, Zhenyeva - Женева (Russian*,), Zhenevë (Albanian)*, Jeneva - ז'נבה (Hebrew)*, Jeneba / Cheneba - 제네바 (Korean), Junēbu - ジュネーブ (Japanese)*, Rineiwa - 日內瓦 (Chinese)*
  Genoa Cenova (Turkish)*, Đenova (Serbian)*, Dženova (Latvian)*, Gênes (French)*, Gènova (Catalan)*, Genova (Danish*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Slovene*), Génova* - Gênova* ( Brazilian Portuguese), Ġenova (Maltese), Génova (Spanish)*, (European Portuguese) * - Genúa (Icelandic)*, Genua (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Latin*, Polish*, Swedish*), Genuja (Lithuanian)*, Gjenova (Albanian)*, Janov (Czech*, Slovak*), Jenoba - ジェノバ (Japanese)*, Jenoba / Chenoba - 제노바 (Korean), Xénova (Galician)*, Yénova - Γένοβα*- Γένουα* (Greek), Zena (Ligurian)*
  Gevgelija Gevgelija (English), Djevdjelija (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Гевгелија (Macedonian), Gevgeli (Turkish), Gjevgjeli (Albanian)
  Ghent Gent - גנט (Hebrew)*, Gand (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*), Gandava (Latin)*,[3] Gandawa (Polish)*, Gante (Galician, Spanish)*, Gaunt (older English) *, Gent (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Indonesian*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gent - Гент (Belarusian*, Russian*), Ģente (Latvian)*, Genteu / Kent'ŭ - 겐트 (Korean), Gint (West Frisian*), Ghándhi - Γάνδη (Greek)*, Guanto (old Italian)*
   Gibraltar Cebelitarık (Turkish)*, Cəbəllütarix (Azeri)*, Ġibiltà (Maltese), Gibilterra (Italian)*, Gibraltar (Dutch*, Finnish*, Polish *, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gibraltar - גיברלטר (Hebrew)*, Gibraltár (Hungarian*), Gibraltaras (Lithuanian)*, Gibraltārs (Latvian)*, Giobraltair or Diobraltair (Scottish Gaelic), Giobráltar (Irish), Ghivraltár - Γιβραλτάρ (Greek)*, Hibraltar - (Tagalog*, Гібралтар Ukrainian)*, Jibraltār - جبرلتار or (older) Jabal Tāriq - جبل طارق (Arabic)*, Jibeurolteo / Chibŭrolt'ŏ - 지브롤터 (Korean), Jiburarutaru - ジブラルタル (Japanese)*, Zhíbùluótuó - 直布羅陀 (Chinese)*
  Girona Gerona (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gérone (French)*, Gerunda (Latin)*, Girona (Catalan*, Finnish*, Portuguese*), Xirona (Galician)*
  Gjirokastër Argirocastro (Italian)*,[KNAB] Argirokastro - Аргирокастро (Bulgarian)*, Argyrocastrum (Latin)*,[4] Argyrókastro - Αργυρόκαστρο (Greek)*,[KNAB] Argyrókastron - Αργυρόκαστρον (Byzantine Greek), Đirokastra - Ђирокастра (Serbo-Croatian)*, Ergeri (Turkish),[KNAB] Ergiri (Turkish)*,[5] Ergirikasrı (Turkish),[5] Girokastra - Гирокастра (Russian)*,[KNAB] Ǵirokastro - Ѓирокастро (Macedonian)*, Gjinokastër (Gheg Albanian), Gjirokastër*/Gjirokastra* (Albanian)[KNAB]
  Glarus Glaris (French)*, Glarona (Italian*, Portuguese*) Glaruna (Romansh)*, Glarus (Dutch*, German*)
   Glastonbury Glaistimbir* - Glaistimbir na nGael* - Gloineistir* (Irish)
   Glasgow Glaschú (Irish)*, Glaschu (Scottish Gaelic)*, Glásgua (Portuguese, rare)*, Glesga, Glesgae (Scots)*, Glāzgova (Latvian)*, Glaskove - Γλασκώβη (Greek)*, Glazgo - גלזגו (Hebrew)*, Geullaeseugo / Kŭllaesŭgo - 글래스고 (Korean), Gurasugō - グラスゴー (Japanese)*, Glazgas (Lithuanian)*
  Gliwice Gleiwitz (German)*, Gliwice (Polish)*, Hlivitse - Глівіце (Ukrainian)*
   Gloucester Caerloyw (Welsh)*, Gàoluóshìdă - 告羅士打 (Chinese)*, Glocester (French alternate), Gloucester (Dutch, French, German), Glevum (Latin)*
  Głogów Glogau (German)*, Glogov (Serbian)*, Glogova (Lithuanian)*, Glogovia (Latin)*, Głogów (Polish)*, Hlohov (Czech, rare)*, Hlohuv - Глогув (Ukrainian)*
  Glücksburg Glücksburg (German)*, Lukkuborg (Icelandic)*, Lyksborg (Danish)*
  Gödöllő Gödöllő (Hungarian)*, Getterle (former German), Gyodyollyo - Гёдёллё (Russian)*
  Gmünd Cmunt (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Gmünd (Dutch, French, German)*
  Gomel Gomel' - Гомель (Russian)*, Homel (German*, Polish*), Homel' - Гомель (Ukrainian)*, Homiel - Гомель (Belarusian)*, Homiel (Romanian)*, Homl - האָמל (Yiddish)
  Gorizia Gorica (Croatian*, Bosnian*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Serbian*), Gorizia (Finnish*, French*, Italian*), Görz (German)*, Gurize (Friulian)*, Gorycja (Polish)
  Görlitz Görlitz (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Zgorzelec (Polish)*, Zhořelec (Czech)*, Zhorjelc (Upper Sorbian)
  Gorzów Wielkopolski Gorzów Wielkopolski (Polish)*, Landsberg an der Warthe (German)*
  Gothenburg Gautaborg (Icelandic)*, Gēdébǎo - 哥德堡 (Chinese)*, Gēteborga (Latvian)*, Gioteburgas (Lithuanian)*, Goateboarch (West Frisian*), Göteborg (Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gøteborg (Norwegian*, Danish*), Göteburg (Turkish)*, Gotemburgo (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Gotenburg (Afrikaans*, Dutch alternate*, former German*, former Polish*), Gothembourg (former French)*, Gutenburgu (Maltese), Yetebori / Yet'ebori - 예테보리 (Korean), Yōtebori - ヨーテボリ / Ietebori - イエテボリ (Japanese)*
  Göttingen Chöttingen (Low German)*, Getingen - Гетинген (Serbian)*, Gėtingenas (Lithuanian)*, Getinggen - 哥廷根 (Chinese)*, Gettingen - ゲッティンゲン (Japanese)*, Getynga (Polish)*, Getynky (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Goettinga (Latin)*, Gœttingue or Gottingue (French)*, Gotinga (Spanish*, Portuguese*), Göttinga (medieval Hungarian)*, Gottinga (Italian)*, Gottingē - Γοττίγγη (Greek, καθαρεύουσα)*, Göttingen (Dutch*, German*, Turkish*), Gyotingen - Гьотинген (Bulgarian)*, Gyottingen - Гёттинген (Kazakh*, Russian*)
  Gramzow Gramzow (German)*, Grębowo (Polish)*
  Granada al-Ġarnāda - غرناطة (Arabic)*, Elibyrge - Ἐλιβύργη (Ancient Greek)*, Granada (Dutch*, Interlingua, Italian*, Latvian*, Lithuanian*, Maltese, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Grenade (French)*, Ghranadha - Γρανάδα (Greek)*, Grenada (Polish)*, Geuranada / Kŭranada - 그라나다 (Korean), Illiberis* or Illiberi Liberini* (Latin)
  Graz Geuracheu/Kŭrach'ŭ - 그라츠 (Korean)*, Grác (Serbian*, alternative Hungarian), Grāca (Latvian)*, Gracas (Lithuanian)*, Gradac (Croatian)*, Gradec (Slovene)*, Graecia or Graecium (Latin)*, Grats - Грац (Belarusian*, Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grats - Γκρατς (Greek)*, Gratz or Graz (French)*, Graz (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Grodziec (Polish)*, Gurātsu - グラーツ (Japanese)*, Hrats - Грац (Ukrainian)*, Štýrský Hradec (Czech)*, غراتس (Arabic)*, 格拉茨 (Chinese)*, گراتس (Persian)*, გრაცი (Georgian)*, גראץ (Hebrew)*
  Greifswald Greifswald (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, German*), Gryfia (Polish*, Pomeranian)
  Grenoble Cularo (Gaulish, old Latin)*, Qrönobl (Azeri)*, Grasanòbol (Occitan)*, Gratianopolis (Latin)*, Γκρενόμπλ (Greek)*, Grenobla (Portuguese)*, Grenoble (Dutch*, French*, Italian*, Romanian*), Гренобль (русский)*
  Groningen Greuninge (Limburgian)*, Grins (Frisian)*, Groninga (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Groningen (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, German*, Romanian*), Groningue (French)*, Grönnen - Grunnen (Gronings), Groningenas (Lithuanian*),Groot Loug or Stad (local nicknames)
  Grozny Caharkala* or Caharkale* (Turkish alternates), Djovkhar Ghaala (alternative Chechen (separatist)), Džochargala (alternative Lithuanian name)*, Geurojeuni / Kŭrojŭni - 그로즈니 (Korean)*, Groznas (Lithuanian)*, Grozni (Turkish)*, Groznîi (Romanian)*, Groznij (Slovene), Groznija (Latvian)*, Grozny (Polish)*, Groznyi (Finnish)*, Groznyy - Грозный (Russian)*, Gurozunui - グロズヌイ (Japanese)*, Hroznyy - Грозний (Ukrainian)*, Sölƶ-Ġala - Соьлж-ГIала (Chechen)
  Grudziądz Graudenz (German)*, Grudziądz (Polish)*,
  Günzburg Günzburg (German)*, Gunzburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*)
  Gusev Gąbin (Polish)*, Gumbinė (Lithuanian)*, Gumbinnen (German)*, Gusev - Гусев (Russian)*
  Győr Arrabona / Arabona[KNAB] (ancient Latin), Đer - Ђер (Serbian*), Dėras[KNAB] (Lithuanian*), Djer - Дєр /D'jor - Дьйор (Ukrainian*), Đur - Ђур (older Serbian*, older Croatian), Dyor - Дьёр (Russian*[KNAB]), Ģēra (Latvian*), Gyar (Romanian), Győr (Hungarian*), Janok - Јанок (historic Serbian), Jaurinum (medieval Latin), Jawaryn (older Polish*), Jēru - ジェール (Japanese*), Jiāo'ěr - 焦爾 (Mandarin Chinese - Taiwan usage*), Jié'ěr - 杰尔 [simplified characters] / 杰爾 [traditional characters] (Mandarin Chinese*), Jìuyíh - 焦爾 (Cantonese), Jura (Croatian), Jwereu / Chwerŭ - 죄르 (Korean)*, Làbǎi - 腊佰 (older Chinese), Raab (German)*,[KNAB] Ráb (older Czech*,[KNAB] older Slovak[KNAB]), Vjura (older Croatian), Yanıkkale (historic Turkish*), Zhuó'ěr - 卓爾 (older Chinese)
English name Other names or former names
  Haderslev Hadersleben (German)*, Haderslev (Danish)*
  Haguenau Hagenau (German)*, Haguenau (French)*
  Halden Fredrikshald (former name)*
  Hamburg Amburgo (Italian)*, Amvúrgho - Αμβούργο (Greek)*, Gamburg - Гамбург (Russian)*, Hamborig (North Frisian*), Hamborg (Danish*, Low Saxon*, Icelandic), Hambourg (French)*, Hambörg (Gronings), Hamburch (West Frisian*), Hamburg (Afrikaans*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Estonian*, German*, Hungarian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburga (Latvian)*, Hamburgas (Lithuanian)*, Hamburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Ħamburgu (Maltese), Hamburk (Czech)*, Hammaburgum (traditional Latin name)*, Hammonia (modern Latin name)*, Hampuri (Finnish)*, Hambureukeu / Hamburŭk'ŭ - 함부르크 (Korean), Hamburuku - ハンブルク (Japanese)*, Hanbao - 漢堡 (Chinese)*
  Hämeenlinna Hämeenlinna (Estonian*, Finnish*), Tavastehus (Swedish)*
  Hamelin Hamelen (Dutch)*, Hamelin (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*), Hamelín (Spanish) *, Hameln (German*, Finnish*)
  Hamina Hamina (Finnish), Fredrikshamn (Swedish)
  Hanau Hanau (German*, Romanian*), Hanava (Czech, old, obsolete)*
  Hanover Anóvero - Αννόβερο (Greek)*, Ganover - Гановер (Russian)*, Hannover (Azeri*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Italian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hannovere (Latvian) *, Hànnuòwei - 漢諾威 (Chinese)*, Hanòbhar (Scottish Gaelic)*, Hanôve (Walloon)*, Hanôver (Portuguese)*, Hanóver (Spanish)*, Hanovere (Latvian)*, Hanoveris (Lithuanian) *, Hanovra (Romanian)*, Hanobeo / Hanobŏ - 하노버 (Korean), Hanovre (French) *, Hanower (Polish)*, Hanōbā - ハノーバー / Hanōfā - ハノーファー (Japanese)*
  Haparanda Haaparanta (Finnish*, Meänkieli), Háhpárándi (Northern Sami)*, Haparanda (Swedish)*
  Härnösand Härnösand (Swedish)*, Herniosandas (Lithuanian)*, Hernosandia (Latin)*, Hernusando (Esperanto)*, Hïernesaande (Southern Sami)
  Hasselt Hasselt (Dutch*, French*, German*, Limburgian*, Romanian*), Hasse* / Hasque* / Hassèl* (Walloon)
  Heerlen Heerlen (Dutch*, French, German*), Coriovallum (Latin)*, Heële (Limburgian)*
  Heligoland Dät Luun (North Frisian)*, Hälgelound (Saterland Frisian)*, Helgolân (Frisian)*, Helgoland (Czech*, Dutch*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Heligoland (French)*, Heligolândia (Portuguese)*, Terra Sacra (Latin)*
  Helsingborg Hè'ěrxīnbăo - 赫爾辛堡(Chinese)*, Helsimburgo (Portuguese)*, Helsingborg (Danish*, Dutch, Finnish*, French, German*, Swedish*),Helsingjaborg (Icelandic* Helsingburg (former German)*, Helsingbörg (Gronings), Hälsingborg (former Swedish)
  Helsinki Chielsynki - Хельсынкі (Belarusian)*, Elsenfors (Dutch [rare])*, Elsínki - Ελσίνκι (Greek)*, Gel'singfors - Гельсингфорс (former Russian), Harshanca - ཧིར་ཤིན་ཅ (Tibetan)*, Hè'ěrxīnjī - 赫尔辛基 (Chinese)*, Heilsincí (Irish)*, Helsig (Inari Sami), Helsingfors (Norwegian*, Swedish*, Danish *, former German*), Helsingforsia (former Latin name)*, Helsingi (Estonian)*, Helsingia (Latin)*, Helsingki / Helsingk'i - 헬싱키 (Korean)*, Helsink'i - ჰელსინკი (Georgian)*, Helsinki (Azeri*, Danish*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Italian*, Latvian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovene*, Spanish*, Turkish*), Helsiņki - হেলসিঙ্কি (Bengali)*, Helsinkī - हेलसिंकी (Hindi, Marathi*), Ħelsinki (Maltese), Hel'sinki - Гельсінкі or Khel'sinki - Хельсінкі (Ukrainian)*, Helsinkis (Lithuanian)*, Helsinky (Czech)*, Helsinque (Brazilian Portuguese)*, Helsínquia (Portuguese)*, Heʹlssen (Skolt Sami), Helsset (Northern Sami), Helzinki - Хелзинки (Bulgarian)*, Herushinki - ヘルシンキ (Japanese)*, Hilsīnkī - هلسنكي (Arabic)*, Khel'sinki - Хельсинки (Russian)*, Stadi and Hesa (local slang)
  Heraklion Càndia (Catalan)*, Candia (Italian*, Spanish*), Cândia* / Héraclion * (Portuguese), Candie (old French)*, Heraklion (German*, Romanian*), Héraklion (French)*, Iraklio - Ηράκλειο (Greek)*, Iraklion (Finnish*, Polish*, Serbian*, Romanian*), Kandiye (Turkish)*
  's-Hertogenbosch Bois-le-Duc (French)*, Bolduque (Spanish)*, Boscoducale (former Italian)*, De Bos* and De Bosj* (Limburgian), De Bosk (Frisian)*, Den Bosch and 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch)*, Herzogenbusch (German)*, Oeteldonk (colloquial Dutch [during Carnaval]*)
  Herzogenrath 's-Hertogenrade (Dutch*), Herzogenrath (German*), Rode-le-Duc (French*)
   Holyhead Caergybi (Welsh)*, Caergybi (Scottish Gaelic)*, Shèngshǒu - 圣首/聖首 (Mandarin)
  Hoyerswerda Hojeřice (Czech)*, Hoyerswerda (German)*, Wojerecy (Upper Sorbian)*, Wojrowice (Polish)*, Wórjejce (Lower Sorbian)*
  Hrodna Gardinas (Lithuanian)*, Garten (former German)*, Grodna (Latin)*, Grodņa (Latvian)*, Grodno (Czech*, Finnish*, French*, Polish*, Romanian*), Grodno - Гродно (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grodne - גראָדנע (Yiddish)*, Harodnia - Гародня or Horadnia - Горадня (classical Belarusian)*, Hrodna - Гродна (Belarusian), Hrodno - Гродно (Ukrainian)*
  Huesca Huesca (Spanish)*, Osca (Catalan*, Latin*), Òsca (Occitan), Oska (Basque)*, Uesca (Aragonese)*
  Hum Cholm (German)*, Colmo (Italian)*, Hum (Croatian*, Romanian*, Serbian)
  Huy Hoei (Dutch)*, Huy (French)*, Hu (Walloon*, German*)

References

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  1. [KNAB] "KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI". Eki.ee. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  1. ^ "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
  2. ^ "Edirne". Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  3. ^ "Gent/o". Universität Leipzig.
  4. ^ J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
  5. ^ a b Ali, Çaksu (2006). Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilisation in the Balkans, Tirana, Albania, 4–7 December 2003. Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 115. "At least since the middle of the nineteenth century; families or individuals from Gjirokastër (the Ottoman Ergiri or Ergiri Kasrı) in Southern Albania,..."