Baron Alexander von Bach (German: Alexander Freiherr[1] von Bach; 4 January 1813, Loosdorf, Austria – 12 November 1893, Schöngrabern, Austria) was an Austrian politician. His most notable achievement was instituting a system of centralized control at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
Alexander von Bach | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Alexander von Bach (c. 1849) by Josef Kriehuber. | |
| Interior Minister of the Austrian Empire | |
| In office 28 July 1849 – 22 August 1859 | |
| Monarch | Francis Joseph I |
| Prime Minister | Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg (1849–1852) Count Karl Ferdinand von Buol (1852–1859) |
| Preceded by | Franz Stadion, Count von Warthausen |
| Succeeded by | Count Agenor Gołuchowski |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 4 January 1813 Loosdorf, Austria |
| Died | 12 November 1893 (aged 80) Schöngrabern, Austria |
Biography
editEarly life
editBorn in Loosdorf, Lower Austria, he came from a legal background, with his father holding a judicial office.[2] At the age of 24 he was made a doctor of laws, and then entered the Imperial service, where he remained for nine years. Seen as an up-and-coming young radical, Adolph Schwarzenberg noted that 'his motto must have been "to improvise is to change, to be perfect is to change often"'.[3] In this way, he was a well-known liberal lawyer, and was first called a "minister of barricades", before he served as Minister of Justice in 1848 and 1849, and then moving on to Minister of the Interior from 1849 to 1859.
Minister of the interior (1849–1859)
editAlthough he favored a departure from the absolute system of Metternich, Bach was not prepared to go so far as the Revolutionaries of 1848 wished. In his views, he has been called a man who was 'quite wonderfully unprincipled' and so could change his position often.[4] This allowed him to be driven into conservative ranks by popular opposition: he gradually adhered to conservative views, endorsing the centralizing constitutional program of Prince Schwarzenberg in March 1849, thus further inflaming Hungarian sentiments.[2][5] However, the impact of his reforms on Hungary has been the contest of many historical debates. Some viewed the Revolution as far more productive in recreating the Hungarian "national identity",[6] whereas some contemporaries of later Hungarian revolutions saw the systems created by Bach as the foremost driver in Hungarian nationalism.[7]
After the death of Schwarzenberg in 1852, he largely dictated policy in Austria and Hungary. Bach centralized administrative authority for the Austrian Empire, but he also endorsed reactionary policies that reduced freedom of the press and abandoned public trials. He represented later the Absolutist (or Klerikalabsolutist) direction, which culminated in the concordat of August 1855 that gave the Roman Catholic Church control over education and family life. This period in the history of the Austrian Empire would become known as the era of "neo-absolutism", or Bach's absolutism.
Bach was created Baron (Freiherr) in 1854. He was also the guardian of Science Academy (Akademie der Wissenschaften) from 1849 to 1859.
Later life
editHis fall in 1859 was caused to a considerable extent by the failure in the Italian war against the Kingdom of Sardinia and Napoleon III. His reforms of the military had led to industrialization being foregone to the army, with barracks taking place of factories and infrastructural expansion, weakening.[8] After leaving his position, Bach served as Ambassador to the Holy See from 1859 to 1867 before dying in seclusion in 1893.
Notes
edit- ^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Baron. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
- ^ a b Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- ^ Schwarzenberg. A. Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg. New York: Columbia University Press, 1946. p. 28.
- ^ Crankshaw, E. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. London: Longmans, 1963. p. 138.
- ^ Rothenburg, G. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1976. p 33.
- ^ Taylor, A. J. P. The Habsburg Monarchy: 1809-1918. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948. p. 63.
- ^ ‘Magyar Revolution Believed to be Near’. The New York Times. (8 October 1905).
- ^ Taylor, A. J. P. op. cit. p. 89.
Bibliography
edit- Macho, Eva, Alexander Freiherr von Bach. Stationen einer umstrittenen Karriere (Frankfurt am Main u.a., Peter Lang, 2009) (Beiträge zur Neueren Geschichte Österreichs, 24).
External links
edit- Ottův slovník naučný (in Czech)