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User:FlyAkwa/Land speed record for rail vehicles

< User:FlyAkwa
TGV 4402 (operation V150) reaching 574 km/h
JR-Maglev MLX01 at Yamanashi.
Rocket sled that achieved Mach 8.5.

Determination of the fastest rail vehicle in the world varies depending on the definition of "rail".

Official absolute world record for conventional train is held by the French TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse). In April 2007, a specially tuned train, reduced to 3 cars with higher voltage, broke the world record, reaching 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph).

The world record for non-conventional train is held by the experimental Japanese JR-Maglev, having achieved 581 km/h (361 mph) on a magnetic-levitation track.

Unmanned rocket sleds that ride on rails have reached over 10,400 km/h (6,460 mph), equivalent to Mach 8.5.

The fastest manned rail vehicle was a manned rocket sled, that travelled at 1,017 km/h (632 mph).


World Speed Record

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Legend :

  • R (Record) :
  Official Record (historically known, reported by independent witness).
Doubtful or claimed record (by manufacturer, company, customers, state, ministry, etc) without independent report.
  • Arr (Arrangement) : Disposition and number of elements forming the train.
Loc (One locomotive pulling one or more cars)
Multi (Multi Motorized Elements)
Single (Single rail vehicle).
  • Power (Power) :   Electric DC,   Electric AC,   Triphase,   Steam,   Diesel,   Propeller,   Jet,   Turbine.
  • S (State) : P (Prototype), U (Unmodified), ? (Unknown), T (Tuned)


Styles : [Official World Speed Record] - [Record holder in its category] - [Unofficial claimed record]


Conventional Wheeled

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Absolute World Speed Record

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R. Speed Date Line Country Train Arr. Power S Comments
 
 574.8 km/h (357 mph) 2007-04-03 LGV Est   France SNCF TGV POS Set No. 4402 Multi   Elec. AC T Set formed of 2 power cars + 3 trailers. Conventional wheeled absolute record.[1]
 
Ratified
 515.3 km/h (320 mph) 1990-05-18 LGV Atlantique   France SNCF TGV Atlantique Set No. 325 Multi   Elec. AC T Set formed of 2 power cars + 3 trailers. Conventional wheeled absolute record.
482.4 km/h (300 mph) 1989-12-05 LGV Atlantique   France SNCF TGV Atlantique Set No. 325 Multi   Elec. AC T Set formed of 2 power cars + 3 trailers. Conventional wheeled absolute record.
408.4 km/h (254 mph) 1988-12-12 LGV Sud-Est   France SNCF TGV Sud-Est Set No. 88 Multi   Elec. AC T Conventional wheeled absolute record.
 
Ratified
 406.9 km/h (253 mph) 1988-05-01 Hanovre – Wurtzbourg HSL   West Germany InterCityExperimental (ICE-V) Multi   Elec. AC P Conventional wheeled absolute record.
 
RatifiedElectric AC
[2] 		380 km/h (236 mph) 1981-02-26 LGV Sud-Est   France SNCF TGV Sud-Est Set No. 16 Multi   Elec. AC T Conventional wheeled absolute record.
 
Ratified
 331 km/h (206 mph) 1955-03-29 "Les Landes", between Bordeaux and Dax   France Jeumont-Schneider BB 9004 Loc   Elec. DC T Official Conventional wheeled absolute record, pulling 3 cars. See: fr:BB 9003-9004 [3]
 
Ratified
 320.6 km/h (199 mph) 1955-03-28 "Les Landes", between Bordeaux and Dax   France Alstom CC 7107 Loc   Elec. DC T Conventional wheeled absolute record. See: fr:CC 7100
 
Ratified
 243 km/h (151 mph) 1954-02-21 Between Dijon and Beaune   France Alstom CC 7121 Loc   Elec. DC U Conventional wheeled absolute record.
 
Ratified
 230.2 km/h (143 mph) 1931-06-21 Berlin - Hamburg   Germany Schienenzeppelin Single   Propeller P Propeller-pushed railcar with a gasoline (petrol) aero engine.

Absolute record. Engine by BMW.

 
Ratified
 210.2 km/h (131 mph) 1903-10-28 Between Marienfelde and Zossen   Germany AEG Drehstrom-Triebwagen Multi   Triphase P Many sources say 27 October. Absolute record.

[4][5][6].

203 km/h (126 mph) 1903-10-06 Between Marienfelde and Zossen   Germany Siemens & Halske Drehstrom-Triebwagen Multi   Triphase P Some sources say 7 October, others say 200.99 km/h or an improbable 213 km/h.[7][8][9].
162.5 km/h (101 mph) 1901 Between Marienfelde and Zossen   Germany Siemens & Halske Drehstrom Multi   Triphase P Some sources say 160 or 162 km/h. de:Königlich Preussische Militär-Eisenbahn[10]
145 km/h (90 mph) 1895-08-22   UK LNWR No. 790 Hardwicke Loc   Steam U Maximum speed claimed, although average speed record was authenticated.
131.6 km/h (82 mph) 1854-06   UK Bristol & Exeter Railway #41 Loc   Steam U Broad gauge
125.6 km/h (78 mph) 1850   UK Great Britain Loc   Steam U 80 mph claimed
 
Ratified
 96.6 km/h (60 mph) 1848   USA Boston and Maine Railroad Antelope Loc   Steam U First authenticated 60 mph, 26 miles in 26 minutes.
48 km/h (30 mph) 1830   UK Stephenson's Rocket Loc   Steam U
24 km/h (15 mph) 1825   UK Locomotion No. 1 Loc   Steam U
8 km/h (5 mph) 1804-02-21   UK Richard Trevithick's world's first railway steam locomotive Loc   Steam U

Full List

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R. Speed Date Line Country Train Arr. Power S Comments
 
 574.8 km/h (357 mph) 2007-04-03 LGV Est   France SNCF TGV POS Set No. 4402 Multi   Elec. AC T Set formed of 2 power cars + 3 trailers. Conventional wheeled absolute record.[1]
 
Ratified
 515.3 km/h (320 mph) 1990-05-18 LGV Atlantique   France SNCF TGV Atlantique Set No. 325 Multi   Elec. AC T Set formed of 2 power cars + 3 trailers. Conventional wheeled absolute record.
487.3 km/h (303 mph) 2010-12-03 Beijing–Shanghai HSR   China CRH380BL Multi   Elec. AC T Claimed by company. 16-car trainset[11]
486.1 km/h (302 mph) 2010-12-03 Beijing–Shanghai HSR   China CRH380AL Multi   Elec. AC T Claimed by company. 16-car trainset, near Sùzhōu [12]
482.4 km/h (300 mph) 1989-12-05 LGV Atlantique   France SNCF TGV Atlantique Set No. 325 Multi   Elec. AC T Set formed of 2 power cars + 3 trailers. Conventional wheeled absolute record.
416.6 km/h (259 mph) 2010-09-28 Shanghai–Hangzhou HSR   China CRH380A Multi   Elec. AC U Claimed by company. [13]
408.4 km/h (254 mph) 1988-12-12 LGV Sud-Est   France SNCF TGV Sud-Est Set No. 88 Multi   Elec. AC T Conventional wheeled absolute record.
 
Ratified
 406.9 km/h (253 mph) 1988-05-01 Hanovre – Wurtzbourg HSL   West Germany InterCityExperimental (ICE-V) Multi   Elec. AC P Conventional wheeled absolute record.
403.7 km/h (251 mph) 2006-07-15 Guadalajara-Calatayud,   Spain Siemens Velaro E (AVE S-103) Multi   Elec. AC U 15-16 July [14][15]
 
RatifiedElectric AC
[16] 		380 km/h (236 mph) 1981-02-26 LGV Sud-Est   France SNCF TGV Sud-Est Set No. 16 Multi   Elec. AC T Conventional wheeled absolute record.
357 km/h (222 mph) 2006-09-02 Nuremberg-Munich high-speed rail line   Germany Siemens Eurosprinter ES64U4 No. 1216 050-5 Loc   Elec. AC ? Claimed by manufacturer. On Nuremberg-Munich high-speed rail line, locomotive owned by ÖBB. Pulling only one car.[17]
 
Ratified
 331 km/h (206 mph) 1955-03-29 "Les Landes", between Bordeaux and Dax   France Jeumont-Schneider BB 9004 Loc   Elec. DC T Official Conventional wheeled absolute record, pulling 3 cars. See: fr:BB 9003-9004 [18]
 
Ratified
 320.6 km/h (199 mph) 1955-03-28 "Les Landes", between Bordeaux and Dax   France Alstom CC 7107 Loc   Elec. DC T Conventional wheeled absolute record. See: fr:CC 7100
319 km/h (198 mph) 1979-12-07 Oyama test track   Japan Class 961 Shinkansen Multi   Elec. AC P test track, now part of Tōhoku Shinkansen[19]
 
Ratified
 318 km/h (198 mph) 1972-12-08   France TGV 001 prototype Multi   Turbine P
295.72 km/h (184 mph) 1966-07-23 Butler, Indiana to Stryker, Ohio   USA New York Central Budd RDC-3 M-497 Loc   Jet P Jet aero engines (retrofitted to roof)[citation needed]
286 km/h (178 mph) 1972-02-24 Sanyō Shinkansen   Japan Class 951 Shinkansen Multi   Elec. AC P [19]
280 km/h (174 mph) 1928-06-23   Germany Opel RAK III Loc Rocket P Unmanned. Some sources say 254 or 290 km/h. See: [17], [18], [19], [20], [21].
275 km/h (171 mph) 1967-12-20   USA UAC TurboTrain Multi   Turbine ?
271 km/h (168 mph) 1993-10-05   Russia TEP80 Multi   Diesel ? Claimed, but no verification from an independent witness[20]
256.38 km/h (159 mph) 2002-06-12   Spain Talgo XXI Multi   Diesel P Claimed by Spanish manufacturer
256 km/h (159 mph) 1963-03-30 Odawara test track   Japan Class 1000 Shinkansen Multi   Elec. AC P Test track now part of Tōkaidō Shinkansen[19]
 
Ratified
 243 km/h (151 mph) 1954-02-21 Between Dijon and Beaune   France Alstom CC 7121 Loc   Elec. DC U Conventional wheeled absolute record.
 
Ratified
 238 km/h (148 mph) 1987-11-01   UK Class 43 (HST) Multi   Diesel P Current official diesel speed record listed in 2006 Guinness Book of Records
230.4 km/h (143 mph) 1973-06-12   UK Class 252 (HST prototype) Multi   Diesel P
 
Ratified
 230.2 km/h (143 mph) 1931-06-21 Berlin - Hamburg   Germany Schienenzeppelin Single   Propeller P Propeller-pushed railcar with a gasoline (petrol) aero engine.

Absolute record. Engine by BMW.

215 km/h (134 mph) 1939-06-23   Germany DRG SVT 137 155 (Kruckenberg) Multi   Diesel U
 
Ratified
 210.2 km/h (131 mph) 1903-10-28 Between Marienfelde and Zossen   Germany AEG Drehstrom-Triebwagen Multi   Triphase P Many sources say 27 October. Absolute record.

[21][22][23].

 
Ratified
 205 km/h (127 mph) 1936-02-17   Germany DRG SVT 137 "Bauart Leipzig" Multi   Diesel U World speed record. First diesel train faster than 200 km/h
203 km/h (126 mph) 1903-10-06 Between Marienfelde and Zossen   Germany Siemens & Halske Drehstrom-Triebwagen Multi   Triphase P Some sources say 7 October, others say 200.99 km/h or an improbable 213 km/h.[24][25][26].
202.6 km/h (126 mph) 1938-07-03   UK LNER Class A4 No. 4468 Mallard Loc   Steam ? Downhill grade. Official data indicates peak speed 202.6 km/h, mean speed (half-mile) 201.2 km/h. Speed documentation not fully reliable, actual speed was probably slightly lower, but will have reached the mark of 200.4 (124.52), to equal the 05 002's record.[27] Mallard suffered an overheated crankpin during the run, but was repaired and returned to traffic within 9 days.[28]
 
Ratified
 200.4 km/h (125 mph) 1936-05-11   Germany Borsig DRG series 05 002 Loc   Steam ? Level grade. Speed documentation reliable.[27]
185.07 km/h (115 mph) 1905-06-11   USA Pennsylvania Railroad E2 #7002 Loc   Steam U Claimed. Clocked at Crestline, Ohio at 127.1 mph (204.55 km/h) in 1905. However PRR Steam Locomotives did not carry speedometers at that time, speed was calculated by measuring time between mile markers, so this is not recognized as a speed record.[citation needed]
182.4 km/h (113 mph) 1972-10-11   Germany BR 18 201 Loc   Steam ? Today's (2011) fastest operational steam locomotive.
181.1 km/h (113 mph) 1935-04-05   UK Milwaukee Road class A #2 Loc   Steam ? Claimed to have sustained 112.5 mph for 14 miles. Average speed for 136 miles between Milwaukee and New Lisbon, Wisconsin was 74.9 mph.[29]
181 km/h (112 mph) 1934-05-26   USA Pioneer Zephyr Loc   Diesel ?
 
Ratified
 180.3 km/h (112 mph) 1935-09-29   UK LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link Loc   Steam ? Authenticated. Some sources say 112.5 mph.
174 km/h (108 mph) 1988-04-11   UK Class 442 (Wessex Electric) unit 2401 Multi   3rd rail ?
 
Ratified
 168.5 km/h (105 mph) 1935-03-05   UK LNER Class A3 No. 2750 Papyrus Loc   Steam U First run at 100+ mph with complete, surviving documentation.
166.6 km/h (104 mph) 1934-07-20   USA Milwaukee Road class F6 #6402 Loc   Steam U A point between Oakwood, Illinois and Lake, Wisconsin. Also averaged 75.5 mph on 85 miles from Chicago, Illinois to Milwaukee, and 89.92 mph for a 68.9 mile stretch[29]
162.5 km/h (101 mph) 1901 Between Marienfelde and Zossen   Germany Siemens & Halske Drehstrom Multi   Triphase P Some sources say 160 or 162 km/h. de:Königlich Preussische Militär-Eisenbahn[30]
 
Ratified
 160 km/h (99 mph) 1934-11-30   UK LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman Loc   Steam U In 1934, Flying Scotsman achieved the first authenticated 100 mph (160 km/h) by a steam locomotive.[31]
164 km/h (102 mph) 1904-05-09   UK GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro Loc   Steam U Claimed to be the first steam locomotive to reach 100 mph.
145 km/h (90 mph) 1895-08-22   UK LNWR No. 790 Hardwicke Loc   Steam U Maximum speed claimed, although average speed record was authenticated.
131.6 km/h (82 mph) 1854-06   UK Bristol & Exeter Railway #41 Loc   Steam U Broad gauge
131 km/h (81 mph) 1893-05-10   USA Empire State Express No. 999 Loc   Steam U 112 mph (179 km/h) claimed, which would make it the first wheeled vehicle to exceed 100 mph.[32][33]
125.6 km/h (78 mph) 1850   UK Great Britain Loc   Steam U 80 mph claimed
112 km/h (70 mph) 1960 ?   UK Cravens A Stock Multi   4th rail ?
 
Ratified
 96.6 km/h (60 mph) 1848   USA Boston and Maine Railroad Antelope Loc   Steam U First authenticated 60 mph, 26 miles in 26 minutes.
48 km/h (30 mph) 1830   UK Stephenson's Rocket Loc   Steam U
24 km/h (15 mph) 1825   UK Locomotion No. 1 Loc   Steam U
8 km/h (5 mph) 1804-02-21   UK Richard Trevithick's world's first railway steam locomotive Loc   Steam U

Hovercraft Trains

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R. Speed Date Line Country Train Arr Power S Comments
 
Ratified
 430.4 km/h (267 mph) 1974-03-05 Chevilly, Loiret test track   France Aérotrain I-80 Haute Vitesse (HV) Single   Jet P Peak speed 430.4 km/h, average speed over two runs in opposite directions 417.6 km/h on a 3 km track. Official record for levitation train, recorded by bailiff.
422 km/h (262 mph) 1969-01-22 Gometz-la-Ville test track   France Aérotrain 02 Single   Jet P With the help of an auxiliary rocket.
345 km/h (214 mph) 1967-11 Gometz-la-Ville test track   France Aérotrain 02 Single   Jet P
303 km/h (188 mph) 1966-12-23 Gometz-la-Ville test track   France Aérotrain 01 Single   Jet P With the help of an auxiliary rocket.
200 km/h (124 mph) 1966-02-21 Gometz-la-Ville test track   France Aérotrain 01 Single   Propeller P A few days after 21 February 1966


Maglev Trains

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R. Speed Date Line Country Train Arr Power S Comments
 
Ratified
 581 km/h (361 mph) 2003-12-02 Yamanashi Maglev Test Line   Japan JR-Maglev MLX01 Multi   Elec. AC P Three-car train set. Absolute record (excepting rocket sleds). Guinness Book of Records authenticated.
 
Ratified
 552 km/h (343 mph) 1999-04-14 Yamanashi Maglev Test Line   Japan JR-Maglev MLX01 Multi   Elec. AC P Five-car train set. Guinness Book of Records authenticated.
550 km/h (342 mph) 1997-12-24 Yamanashi Maglev Test Line   Japan JR-Maglev MLX01 Multi   Elec. AC P Three-car train set.
517 km/h (321 mph) 1979-12-21 Miyazaki Maglev Test Track   Japan JR-Maglev ML-500R Multi   Elec. AC P
504 km/h (313 mph) 1979-12-12 Miyazaki Maglev Test Track   Japan JR-Maglev ML-500R Multi   Elec. AC P
501 km/h (311 mph) 2003-11-12 Shanghai Maglev Train   China Transrapid Multi   Elec. AC U Claimed by company. During test run
253.2 km/h (157 mph) 1977-11-21 Krauss-Maffei's plant in Munich - Allach   West Germany Transrapid 04 Multi   Elec. AC P end 1973.
250 km/h (155 mph) 1973 Krauss-Maffei's plant in Munich - Allach   West Germany Transrapid 04 Multi   Elec. AC P end 1973.
164 km/h (102 mph) 1971-10 Krauss-Maffei's plant in Munich - Allach   West Germany Transrapid 02 Single   Elec. AC P 930 m test track which included one curve.
90 km/h (56 mph) 1971-05-06 MBB's Ottobrunn factory   West Germany MBB Prinzipfahrzeug Single   Elec. AC P 660 m test track. Near Munich. MBB: Messerschmidt-Bölkow-Blohm, Prinzipfahrzeug: Principle vehicle.


Narrow Gauge

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R. Speed Date Line Country Train Arr Power S Comments
 
Ratified
 245 km/h (152 mph) 1978-10-31 Between Westonaria and Midway   South Africa SAR Class 6E1 (No. E1525) Loc   Elec. ? [34][35][36] Scheffel bogie
175 km/h (109 mph) 1960-11-21 JNR Tōkaidō Main Line   Japan JNR KuMoYa93 test car Multi   Elec. DC P 42. [37]
163 km/h (101 mph) 1959-07-31 JNR Tōkaidō Main Line   Japan JNR 151 series Multi   Elec. DC ? 42. [38]
145 km/h (90 mph) 1957-09-27 JNR Tōkaidō Main Line   Japan Odakyū 3000 series SE Romancecar Multi   Elec. DC ? 42.[39]
136 km/h (85 mph) 1914  South-West Africa OMEG Rail motor coach No. «Crown Prince» Single   Gasoline ? 0.6. Summer 1914.[40]
129 km/h (80 mph) 1954-12-15 JNR Tōkaidō Main Line,   Japan JNR C62 steam locomotive No. C62 17 Loc   Steam ? 42.[41]


Rocket Sled

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R. Speed Date Line Country Train Arrangmt Power S Comments
10,430 km/h (6,481 mph) 2003-04-30 Holloman Air Force Base   USA Rocket sled Single Rocket P Unmanned. Final stage of a four-stage sled train. Super Roadrunner rocket motor. 192-pound payload.
9,845 km/h (6,117 mph) 1982-10 Holloman Air Force Base   USA Rocket sled Single Rocket P Unmanned. It blasted a 25-pound payload to a speed of 6119 mph.
4,972 km/h (3,089 mph) 1959 New Mexico   USA Rocket sled Single Rocket P Unmanned. It ran on SNORT (Supersonic Naval Ordnance Track).
 
Ratified
 1,017 km/h (632 mph) 1954-12-10 Holloman Air Force Base   USA Rocket sled Single Rocket P Manned by John Stapp. Fastest manned rocket-sled. Fastest manned rail vehicle. Fastest manned open-cockpit vehicle.[42]


World Fastest Commercial Relations

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Styles : [Currently active] - [Record holder] - [Old service]

Average Speed Top Speed Train Type Location From To Distance Date From Date To Comments
114.8 km/h (71 mph) 129 km/h (80 mph) Cheltenham Spa Express Steam   UK Swindon London 124.3 km (77 mi) 1932 1960 77¼ miles in 65 mn. Claimed by the Great Western Railway at the time to be the world's fastest train. Now operated by First Great Western in 57 mn with Class 43.
124.3 km/h (77 mph) 160 km/h (99 mph) Fliegender Hamburger Diesel-electric   Germany Berlin Hamburg 286.0 km (178 mi) 1933 1939 DMU, 98 passengers
130.4 km/h (81 mph) 161 km/h (100 mph) Morning Hiawatha Steam   USA Sparta, Wisconsin Portage, Wisconsin 126.0 km (78 mi) 1939 1971 78.3 miles in 58 minutes[29], Milwaukee Road class F7.
134.05 km/h (83 mph) [43] 186.68 km/h (116 mph) Denver Zephyr Diesel-electric   USA Denver Chicago 1,636 km (1,017 mi) 1936 1957 [29]
132.1 km/h (82 mph) 160 km/h (99 mph) Mistral Electric   France Paris Dijon 315.0 km (196 mi) 1964 1981
162.8 km/h (101 mph) 210 km/h (130 mph) Hikari Shinkansen Electric   Japan Tokyo Shin-Osaka 515.0 km (320 mi)} 1965 Stopped at Nagoya and Kyoto
163.0 km/h (101 mph) 200 km/h (124 mph) Etendard Electric   France St-Pierre-des-Corps Poitiers 100.0 km (62 mi) 1973 1989 Class CC6500 locomotive, now by TGV
214.0 km/h (133 mph) 260 km/h (162 mph) TGV Sud-Est Electric   France Paris Lyon-Brotteaux 429.0 km (267 mi) 1983 On the LGV Sud-Est
250.43 km/h (156 mph) 300 km/h (186 mph) Nozomi Shinkansen Electric   Japan Hiroshima Kokura 192.0 km (119 mi) 1997 operated by 500 Series Shinkansen
263.3 km/h (164 mph) 320 km/h (199 mph) TGV Duplex Electric   France Lyon-St Exupéry Aix-en-Provence 289.6 km (180 mi) 2005 On the LGV Méditerranée
279.3 km/h (174 mph) 320 km/h (199 mph) TGV POS Electric   France Lorraine TGV Champagne TGV 167.6 km (104 mi) 2007 On the LGV Est[44]
313.0 km/h (194 mph) 350 km/h (217 mph) CRH2 Electric   China Wuhan Guangzhou North 922.0 km (573 mi) 2009 2011 On Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway until July 2011

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b BBC News 3 April 2007
  2. ^ [Doc SNCF]
  3. ^ [1].
  4. ^ de:Studiengesellschaft für Elektrische Schnellbahnen
  5. ^ [2]
  6. ^ [3]
  7. ^ de:Studiengesellschaft für Elektrische Schnellbahnen
  8. ^ [4]
  9. ^ [5]
  10. ^ [6]
  11. ^ http://big5.china.com.cn/news/tech/2011-01/13/content_21726450.htm
  12. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2010-12/03/c_12844439.htm
  13. ^ http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-09-28/113621186681.shtml
  14. ^ [7],
  15. ^ [8].
  16. ^ [Doc SNCF]
  17. ^ [9], [10].
  18. ^ [11].
  19. ^ a b c プロトタイプの世界 - Prototype World. Japan: Kōtsū Shimbunsha. December 2005. ISBN 4910065141258. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid prefix (help)
  20. ^ Video footage
  21. ^ de:Studiengesellschaft für Elektrische Schnellbahnen
  22. ^ [12]
  23. ^ [13]
  24. ^ de:Studiengesellschaft für Elektrische Schnellbahnen
  25. ^ [14]
  26. ^ [15]
  27. ^ a b Was German 05 002 The World's Fastest Steam Loco?
  28. ^ The Gresley A4 Pacifics
  29. ^ a b c d Jim Scribbins (2007). The Hiawatha Story. Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press (originally published by Kalmbach Publishing Co., 1970).
  30. ^ [16]
  31. ^ NRM | Flying Scotsman
  32. ^ Speed
  33. ^ "GREAT SPEED Off THE CENTRAL.; Empire State Express Engine Travels at the Rate of 112 1-2 Miles an Hour" (PDF). New York Times. 1893-05-12. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
  34. ^ http://www.speedrecordclub.com/outrail.php
  35. ^ http://home.intekom.com/bluegrass/sites/steamsa/historical11.html
  36. ^ http://www.traintesting.com/SAR.htm
  37. ^ こだま号高速度試験
  38. ^ こだま号高速度試験
  39. ^ Shaw 1958 p.47
  40. ^ Shaw 1958 p.47
  41. ^ Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō magazine, November 2008 issue, p.61
  42. ^ International Space Hall of Fame Entry for John Stapp
  43. ^ [Google Book : Railroads Across North America: An Illustrated History]
  44. ^ Railway Gazette International World Speed Survey 2007

External links

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