Wikipedia

List of South America tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

Main article: List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

These are some notable tornadoes, tornado outbreaks, and tornado outbreak sequences that have occurred in South America.

Argentina

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Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes
Rojas tornado September 16, 1816 Rojas, Buenos Aires Province 1 21 fatalities, 82 injuries One of the first documented tornadoes in Argentina, rated an F4.[1]
Dolores tornado 1874 Dolores, Buenos Aires Province 1 0 Parts of the town were destroyed.[citation needed]
Arroyo Seco tornado November 13, 1889 Arroyo Seco, Santa fé Province 1 10 fatalities, 80+ injuries The south of Arroyo was destroyed, with only 5 homes undamaged. It was mentioned that freight train wagons flew through the air. Possibly an F4 tornado.[2]
Bolívar tornado/storm September 7, 1902 Bolívar, Buenos Aires Province 1 15-20 fatalities, 65 injured The city of Bolívar was severely damaged by a violent thunderstorm (downburst) or a strong tornado.[citation needed]
Villa María tornado November 12, 1928 Córdoba Province 1 26 fatalities, 150 injured The towns of Villa Maria and Villa Nueva were greatly affected by a tornado that caused great damage.[3][4]
Chillar tornado March 14, 1936 Buenos Aires Province 1 8-3 fatalities, 100 injured The small town of Chillar was heavily damaged by a tornado that destroyed dozens of residences and overturned automobiles and train cars.[citation needed]
General San Martín tornado October 27, 1965 Chaco Province 1 3 fatalities, 50 injuries Half of General San Martín was destroyed.[citation needed]
San Justo tornado[5] 10 January 1973 Santa Fe Province, Argentina 1 63 fatalities, 350 injuries Very large and extremely violent high-end F5 tornado; possibly the strongest tornado in the Southern Hemisphere.[2]
Morteros tornado 28 October 1978 Morteros, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina 1 5 fatalities, 100 injured One of the strongest tornadoes ever recorded in Córdoba Province. It was rated as an F3.[2]
Dolores tornado November 25, 1985 Argentina 1 1 fatality, 30 injured F3 tornado. [citation needed]
1993 Super Outbreak 13 April 1993 Buenos Aires Province, Argentina ≥100 7 fatalities, 80 injuries The outbreak of tornadoes in Buenos Aires in 1993 was an outbreak (QLCS type) of more than ≥100 tornadoes that affected the southern part of Buenos Aires. It happened between the night of Tuesday, April 13 and 14. Between the hour 20 and 24, an extraordinary system of severe convective thunderstorms affected the localities of Trenque Lauquen, Pehuajó, Hipólito Yrigoyen, Carlos Casares, Bolívar, Daireaux, General Lamadrid, Olavarría, Tapalqué, Azul, Laprida, Benito Juárez, Tandil, Necochea, Lobería, Balcarce, General Alvarado and General Pueyrredon. The most affected localities were Henderson (F3), Urdampilleta (F3) and Mar del Plata (F2). This succession of tornadoes had intensities from F0 to F3 and produced severe damage along strips oriented from northwest to southeast. The local area affected was greater than 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi).[6][7][2]
Estacion Lopez tornado May 6, 1992 Buenos Aires Province, Argentina 1 4 fatalities F4 tornado.[2]
Guernica tornadoes (2000) 26 December 2000 Guernica, Dolores and Chascomus, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina ~12 1 fatality, 51 injuries The towns of Guernica and Chascomus were destroyed. Fifteen homes were severely damaged in the town of Dolores. F2 and F3 tornadoes.[8][7][2]
2001 Guernica tornadoes January 10, 2001 Guernica and Glew, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina 1 5 fatalities, 250 injuries Guernica was destroyed once again by an F3 tornado.[2]
Córdoba tornado 26 December 2003 Córdoba, Argentina 1 5 fatalities, 90 injuries An F3 tornado left thousands of homes destroyed. Also 1000 trees and 150 ceilings were severely damaged. The tornado lasted 24 minutes and affected three neighborhoods, making it the longest-lasting tornado in the Southern Hemisphere.[2]
2006 Chivilcoy tornadoes January 7, 2006 Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina 5 1 fatality, 9 injuries 23 structures were destroyed by an F2 in Chivilcoy.[9][2]
Buenos Aires, Argentina waterspouts March 1, 2008 Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina 2 - Two tornadic waterspouts formed over the La Plata river.[citation needed]
Tornado outbreak of September, 7 September 7, 2009 Misiones, Argentina ≥20 17 fatalities, >250 injuries The tornado outbreak in Argentina in 2009 was an outbreak of more than ≥20 confirmed tornadoes that occurred on the night of September 7 and violently affected the northeast of Misiones and Southern Brazil. The event reached and destroyed several localities. It is estimated that at least 17 people died and more than 250 people were injured. Many other cities were destroyed and damaged by tornadoes.

Around 8:30 p.m. on September 7, a supercell produced an F4 tornado that destroyed the city of San Pedro. The event was accompanied by a violent storm of hail and rain. The tornado lasted approximately 5 minutes. It had a width of 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) and its route exceeded 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). At least 11 people died and another 100 people were injured in San Pedro. The amount of tornadoes that affected the area is comparable to the size of the province of Tucumán in Argentina. It is estimated that a total of 17 people died and just over 250 injured. Regardless of tornadoes, other adverse storm phenomena also produced damage in a large area. Reconstruction of villages, towns and cities took several years and it was noted that some could never be reclaimed.[2]

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ~20
Junin, Buenos Aires October 16, 2010 Buenos Aires, Argentina 1 0 fatalities F2 tornado.[citation needed]
2011 Chaco tornado January 26, 2011 Laboulaye, Córdoba 1 6 injuries On January 26, 2011, a tornado formed over Laboulaye Córdoba, leaving 60 homes damaged. There were only six injuries. The trail of destruction of the tornado was 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and 250 metres (820 ft) wide. The tornado was rated F2.[citation needed]
2012 Buenos Aires tornadoes and derecho event April 4, 2012 Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 5 ~17 fatalities On April 4, 2012, Greater Buenos Aires was hit by a very severe thunderstorm and a derecho, which produced 5 tornadoes with F1 and F2 intensities. Seventeen fatalities were reported in various locations.[10][2]

Brazil

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Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes F#
1921 Chavantes and Ourinhos tornado September 14, 1921 Chavantes-Ourinhos, Capivari (São Paulo) 2 ~7 fatalities Rural areas of Chavantes and Ourinhos (São Paulo state) were significantly affected by an F3 tornado that completely destroyed several residences and other buildings, killing 7 people. An unrated tornado was also confirmed in the municipality of Capivari.[11] F3
1948 Canoinhas tornado May 16, 1948 Canoinhas, Santa Catarina 1 23 fatalities The northern region was hit by an F3 tornado in the interior of the municipality of Canoinhas on May 16, causing the deaths of 23 people and several animals.[11][12] F3
1959 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak and derecho event August 12–14, 1959 Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná Several ≥60 fatalities, ≥200 injured Extremely violent QLCS tornado outbreak, caused by a derecho event that crossed all the three states of Southern Brazil. Several violent long-tracked (F2-F4) tornadoes were reported across various municipalities. Tornadoes were confirmed in Veranópolis, Canoinhas, Palmas, Lapa, Taió, Lages, Papanduva, União da Vitória, Porto União, etc. Several other localities were affected by tornadoes and extreme downbursts, resulting in many fatalities and injuries. F2-F4
1984 Maravilha tornado October 9, 1984 Maravilha, Santa Catarina 1 5 fatalities, 400 injuries The F3 tornado caused destruction in most of the town. 980 people were made homeless, and losses calculated at the time were at 9.12 billion Cruzeiros, in addition to more than 400 injured and 5 dead.[11] F3
1991 Canoinhas/Três Barras tornado August 16, 1991 Canoinhas, Três Barras (Santa Catarina) 1 ? Concrete homes were fully leveled. F3
1991 Itu tornado September 30, 1991 Itu, São Paulo 1 16 fatalities, 350 injuries A high-end F4 tornado left the town devastated, tumbling a bus, destroying more than 2,000 houses, killing 16 people, and injuring 350.[11] F4
1992 Curitiba region tornadoes May 17, 1992 Almirante Tamandaré, Paraná, Brazil 3 6 fatalities, 105 injuries Massive damage reported in Almirante Tamandaré by an F3 tornado. 6 fatalities and 105 injuries were confirmed in the municipality. An unrated tornado was also confirmed in Curitiba, with severe damage reported. Another unrated tornado was also confirmed in the municipality of Palmeira, completely destroying crops.[11] FU-F3
1995 Campinas tornado November 28, 1995 Campinas, São Paulo 1 1 fatality, +3 injuries F3 tornado. Several buildings in the region were destroyed, including the Unicamp convention center.[11][12] F3
1997 Nova Laranjeiras tornado June 13, 1997 Nova Laranjeiras, Paraná 1 3 fatalities, 76 injuries The municipality of Nova Laranjeiras had its urban and rural areas devastated by a high-end F4 tornado. A total of 200 homes, as well as commercial points and public agencies, were destroyed.[11] F4
2000 Viamão tornado October 11, 2000 Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul (Águas Claras) ~1 1 fatality A low-end F3 tornado touched down in the night in the locality of Águas Claras (Viamão) and destroyed more than 100 homes and killed 1 person. Several other tornadoes were reported across the state, according to a researcher.[11][12] F3
2001 Metropolitan Region of Campinas tornado May 4, 2001 Sumaré, Americana, Paulínia, Itatiba, Campinas, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste 1 1 fatality An F3 tornado left one person dead. Damage in excess of R$30 million. It's possible that this event was a tornado outbreak.[11][12] F3
2004 Palmital and Lençóis Paulista tornadoes May 25, 2004 Palmital, São Paulo 2 4 fatalities, 25 injuries A wedge F3 tornado crashed a bus and destroyed homes, leaving 4 dead and 25 injured. Another wedge tornado (F2) left a giant and visible scar in rural areas of Lençóis Paulista.[11][12] F3 & F2
2005 Criciúma twin tornadoes January 3, 2005 Criciúma, Santa Catarina 2 1 fatality Criciúma was affected by two tornadoes in less than a day. Several residences were completely destroyed. Fire hazards originating from short circuits also affected the town.[11][12] F2
2005 São Paulo tornado outbreak May 24–25, 2005 São Paulo 10 1 fatality, ~11 injuries Outbreak of intense supercell thunderstorms that produced 10 confirmed tornadoes in the state of São Paulo, causing intense destruction in many localities. A multi-vortex and high-end F3 tornado was recorded in Indaiatuba, and an F2 tornado in Itatiba.[13][14][11][12] F3
2009 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak and derecho event September 6–8, 2009 Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo ≥20 ≥10 fatalities, ≥100 injured Extremely intense QLCS outbreak of tornadoes, produced by an intense derecho. Hundreds of municipalities from these three states were affected by intense hailstorms, violent downbursts (≥150 km/h) and several devastating tornadoes. The municipality of Guaraciaba (Santa Catarina) was devastated by an F4 tornado. The same supercell also produced more three F3 tornadoes that caused devastation in forests, near Guaraciaba. Intense tornadoes also occurred in the municipalities of Aceguá (FU), Caiçara (FU), Victor Graeff (FU), Macieira (FU), Caçador (FU), Salto Veloso (FU), Santa Cecília (FU), Primeiro de Maio (FU), etc. Another unrated strong tornado was also confirmed by IPMET in Echaporã and Platina (state of São Paulo).[11][12][15] F4
Taquarituba rain-wrapped tornado September 22, 2013 Taquarituba, São Paulo 1 2 fatalities, 64 injuries Over 200 homes completely destroyed. Rated F3.[citation needed] F3
Erebango tornado April 12, 2014 Rio Grande do Sul 1 1 fatality, 4 injuries A tornado that destroyed homes and left people homeless. A total of about 300 residences were damaged in Erebango.[citation needed] F2
Santa Catarina rain-wrapped tornadoes April 20, 2015 Xanxerê, Passos Maia, Ponte Serrada 2 4 fatalities, ~120 injuries Two tornadoes produced by the same supercell, rated at F3 and F1 respectively. Three localities in Santa Catarina (Passos Maia, Xanxerê and Ponte Serrada) were affected. More than 2600 residences were significantly destroyed. 4 people were killed directly, and ~120 were injured.
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
Santa Catarina and Paraná tornadoes November 19, 2015 Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul 4 20 injuries Two F2 tornadoes confirmed in Chapecó (Santa Catarina) and Marechal Cândido Rondon (Paraná). A weak (F0) tornado was reported in Treze Tílias (Santa Catarina). Another violent F2 tornado was confirmed in Alpestre (Rio Grande do Sul).
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 1 0 3 0 0 0 4
2016 São Paulo tornado outbreak June 5–6, 2016 Campinas, Jarinu, São Roque, Atibaia, Jundiaí, Itupeva, Vargem Grande Paulista ~8 ~1 fatality, many injured An episode of severe thunderstorms produced a violent F2 tornado that severely affected Jarinu on the dawn of June 6, 2016. One person died and another 50 were injured. Many residences were completely destroyed (no roofs, walls, broken glass, etc.), and most of the trees were cut in half and the power poles were destroyed. An extra fact is that the wind dragged an 18-ton truck a few yards.

It was revealed that the damage had passed R$18 million. In Campinas, several unrated tornadoes and multiple severe downbursts were reported. In São Roque, an unrated tornado affected the region, destroying hundreds of trees, power poles and many residences.

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
5 0 0 3 0 0 0 ~7
Presidente Getúlio tornado outbreak June 12, 2017 Rio Grande do Sul 11 Unknown 11 tornado tracks identified by multiple researchers. Strongest tornado was an F2.[citation needed]
Southern Brazil tornadoes June 10–12, 2018 Rio Grande do Sul ~3 2 fatalities, many injured High-precipitation supercell thunderstorms produced by a low pressure system in Argentina produced tornadoes in Southern Brazil and in the province of Misiones (Argentina). Two high-end EF3/EF2 (respectively) tornadoes produced by the same supercell, tracked through several municipalities (Ciríaco, Tapejara, Água Santa, Sarandi) of Rio Grande do Sul, causing two deaths and leaving more than a thousand damaged homes. 24 municipalities were affected by severe thunderstorms and more than 2,630 homes were affected. Another tornado struck Nova Conquista, a locality in the municipality of Chiapetta (EFU), but caused no damage. The system also produced destructive hailstorms and violent downbursts across the state.[16]
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 3
Itaperuçu rain-wrapped tornado November 30, 2018 Itaperuçu, Paraná 1 2 fatalities A violent rain-wrapped EF2 tornado struck the city of Itaperuçu (Paraná), destroying more than 300 homes, health centers, and schools, and leaving two dead. A car was thrown against the wall of a residence. This event was documented by the PREVOTS group.[16] EF2
2020 Santa Catarina rain-wrapped tornadoes June 10-11, 2020 São Miguel do Oeste, Descanso, Belmonte, Caçador 3 Unknown Three tornadoes confirmed across Santa Catarina state, one of them affecting Descanso-Belmonte (EF2) causing severe damage to the municipality. An unrated, but damaging tornado, was also confirmed in Caçador. A small tornado also formed over São Miguel do Oeste without causing damage.[16] EF2
2020 Santa Catarina tornadoes August 14, 2020 Irineópolis, Tangará ~2 16 injuries Two severe tornadoes, produced by a HP supercell, across two municipalities of Santa Catarina state (Irineópolis/EF2 and Tangará/EF3). Severe tree damage and multiple homes destroyed in both municipalities.[16] EF3

Chile

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Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes F#
1934 Concepción tornado 27 May 1934 Concepción, Chile 1 27 fatalities, 599 injuries F3 tornado. F3
San Carlos tornado 31 May 2013 San Carlos, Chile 1 2 injuries Damaged a school and some houses. Blew off roofs. Officially rated an EF2. EF2
Los Ángeles tornado 30 May 2019 Los Ángeles, Chile 1 18 injuries A tornado overturned vehicles and damaged more than 120 homes in the northern part of Los Angeles. Rated an EF2.[17] EF2
Biobío tornado 31 May 2019 Talcahuano and Concepción, Chile 1 1 fatality, 24 injuries A tornadic waterspout caused casualties and damaged at least 546 homes. Rated an EF1.[18] EF1

Colombia

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Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes F#
2001 Soledad tornado 1 June 2001 Soledad, Atlantico 1 4 fatalities, ~300 injuries The F2 tornado left 2 people dead, 300 injured, and more than 500 homes destroyed. F2
2006 Barranquilla tornado 15 September 2006 Barranquilla, Colombia 1 19 injuries F3 tornado, produced by a high-precipitation supercell thunderstorm.[19] F3
2007 Bogotá tornado 6 November 2007 Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia 1 1 injury Roofs were torn off of buildings, including a car dealership. Windows were blown out and trees were uprooted. 1 person was injured.[citation needed] F1
2008 Soledad tornado 23 June 2008 Soledad, Atlántico 1 15 injuries A school was struck by the tornado, injuring 3 children. 500 homes were damaged. F1
El Rosal landspout 3 September 2018 El Rosal, Cundinamarca 1 0 Strong winds hit the municipality of Tenjo, Cundinamarca, leaving 31 homes without roof and several fallen trees on vehicles and power cables, as well as a service station, two restaurants and a school affected.

The winds also felt strongly in the northwest of Bogotá, exactly on 80th Street, at the height of the Guadua Bridge, where citizens recorded a kind of tornado that raised tiles, stones, and sticks, among other objects.

No injured people were reported, but 200 people were affected by the landspout.

Yopal, Colombia

tornado

26

August 2018

Citadel La Bendicion, near Yopal, Casanare 1 1 injury The strong tornado hit the residents of the citadel of La Bendición, leaving a balance of approximately 250 people from 70 affected families, and 65 damaged houses, of which more than 50 are considered destroyed.
Riohacha-Valledupar, Colombia tornado 13 September 2015 On the road between Riohacha and Valledupar 1 Unknown In a YouTube video published by the user Shcastro, we can see what appears to be a tornado on the road that leads from Riohacha to Valledupar.

It is visualized that in the distance a very strong storm develops that had the ability to create the eddy, which fortunately did not cause damage due to occur in the open field.

La Ceja, Colombia tornado 14

September 2018

La Ceja, Antioquia 1 Unknown Heavy rains in the municipality of La Ceja, Antioquia caused flooding in several neighborhoods in the urban area and damage to crops in rural areas.

During the rainfall, residents of La Ceja recorded what appears to be a tornado of small proportions, something unusual in the region.

Paraguay

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Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes F#
1964 Paraguay multi-vortex tornado ? ? 1964 Paraguay 1 0 A extremely large, long-tracked tornado with extreme multi-vortex activity, left a gigantic scar over rural/forested areas of eastern Paraguay. Extreme forest damage and ground scouring occurred. This tornado wasn't discovered until decades later, by LANDSAT satellites.[20] It's presumed that this tornado reached F4-F5 during its course.[21] F4 or F5
San Javier, Paraguay tornado 8 April 2018 Paraguay 1 2 fatalities, some injuries On the evening of April 8, a strong tornado struck the small village of San Javier, Paraguay, located just north of San Ignacio. A church and some small brick homes were leveled, and several other structures sustained significant damage, including the town clinic, school, and police station. Many trees were snapped or uprooted, two people were killed, and others were injured.[22] FU

Uruguay

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Event Date Area Tornadoes Casualties Notes
Vichadero tornado 25 October 1968 Vichadero, Uruguay - 1 fatality, 12 injuries [23]
Fray Marcos tornado April 21, 1970 Fray Marcos, Uruguay 1 11 fatalities F4. It was the strongest tornado in the history of Uruguay.[24]
Migues, Canelones 27 January 2001 Uruguay 1 0 fatalities F2/3 tornado[citation needed]
Canelones March 10, 2002 Uruguay 1 2 fatalities F2/3 tornado, $30 million damage.[citation needed]
Dolores tornado 15 April 2016 Dolores, Soriano, Uruguay 1 5 fatalities, 250 injuries An F3 tornado caused heavy damage to buildings in the city of Dolores, killing five people.[25]

References

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  1. ^ "El Huracan de 1816". historiasderojas.com.ar. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Balbi, Mariano (December 2018). Evaluación del Potencial de Tornados en la República Argentina (PDF). Buenos Aires (Argentina): Buenos Aires University. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.35047.80801. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  3. ^ "Aquel ciclón fatídico". eldiariocba.com.ar. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  4. ^ "El ciclón del 28 en Caras y Caretas". eldiariocba.com.ar. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  5. ^ "Tornadoes in Argentina". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  6. ^ A 25 años de la noche de los tornados | La Pampa La Arena
  7. ^ a b El pasillo de los tornados, la zona inestable de Sudamérica - 18/04/2016 - EL PAÍS Uruguay
  8. ^ "Ver Tema - Tiempo severo y tornados 26/12/2000". Foro.gustfront.com.ar. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  9. ^ "Ver Tema - Tornado F2 de Chivilcoy 07/01/2006". Foro.gustfront.com.ar. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  10. ^ "A siete años de los tornados que afectaron Buenos Aires". Meteored.com.ar | Meteored (in Spanish). 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Candido, Daniel Henrique (2012). "Tornados e trombas-d'água no Brasil : modelo de risco e proposta de escala de avaliação de danos". Tornadoes and waterspouts in Brazil. Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências. p. 236. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2012.901142. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Bertoni, Bruno Gomez Leguizamon (2013). "Dissertação Bruno Bertoni" (PDF). Estudos de caso de tornados, uso e ocupação do solo, topografia e análise meteorológica destes eventos atmosféricos no sul e sudeste do Brasil. São Paulo: Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Ambiental) - Ciência Ambiental, Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/D.90.2013.tde-02052013-160126. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  13. ^ "• Multi-Vortex tornado in Sao-Paulo". Archived from the original on January 11, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. ^ IPMet – Banco de Desastres Naturais
  15. ^ http://blogeonat.blogspot.com/2009/09/tornado-por-ter-atingido-echapora-e.html
  16. ^ a b c d "PREVOTS (REVOT/PRETS)", Rede Voluntária de Observadores de Tempestades (REVOT), Plataforma de Registros de Tempo Severo (PRETS), REVOT/PRETS, retrieved 2023-09-22
  17. ^ "Rare tornado hits central Chile, injuring at least 16". BNO News. May 30, 2019.
  18. ^ infobae News, Chile (May 31, 2019). "Un muerto, 24 heridos y 546 viviendas afectadas dejó el paso de un tornado por el sur de Chile". Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  19. ^ http://www.heidorn.info/keith/weather/storm/tornadoes-samerica.htm
  20. ^ http://marte.sid.inpe.br/col/dpi.inpe.br/marte%4080/2009/02.10.18.19/doc/589-603.pdf
  21. ^ https://twitter.com/Oakhurst_Wx/status/1396896784648126466
  22. ^ "Paraguay tornado claims life of young church member".
  23. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 259. ISBN 0806135387.
  24. ^ "50 años del tornado de Fray Marcos" [50 years of the Fray Marcos tornado.]. cw33florida.uy (in Spanish). 21 April 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  25. ^ "Powerful Tornado Strikes Uruguay, Killing 4 and Injuring Hundreds". weather.com. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
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