The Zvezda Kh-66 and Kh-23 Grom (Russian: Х-23 Гром 'Thunder'; NATO: AS-7 'Kerry') are a family of early Soviet tactical air-to-surface missiles with a range of 10 km. They were intended for use against small ground or naval targets. The Kh-66 was effectively a heavy-warhead, beam-riding version of the K-8 (AA-3 'Anab') air-to-air missile rushed into service in Vietnam in 1968. The Kh-23 was an improved Kh-66 with command-guidance, similar to the AGM-12 Bullpup.
| Kh-66/Kh-23 Grom (NATO reporting name: AS-7 'Kerry') | |
|---|---|
 AS-7 'Kerry' | |
| Type | Tactical air-to-surface missile |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | Kh-66 :20 June 1968[1] Kh-23 :1973[2] Kh-23M :1974[2] |
| Used by | FSU, Warsaw Pact, Iraq, India[3] |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Yurii N. Korolyov[1] |
| Manufacturer | Zvezda-Strela |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | A921 :287 kg (633 lb)[3] |
| Length | A921 :3.525 m (11 ft 7 in)[3] |
| Diameter | 27.5 cm (10.8 in)[3] |
| Wingspan | 78.5 cm (2 ft 6.9 in)[3] |
| Warhead weight | 111 kg (245 lb)[3] |
| Engine | Solid fuel rocket[3] |
Operational range | 2–10 km (1.1–5.4 nmi)[3] |
| Maximum speed | 2,160–2,700 km/h (1,340–1,680 mph)[3] |
Guidance system | Kh-66 :Line-Of-Sight Beam riding Kh-23 :Radio command guidance Grom-B :TV guidance |
Launch platform | Yak-38,MiG-21PFM, MiG-23, MiG-27, Su-17M3/20/22/22M3/M4,[3] |
Development
editWork on air-to-air missiles had started at the Kaliningrad Engineering Plant (then known as Plant #455, and later merged into Zvezda-Strela) in 1955.[1] This had resulted in the Kaliningrad K-5 (AA-1 'Alkali') family of beam-guided missiles, including the K-51 (RS-2-US) carried by the Su-9 'Fishpot'. OKB-4 Molniya (later Vympel NPO) under Matus Bisnovat would go on to produce missiles such as the AA-6 Acrid.[1] Meanwhile, in 1963 the RS-2-US was tested as an air-to-surface missile.[1] It was concluded that the small warhead and inaccurate guidance made such an application "pointless".[1]
However, in 1965 North Vietnam requested an air-to-surface missile from the Soviet government;[1] the AGM-12 Bullpup had entered service with the US Air Force before the start of the Vietnam War. In April 1965 OKB-134 (later NPO Vympel) started work on this missile under the project name Kh-23, but they had problems developing a guidance system that would work with existing aircraft.[3] As a result, Yurii N. Korolyov came up with his own proposals based on the earlier experiments with the RS-2-US. A design bureau to develop the RS-2-US for surface targets was set up under Korolyov by decree #100 of 12 March 1966 of the Ministry of the Aircraft Industry;[1] this bureau would become the Zvezda OKB in 1976.[4]
The resulting weapon used the body of a K-8 (AA-3 'Anab'), K-5 guidance and propulsion systems, but increased the warhead from 13 kg (29 lb) to 100 kg (220 lb).[5] This had the big advantage of allowing the new weapon to be fitted to any aircraft capable of firing the K-5.[3] Design began in 1966,[4] so the project was known as Kh-66 or Izdeliye 66 ('Article 66'). The Kh-66 was a beam-riding weapon that was first tested on the MiG-21PFM,[4] with the first launches of the missile in September 1966[6].It entered production in 1968 for that aircraft. The Kh-66 was only an interim solution as it required the launch aircraft to dive towards the target to maintain lock on the target.It entered service on 20 June 1968[1].The reason it was only carried on the MIG-21PFM was, since it was a beam-riding missile, it was paired with a radar, the RP-21M, which other aircraft did not have.
Meanwhile, Korolyov took over work on the Kh-23 project intended for carriage on the Soviet Union's new MiG-23.[3] The Kh-23 became a development of the Kh-66 design with an improved propellant and new Delta-R1M guidance system.[3] The main practical difference was that it was a line-of-sight radio-command weapon similar to the Bullpup, allowing it to be fired in level flight (unlike the Kh-66). The first ten were tested in early 1968,[3] but significant delays were caused by problems with unreliable guidance which was eventually traced to the smoke generator which interfered with the antenna.[3] Once the receiver had been moved to a tail extension,[3] the government tested the missile on the MiG-23 and MiG-23B between 20 March 1970 and 3 October 1973.[1] and it entered service in 1973.[2] A laser-guided version of the Kh-23, the Kh-25, became the basis for the AS-10 'Karen' family of missiles.[1] Technology from these was 'backported' to the Kh-23 to create the Kh-23M in 1974.[2]
The Kh-23 was later licensed for local production in both Romania and Yugoslavia.[3] In 1977 a dummy Kh-23 was fired from a Ka-252TB helicopter,[1] the prototype of the Kamov Ka-29TB 'Helix-B' assault transport.
Design
editThe Kh-66 used the airframe of the Kaliningrad K-8 (AA-3 'Anab') air-to-air missile, with the nozzle split to make room for the antenna of the beam-riding guidance system of the Kaliningrad K-5 (AA-1 'Alkali').[3] It has cruciform control fins on the nose, and four clipped-tip delta-wings at the rear with elevators for control.
Operational history
editThe Kh-66 entered production for the MiG-21 in 1968, and the Kh-23 was certified for the MiG-23 'Flogger' in 1973.
Variants
edit
- Kh-66 - the original beam-riding missile based on the K-8
- Kh-23 (Izdeliye 68)[4] - First command-guidance version with improved propellant
- Kh-23M - improved Kh-23 with technology from the Kh-25 family[2]
- Kh-23L - Western name for a laser-guided version that in fact was the baseline Kh-25 (AS-10 'Karen')[4]
- A921 - Version made in Romania[3]
- Grom (Grom 02) - Yugoslav version that appeared in the 1980s.[7] This should not be confused with the Polish SAM
- Grom-B (Grom 2) - TV-guided version from Serbia's Vojno-Tehnički Institut in the mid-late 1990s; uses seeker based on that of the AGM-65B Maverick[7]
Operators
edit
Current
edit
Former
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Afghanistan[9]
Algeria[9]
Angola[9]
Azerbaijan[9]
Belarus[9]
Bulgaria[3]
Cambodia[9]
Congo[9]
Cuba[9]
Czechoslovakia − Passed on to successor states[9]- Czech Republic[9]
East Germany[10] − Passed on to the unified German state[9]
Egypt[9]
Finland[9]
Georgia[9]
Germany[9]
Hungary[9]
India[3]
Iraq[3]
Kazakhstan[9]
Libya[11]
Nigeria[9]
Poland[3]
Romania − Locally produced as the A-921[3][9]
Serbia −Grom[3]
Slovakia[9]
Soviet Union[3] − passed on to successor states[9]
Sudan[9]
Syria[12]
Ukraine[9]
Vietnam[9]
Yugoslavia − Passed on to successor states[9]
Similar weapons
edit- AGM-12 Bullpup
- AS-20 - French air-to-ground missile based on an early air-to-air missile
Notes
edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l History of JSC Tactical Missile Corporation, pp. 3–4, archived from the original (Word 97 DOC) on 2011-07-27, retrieved 2009-02-15
- ^ a b c d e "Russian Air-to-Ground Missile Update", Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 1998-02-01, retrieved 2009-02-18
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Friedman, Norman (1997), The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, Naval Institute Press, p. 235, ISBN 978-1-55750-268-1
- ^ a b c d e "Kh-23, Kh-66 Grom (AS-7 'Kerry')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01[dead link]
- ^ FAS, Zvezda Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry), retrieved 2007-04-15
- ^ [1].
- ^ a b "Serbia and Montenegro develops 'smart' strike weapons", Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 2005-05-12, archived from the original on August 24, 2005, retrieved 2009-02-18
- ^ IISS 2024, p. 284.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Lennox, Duncan, ed. (1997). "AS-7 'Kerry' (Kh-23/Kh-66 GROM)". Jane's Air-Launched Weapons (35th ed.). Surrey: Jane's Information Group.
- ^ "Arms transfer database". SIPRI. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ Cooper 2018, p. 16
- ^ Cooper 2018, p. 64
References
edit- Cooper, Tom (2018). MiG-23 Flogger in the Middle East, Mikoyan i Gurevich MiG-23 in Service in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya and Syria, 1973-2018. Warwick: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912-390328.
- Gordon, Yefim (2004), Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two, Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, ISBN 1-85780-188-1
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (2024). "Chapter Five: Asia". The Military Balance. 124 (1): 218–327. doi:10.1080/04597222.2024.2298593. ISSN 0459-7222. Retrieved 7 September 2024.