Hans Krueger (also spelled Krüger) (1 July 1909 – 8 February 1988) was a German captain of the Gestapo in occupied Poland during World War II,[1] involved in organizing the string of massacres after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa behind the Curzon Line. His murderous rampage in the General Government territory against the ethnic Poles and the Polish Jews began with the massacre of Lwów professors in July 1941, which was followed by the Czarny Las massacre near Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) in August 1941, as well as the notorious Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews: men, women and children in October 1941, leading to the liquidation of the Stanisławów Ghetto a year later.[2] Krueger (also spelled Kreger, Krüger) was known as the right man for the job due to his Nazi fanaticism which earned him the seat of a city commandant in 1941 but also his brutality exhibited through hands-on participation in the killings.[3]
Hans Krueger | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Born | 1 July 1909 Posen, German Empire |
| Died | 8 February 1988 (aged 78) Wartenberg, Bavaria, West Germany |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany |
| Service |  Schutzstaffel |
| Rank | Hauptsturmführer |
| Unit |  Gestapo |
Pre-war SS career
editKrueger was born in Posen (now Poznań),[3] then part of Prussia within the German Empire. Together with his parents, he fled back to Germany or was expelled from the Second Polish Republic in 1918 (after the Treaty of Versailles), and ever since held a deep-seated hatred for Polish people.[3] He joined the SA Storm Division in 1929 at the age of twenty. Although his training was in agriculture Krueger rose rapidly in the SA ranks thanks to his dedication to Nazism. After the Nazi rise to power in January 1933, Krueger was appointed head of the Oranienburg concentration camp political division and distinguished himself by his ruthlessness. As a member of the SA he was made section head of the labour office in the camp after the Night of the Long Knives in June 1934.[3]
Krueger joined the Gestapo in 1939 after the invasion of Poland and soon relocated to Kraków in the semi-colonial General Government. His long Nazi past helped him acquire a position with the Kommandateur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (KdS) as the director of the Sipo-SD School in the resort town of Zakopane,[3] where the Polish Tatra Confederation members were tortured.[4][5] He trained Ukrainian collaborators from Galicia, as future Sipo-SD personnel. Krueger's subsequent advancement came with the German invasion of the Soviet Union of 22 June 1941, when he joined the Sonderkommando z.b.V. (for special assignments) as deputy to Karl Eberhard Schöngarth. Soon later, he took part in the occupation of Lvov and on 12 October 1941 commanded the same men he trained in the Bloody Sunday massacre of Jews at Stanislau.[1]
Hans Krueger (sometimes spelled Krüger) is not to be confused with Hans Krüger (1902–1971),[6] an SS judge in occupied western Poland, even though their wartime activities and postwar careers were in many ways similar. The judge Krüger was "the terror of the Konitz prison" (Chojnice) issuing death sentences for the smallest (real or imagined) offenses.[6] The Gestapo Krueger's operations in the south would be defined as crimes against humanity under international law.[1][3]
Murder operations during World War II
editKrueger became a member of the Einsatzkommando killing squad on 29 June 1941, a week after the start of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. His SS unit, composed of 150 men, was formed by Karl Schöngarth, head of the Security Police in occupied Kraków. Krueger was one of the highest-ranking functionaries among them. He arrived at Lemberg (Lviv) on 2 July 1941 with his motorized detachment,[2] welcomed by the Ukrainian guides and interpreters from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) who prepared the list of prominent targets for them.[7] Two days later, Schöngarth and Krueger murdered forty university professors at the secluded Wzgórza Wuleckie hills.[7]
The killings continued. Appointed Chief of the local Gestapo Office in Stanisławów,[3] Krueger organized the execution of six hundred intellectuals on 2 August 1941 only one day after his arrival there. The same grave site in the forest called Czarny Las near Pawełcze village (Pawelce),[8][9] was used on 15 August in the Black Forest (Czarny Las) massacre of 200–300 prisoners, mostly teachers, civil servants and professors transported out of Gestapo jail in covered lorries by SIPO.[9] On 6 October 1941 in nearby Nadworna some 2,000 Jews: men, women and children were murdered on Krueger's orders,[2] marking the beginning of the Final Solution in the General Government months before the Wannsee Conference near Berlin put it in motion in 1942.[10] One week later, on 12 October 1941 with the aid of the Orpo Reserve Police Battalion 133 from Lemberg and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, Krueger organized the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews in Stanisławów, where most of the remaining Jewish population of the city was brought into a Jewish cemetery and shot continuously until after dark. Krueger took part in the killings.[2][11] "Over the span of sixteen months (wrote historian Dieter Pohl), this small police station – its staff at times numbering only twenty-five – organized and implemented the shooting of some 70,000 Jews and the deportation of another 12,000 to death camps. Acts of such monstrous proportions are generally associated only with the large SS killing squads."[2] The atrocities committed on his orders constituted the beginning of the Holocaust by bullet on the Eastern Front.[3][12]
Postwar career
editKrueger was picked up in the Netherlands at the end of World War II and held in custody, but lied about his past and was released by the Dutch in November 1948 for lack of evidence. He settled in West Germany and made a living as a traveling salesman before starting his own firm.[2] He claimed to be an antifascist, and entered politics. At this point, the two careers of Hauptsturmführer Krueger (or Krüger) from Gestapo born in 1909, and Oberamtsrichter Hans Krüger of the CDU born in 1902,[13] began to overlap.[14]
In the 1950s, Krueger requested a civil servant position. His application was turned down by the German internal security agency. He began a career in party politics, and served as managing director of the FVP Party for the Muenster district. In 1949–56, he was a chairman of the Association of Germans from Berlin and Brandenburg. Krueger ran in the North Rhine-Westphalia State Assembly elections for the League of Eastern Expellees.[2]
Trial and conviction
editDue in part to Krueger's life in the public eye, he was questioned by the authorities. In 1962, Krueger was rearrested. In October 1965 a formal indictment against Krueger was issued by the Dortmund State Prosecutor's Office.[11] In 1967 he was put on trial. Krueger admitted that he served as the Gestapo Chief in Stanisławów, assuming incorrectly that no Jewish victims were left alive to confront him, until the Polish Countess Karolina Lanckorońska, who had been tortured by the Gestapo at his headquarters but spared execution thanks to family ransom, appeared at his trial.[15] Krueger's trial lasted for two years during which he sparked outrage for his anti-Semitic outbursts.[11] Another witness against him was William Tannenzapf, one of an estimated 1,500 Jews from Stanisławów who had initially survived the war.[16]
Krueger was found guilty of multiple crimes and sentenced to life in prison.[2] Krueger was never tried for the massacre of Lwów professors, which took place elsewhere. Poland's official request for a separate trial was denied by the German prosecution on the grounds that Krueger had already received a life sentence and no extension was possible. He was released from prison in 1986 and died two years later, aged 78.[3]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c O'Neil, Robin (2011). "SS Captain Hans Krueger (3)". The Rabka Four. Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny. A Warning from History. JewishGen. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dieter Pohl. Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia) (PDF file, direct download). Yad Vashem Studies 26 (1997), current document. pp. 12/13, 17/18, 20/21.
It is impossible to determine what Krueger's exact responsibility was in connection with "Bloody Sunday" [massacre of 12 October 1941]. It is clear that a massacre of such proportions under German civil administration was virtually unprecedented.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jonathan Korowicz (June 19, 2012). "Hans Krueger". The Professors of Lwów. City of Lions. A Journey through History in Search of a Vanished Family. Retrieved 9 December 2014.[better source needed]
- ^ Polska Agencja Prasowa. ""Palace" – wystawiony na sprzedaż. Pojawił się pomysł, by Katownię Podhala kupiły podhalańskie samorządy". Grupa Medio. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ Marek Lubaś-Harny (September 15, 2009). "Byłem kronikarzem Ognia". GazetaKrakowska.pl. pp. 1 of 5. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ a b Albert Norden, "Krüger, Hans: Ein Blutrichter Hitlers." Braunbuch. War and Nazi Criminals in the Federal Republic.
- ^ a b Józef Krętosz (2012). Likwidacja kadry naukowej Lwowa w lipcu 1941 roku (PDF). Ed. by Krystyna Heska-Kwaśniewicz, Alicja Ratuszna & Ewa Żurawska. Uniwersytet Śląski. pp. 13–21. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 5.62 MB) on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ PWL. "Mord w Czarnym Lesie (Murder in the Black Forest)". Województwo Stanisławowskie. Historia. PWL-Społeczna organizacja kresowa. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ a b Tadeusz Kamiński, Adam Rubaszewski, Tajemnica Czarnego Lasu (The Black Forest Secret, book excerpts, Internet Archive). Publisher: Cracovia Leopolis, Kraków 2000 [2002], ISBN 8386505583.
- ^ George Eisen, Tamás Stark (2013). The 1941 Galician Deportation (PDF). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 216 (10/35 in PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b c Andrea Löw, USHMM (10 June 2013). "Stanislawów (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Distrikt Galizien 1941–44". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original (Internet Archive) on May 20, 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
From The USHMM Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945.
- ^ Patrick Desbois (October 27, 2008), The Shooting of Jews in Ukraine: Holocaust By Bullets. Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York, NY.
- ^ Munzinger Archiv GmbH (2014). "Hans Krüger. Politiker; CDU". Datenbanken. Munzinger Biographie. p. 1. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
- ^ BdV (20 August 2006). "Hans Krüger, der 1964 BdV-Präsident zurücktreten musste". Pressemitteilungen. Bund der Vertriebenen. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
An SS judge in occupied Poland, and President of the Federation of Expellees from 1959 to 1964 from CDU.
- ^ One Woman's War Against the Nazis - Karolina Lanckoronska
- ^ William Tannenzaph, Memories from the Abyss Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. Azrieli Foundation, 2009, pp. xv (Introduction by Michael Brown), 18 and 48.
References
edit- Robin O'Neil, The Rabka Four. Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny (Poland), Spiderwize 2011, OCLC 796270628, Chapter 7: Hans Krueger in Stanislawow, Kolomyja and District ed. by Jason Hallgarten, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project 2011.
- Robin O'Neil, Extermination of the Jews in Galicia (Ph.D. dissertation), Chapter 6: Kolomyja and District Transports to Belzec ed. by G. L. Esterson, JewishGen Yizkor Book Project 2009.
- Dr. Mordecai Paldiel, "direct download, 83.7 KB".
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help)direct download, 83.7 KB Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. - Jewish Virtual Library, Jewish History Tour. The Einsatzgruppen: Directives & Activities. Source: Yitzhak Arad. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press, 1987.