Wikipedia

Zakopane

For the state, see Republic of Zakopane.

Zakopane (Podhale Goral: Zokopane)[2] is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has been part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship. As of 2017 its population was 27,266.[1] Zakopane is a centre of Goral culture and is often referred to as "the winter capital of Poland". It is a popular destination for mountaineering, skiing, and tourism.[3]

Zakopane
View of Zakopane from Butorowy Wierch
View of Zakopane from Butorowy Wierch
Flag of Zakopane
Flag
Coat of arms of Zakopane
Coat of arms
Zakopane is located in Poland
Zakopane
Zakopane
Coordinates: 49°18′N 19°57′E / 49.300°N 19.950°E / 49.300; 19.950
Country Poland
Voivodeship Lesser Poland
CountyTatra
GminaZakopane (urban gmina)
Established17th century
Town rights1933
Government
 • MayorŁukasz Filipowicz
Area
 • Total
84 km2 (32 sq mi)
Highest elevation
2,301 m (7,549 ft)
Lowest elevation
750 m (2,460 ft)
Population
 (2017)
 • Total
27,266[1]
Demonym(s)zakopianin (male)
zakopianka (female) (pl)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
34-500 to 34-504
Area code+48 18
Car platesKTT
Websitewww.zakopane.pl

Zakopane lies near Poland's border with Slovakia, in a valley between the Tatra Mountains and Gubałówka Hill. It is connected by rail and road to the provincial capital, Kraków. Zakopane lies 800–1,000 metres above sea level and centres on the intersection of its Krupówki and Kościuszko Streets.

History

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A postcard of Zakopane from 1916

The earliest documents mentioning Zakopane date to the 17th century, describing a glade called Zakopisko. In 1676, it was a village of 43 inhabitants. In 1818, Zakopane was a small town that was still being developed. There were only 340 homes that held 445 families. The population of Zakopane at that time was 1,805: 934 women and 871 men.[4] The first church was built in 1847, by Józef Stolarczyk.[4]

Zakopane became a center for the region's mining and metallurgy industries; by the 19th century, it was the largest center for metallurgy in the region of Galicia. It expanded during the 19th century as the climate attracted more inhabitants. By 1889, it had developed from a small village into a climatic health resort. Rail services to Zakopane began on October 1, 1899. In the late 1800s, Zakopane constructed a road that went to the town of Nowy Targ and had railways that came from Chabówka.[4] Because of easier transportation, the population of Zakopane had increased to about 3,000 people by the end of the 1800s.[4] In the 19th century, Krupówki Street was just a narrow beaten path that was meant for people to get from the central part of town to the village of Kuźnice.

The ski jump on Wielka Krokiew was opened in 1925. The cable car to Kasprowy Wierch was completed in 1936. The funicular connected Zakopane and the top of Gubałówka in 1938.

Because of Zakopane's popular ski mountains, the town gained popularity which made the number of tourists increase to about 60,000 people by 1930.[4]

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was invaded by Germany, and the Einsatzgruppe I entered the town on September 4, 1939, to commit various crimes against Poles.[5] In March 1940, representatives of the Soviet NKVD and the Nazi Gestapo met for one week in Zakopane's Villa Tadeusz, to coordinate the pacification of resistance in Poland. Throughout World War II, Zakopane served as an underground staging point between Poland and Hungary.[6]

From 1942 to 1943, 1,000 prisoners from the German Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp were set to work in a stone quarry.[7] In 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising, the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków, where they were initially imprisoned, to Zakopane.[8] Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children.[8] In mid-October 1944, there were 3,800 registered Poles, who were expelled from Warsaw, and probably another 3,800 unregistered expellees.[8] In January 1945, the Germans retreated from Zakopane and the German occupation ended.

Immediately after the war, a children's Home for Holocaust Survivors was established in Zakopane.[9]

Climate

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Zakopane has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb),[10][11] with the main factor behind its relative coldness compared to the rest of Poland is its altitude. In general, the temperature tends to fall with altitude, therefore Zakopane is almost 3 °C (5.4 °F) colder than northern Kraków, which is more than 600 m (2,000 ft) lower than Zakopane. With higher altitudes, the climate gets even colder, therefore, on the top of Kasprowy Wierch (1,987 m (6,519 ft) above sea level), the climate is tundra-like (Köppen: ET). The tree line is located at about 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level in the Tatra Mountains.

Winters are typically frosty but are relatively sunny for Poland - in fact, Zakopane receives among the most sun in winter in the country.[12] Snow is normally abundant, particularly in the higher altitudes, which makes Zakopane among the most popular ski resorts in Poland. Summers are cool to warm but rarely get hot.

The defining feature of the local climate is the location on the northern slope of the Tatra mountains. Zakopane receives significantly more precipitation than cities on the lowlands to the north of the Carpathians, and just like in the mountains in general, there might be sudden weather changes from sunny to rainy, and vice versa. Occasionally, a very warm foehn wind locally known as halny may dramatically increase the temperatures, sometimes beyond 10 °C (50 °F) in winter.

Extreme temperatures range from −34.1 °C (−29.4 °F) on February 1, 1956 up to 32.8 °C (91.0 °F) on August 8, 2013;[13][14] the record cold daily maximum is −19.6 °C (−3.3 °F), set on February 1, 1956,[14][15] while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) on August 29, 1992.[16][17]

Climate data for Zakopane, 49°17′38″N 19°57′37″E / 49.29389°N 19.96028°E / 49.29389; 19.96028 (855 m (2,805 ft) asl, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.3
(81.1) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.8
(91.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		32.8
(91.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		14.3
(57.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		20.8
(69.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		29.6
(85.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.3
(52.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		1.8
(35.2) 		11.2
(52.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		0.6
(33.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		15.8
(60.4) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		6.2
(43.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		1.2
(34.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		1.9
(35.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −17.6
(0.3) 		−15.9
(3.4) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.4
(41.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−15.7
(3.7) 		−19.9
(−3.8)
Record low °C (°F) −29.8
(−21.6) 		−34.1
(−29.4) 		−23.8
(−10.8) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−25.5
(−13.9) 		−34.1
(−29.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.6
(1.83) 		51.3
(2.02) 		61.4
(2.42) 		81.2
(3.20) 		141.5
(5.57) 		149.4
(5.88) 		191.6
(7.54) 		125.3
(4.93) 		111.0
(4.37) 		80.8
(3.18) 		59.7
(2.35) 		45.1
(1.78) 		1,145
(45.08)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 62.0
(24.4) 		90.5
(35.6) 		97.9
(38.5) 		71.2
(28.0) 		13.4
(5.3) 		3.3
(1.3) 		0.1
(0.0) 		0.4
(0.2) 		5.2
(2.0) 		13.7
(5.4) 		23.3
(9.2) 		37.9
(14.9) 		97.9
(38.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.43 16.27 17.23 15.70 18.70 18.37 18.43 14.77 14.17 14.90 15.63 16.53 198.13
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 29.9 28.0 30.1 25.8 6.6 1.1 0.0 0.1 2.4 10.1 16.9 28.2 179.2
Average relative humidity (%) 81.1 78.5 75.0 71.1 74.4 76.1 76.7 77.4 81.6 81.7 82.9 83.5 78.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 69.1 81.2 118.2 162.5 179.6 178.3 197.1 193.4 128.4 113.8 75.6 55.6 1,552.8
Average ultraviolet index 2 1 2 3 3 5 5 4 3 2 2 1 3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),[26][27][28] Weather Atlas (UV)[29]
Climate data for Kasprowy Wierch, 49°13′57″N 19°58′55″E / 49.23250°N 19.98194°E / 49.23250; 19.98194 (1,987 m (6,519 ft) asl, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		23.4
(74.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		20.3
(68.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		1.2
(34.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.1
(50.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		3.9
(39.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		3.1
(37.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		8.6
(47.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		0.1
(32.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −10.1
(13.8) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−8.7
(16.3) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−2.4
(27.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −19.2
(−2.6) 		−19.4
(−2.9) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		−21.9
(−7.4)
Record low °C (°F) −30.2
(−22.4) 		−29.1
(−20.4) 		−27.9
(−18.2) 		−18.1
(−0.6) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−28.0
(−18.4) 		−30.2
(−22.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 105.1
(4.14) 		98.0
(3.86) 		112.7
(4.44) 		127.3
(5.01) 		186.0
(7.32) 		208.0
(8.19) 		248.1
(9.77) 		171.6
(6.76) 		158.5
(6.24) 		123.4
(4.86) 		117.6
(4.63) 		107.5
(4.23) 		1,763.8
(69.44)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 92.7
(36.5) 		130.5
(51.4) 		153.3
(60.4) 		147.9
(58.2) 		67.9
(26.7) 		14.4
(5.7) 		0.7
(0.3) 		1.2
(0.5) 		9.0
(3.5) 		15.1
(5.9) 		27.2
(10.7) 		56.1
(22.1) 		153.3
(60.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 19.83 18.61 20.17 18.27 21.00 20.00 19.57 16.30 15.57 16.83 17.83 19.00 222.97
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 31 28.3 30.9 30.0 20.6 3.3 0.4 0.4 5.9 13.7 21.3 30.6 216.4
Average relative humidity (%) 77.6 80.5 83.8 84.3 86.8 87.7 86.6 84.5 86.2 80.9 82.0 78.6 83.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 88.9 91.2 117.1 154.1 157.5 153.8 166.5 179.3 130.8 121.3 83.8 80.7 1,524.8
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[30][31][32]

See or edit raw graph data.

Architecture

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Main article: Zakopane Style of Architecture
 
Museum of Zakopane Style at Villa Koliba - interior

The Zakopane Style of Architecture is an architectural mode inspired by the regional art of Poland's highland region known as Podhale.[33] Drawing on the motifs and traditions in the buildings of the Carpathian Mountains, the style was pioneered by Stanisław Witkiewicz and is now considered a core tradition of the Goral people.[34]

The most prominent examples of the style are:

  • Villa Koliba - built in 1892–93 by Stanisław Witkiewicz
  • Villa Oksza - built in 1894–95 by Stanisław Witkiewicz
  • Villa Pod Jedlami - built in 1897 by Stanisław Witkiewicz
  • Chapel in Jaszczurówka - built in 1904–07 by Stanisław Witkiewicz
  • Tatra Museum - built in 1913–24 by Stanisław Witkiewicz
  • Grand Hotel Stamary - built in 1903-05 by Eugeniusz Wesołowski

Other important sights in Zakopane include:

Culture

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Since the end of the 19th century Zakopane was an important place for many artists, who frequently visited, worked or lived here, especially during the Young Poland period.

Today the city hosts many museums and galleries:

Sports

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The Tatras are a popular destination among hikers, skiers, ski-tourers and climbers.

Mountaineering

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The High Tatras offer excellent opportunities for climbing. Świnica, here as seen from Kościelec, is the highest peak within the city limits, at 2,301 m (7,549 ft).

There is a network of well-marked hiking trails in the Tatras and according to the national park regulations the hikers must stick to them. Most of these trails are overcrowded, especially in the summer season.

The High Tatras offer excellent opportunities for climbing (up to X UIAA grade).

In summer, lightning and snow are both potential hazards for climbers, and the weather can change quickly. Thunderstorms are common in the afternoons. In winter the snow can be up to several meters deep.

Skiing

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In the winter, thousands arrive in Zakopane to ski, especially around Christmas and in February. The most popular skiing areas are Kasprowy Wierch and Gubałówka.[35] There are a number of cross country skiing trails in the forests surrounding the town.

Zakopane hosted the Nordic World Ski Championships in 1929, 1939, and 1962; the winter Universiades in 1956, 1993, and 2001; the biathlon World Championship; several ski jumping world cups; and several Nordic combined, Nordic and Alpine European Cups. It hosted the second Alpine World Ski Championships in 1939, the first outside the Alps and the last official world championships prior to World War II.[36]

Zakopane made unsuccessful bids to host the 2006 Winter Olympics and the 2011 and 2013 Alpine World Ski Championships.

Football

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In Zakopane, there are two football clubs – one of them is KS Zakopane, which was established in 2007 as a result of the merger of ZKP Zakopane and Jutrzenka Zakopane. It currently competes in the B-class league, in the Podhale II group. Its matches are played at the facility located at Orkana Street 6.

In the 2015/2016 season, the Football Club Zakopane was reactivated. After a successful 2015/16 season, in which the ZKP players managed to secure a promotion-eligible spot in the Podhale C-class, they are now playing in the Podhale B-class league.

Tourism

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Gubałówka Hill funicular
 
Krupówki Street

Zakopane is visited by over 2,500,000 tourists a year.[citation needed] In the winter, Zakopane's tourists are interested in winter sports activities such as skiing, snowboarding, ski jumping, snowmobiling, sleigh rides, snowshoe walks, and Ice skating.[37] During the summer, Tourists come to do activities like hiking, climbing, bike and horse ride the Tatras mountain, there are many trails in the Tatras.[37] Tourists ride quads and dirt bikes that you can rent. Swimming and boat rides on the Dunajec river are popular.[37] Many come to experience Goral culture, which is rich in its unique styles of food, speech, architecture, music, and costume. Zakopane is especially popular during the winter holidays, which are celebrated in traditional style, with dances, decorated horse-pulled sleighs called kuligs and roast lamb.

A popular tourist activity is taking a stroll along the town's most popular street: Krupówki. It is lined with stores, restaurants, carnival rides, and performers.

During the winter and summer seasons, Krupówki Street is crowded with tourists visiting the shops and restaurants.[37] In the summer, a local market along Krupówki Street offers traditional Goral apparel, leather jackets, fur coats, shoes, and purses.[37] Venders also sell foods like the famous oscypek smoked sheep cheese, fruit, vegetables, and meats. There are also many stands with Zakopane souvenirs.[37]

Zakopane is popular for its nightlife. At night there are always people walking around town checking out the different bars and dance clubs. Most of these bars and dance clubs are located on Krupowki street.[1]

Other activities include also Zakopane's Thermal Baths - a modern aquapark with outside swimming pools with thermal water.

A scene in Andrzej Wajda's film Man of Marble (Człowiek z marmuru) was filmed in Zakopane, introducing the town to a worldwide audience.

The mountain scenes from the Bollywood film Fanaa were filmed around Zakopane.

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Zakopane participates in town twinning to foster international links.

Notable structures

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Notable residents

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Stanisław Witkiewicz
 
Karol Szymanowski
 
Kamil Stoch
See also: Category:People from Zakopane

Sport

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Notable visitors

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edit

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b GUS. "Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2017 r." stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  2. ^ "Gwara góralska". z-ne.pl. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Zakopane - What To See in Poland's Winter Capital". Adventurous-Travels.com. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Local history - Information about the town - Zakopane - Virtual Shtetl". www.sztetl.org.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  5. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 58.
  6. ^ "Local history | Virtual Shtetl". sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  7. ^ "Zakopane". sztetl.org.pl.
  8. ^ a b c "Transporty z obozu Dulag 121". Muzeum Dulag 121 (in Polish). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  9. ^ The Children's Home in Zakopane, Poland: Lena Küchler's Children, Yad Vashem website
  10. ^ Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
  11. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
  12. ^ "Atlas warunków solarnych - Portal Klimat IMGW-PiB". klimat.imgw.pl. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Historyczne dane pomiarowe". meteomodel.pl (in Polish). 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Historyczne dane pomiarowe". meteomodel.pl (in Polish). 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023.
  15. ^ "Średnie i sumy miesięczne". meteomodel.pl (in Polish). 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023.
  16. ^ "Średnie i sumy miesięczne". meteomodel.pl (in Polish). 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023.
  17. ^ "Historyczne dane pomiarowe". meteomodel.pl (in Polish). 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 4 May 2023.
  18. ^ a b "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  20. ^ a b "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  21. ^ a b "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  22. ^ a b "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  23. ^ a b "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Zakopane Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Zakopane Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Zakopane Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Zakopane, Poland – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  30. ^ "Zakopane Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Zakopane Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Zakopane Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Zakopane Style Museum Zakopane | Poland". Zakopane Life. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  34. ^ "The Tatra Museum - The Museum of the Zakopane Style". Muzeumtatrzanskie.com.pl. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  35. ^ "Seattle Times - Scenic Zakopane". Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  36. ^ "History of Snowsports". www.fis-ski.com. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  37. ^ a b c d e f altius. "Things to do in Zakopane and Tatra Mountains". www.discoverzakopane.com. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  38. ^ Monika Piątkowska, Prus: Śledztwo biograficzne (Prus: A Biographical Investigation), Kraków, Wydawnictwo Znak, 2017, ISBN 978-83-240-4543-3, p. 327.
  39. ^ Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: A Calendar of His Life and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969, pp. 232, 235, et passim.
  40. ^ a b c Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Life, translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, ISBN 1-57113-347-X, pp. 458–63.
  41. ^ a b Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Life, translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, ISBN 1-57113-347-X, pp. 463–64.
  42. ^ Mateusiak, Tomasz (9 March 2011). "Zakopane: Maria Skłodowska Cure kochała Podhale". zakopane.naszemiasto.pl. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  43. ^ "Lenin faktycznie trafił do Zakopanego. "Bose baby (...) zupełnie jak w Rosji!"". Onet Kultura (in Polish). 4 February 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  44. ^ Döblin, Alfred (1991). Journey to Poland. Neugroschel, Joachim., Graber, Heinz., Mazal Holocaust Collection. (1st American ed.). New York: Paragon House Publishers. pp. 211–227. ISBN 1557782679. OCLC 21950967.
  45. ^ Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Life, translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, ISBN 1-57113-347-X, p. 463.
  46. ^ Waclaw Szybalski, "The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883 – 1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder": in memoriam, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, US.
  47. ^ Madeleine Masson, Christine: A Search for Christine Granville, G.M., O.B.E., Croix de Guerre, with a Foreword by Francis Cammaerts, D.S.O., Légion d'Honneur, Croix de Guerre, U.S. Medal of Freedom, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1975, p. 24.
  48. ^ "Stanisław Lem odwiedzający Tatry i Zakopane". literackifestiwal.zakopane.eu. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  49. ^ Photo of HRH The Prince of Wales Thursday 13 June 2002, walking "around the lake Morskie Oko during a walk at Tatras National Park on the final stage of his tour of Poland"

Bibliography

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  • Stanisław Kasztelowicz and Stanisław Eile, Stefan Żeromski: kalendarz życia i twórczości (Stefan Żeromski: A Calendar of His Life and Work), Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1961.
  • Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Life, translated by Halina Najder, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, ISBN 1-57113-347-X.
  • Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: A Calendar of His Life and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
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