Gullah Jack (died July 12, 1822), also known as Couter Jack and sometimes referred to as "Gullah" Jack Pritchard, was an African Methodist and Hoodoo conjurer who Paul Pritchard enslaved in Charleston, South Carolina.
Gullah Jack | |
|---|---|
| Born | Date unknown |
| Died | July 12, 1822 South Carolina, United States |
| Criminal status | Deceased |
| Criminal penalty | Death by hanging |
Background
editLittle is known about his background, except that he was of Angolan origin and was shipped from Zanzibar to America under Zephaniah Kingsley's direction.[1] He was sent first to Florida, to the Kingsley Plantation.[2] However, in 1812 after a Seminole raid on the Kingsley Plantation, he escaped to Charleston, South Carolina, where he was eventually purchased by Paul Pritchard in 1821.[3]
Role in the 1822 Slave Revolt
editGullah Jack is known for his role as a co-conspirator, along with Denmark Vesey, in planning the rebellion that would become known as Denmark Vesey's slave conspiracy in 1822.[4] Both Vesey and Gullah Jack were involved in some capacity with the AME Church in Charleston.[3] It was at the AME Church that Vesey recruited Gullah Jack for his planned uprising in Charleston.[3]
Using his Africa-based influences, Gullah Jack was crucial in recruiting African-born enslaved people as soldiers and provided them with charms as protection against the "buckra" (whites). He is also said to have used his spiritual powers to terrify others into keeping silent about the conspiracy. Historians believe Jack's strong African culture, contrasted against Vesey's preaching, helped attract many of the enslaved people that joined the revolt.[5]
The Vesey plot involved taking over the state armory to arm enslaved people from rural areas and the local sea islands, who would rise and assist the others in revolt. The enslaved people would then kill the whites of Charleston, take the city, and finally use the city's ships to escape, supposedly, to Haiti, where enslaved people had overthrown the white government and now ruled.[6]
Eventually, the Vesey plot was leaked by other enslaved people who were coerced into confession. Gullah Jack was arrested for his part in the plot on July 5, 1822, and was tried for his role in the planning, along with 130 others.[3] Ultimately, South Carolina authorities hanged Vesey, Gullah Jack, and 34 other leading conspirators.
References
edit- ^ a b Junius (1997), p. 322
- ^ Alexander, Leslie (2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. ABC-CLIO.
- ^ a b c d Rodriguez, Junius (2007). Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 325.
- ^ Young, Jason (2007). Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery. LSU Press. p. 140.
- ^ "Gullah Jack". Timucan Ecological and Historical Preservation. National Park Service. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- ^ "Denmark Vesey". The National Park Service. The National Park Service. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
Bibliography
edit- Rodriguez, Junius P., The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7, ABC-CLIO, 1997, ISBN 0-87436-885-5
External links
edit- Executions in the U.S. 1608-1987: The Espy File (by state) (PDF)
- Murrin, John M. & Johnson, Paul E. & McPherson, James M. & Gerstle, Gary & Rosenberg, Emily S. & Rosenberg, Norman L. (2002). Liberty Equality Power: A History of the American People Volume I: To 1877 (3rd ed.). Wadsworth: Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-15-505080-X.
- Starobin, Robert S. "Terror in South Carolina 1822: An Introduction to Denmark Vesey & the Slave Conspiracy in Charleston". ChickenBones: A Journal, 5 October 2007. Archived 8 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- WGBH, "Sentence of Gullah Jack", Africans in America: part 3, PBS Online, 1998.