Ape index, ape factor,[1] or gorilla index is slang or jargon used to describe a measure of the ratio of an individual's arm span relative to their height. A typical ratio is 1, as identified by the Roman writer, architect and engineer Vitruvius prior to 15 BC. Vitruvius noted that a "well made man" has an arm span equal to his height, as exemplified in Leonardo da Vinci's c. 1492 drawing, the Vitruvian Man.[2] In rock climbing it is believed that an ape index greater than one, where the arm span is greater than the height, provides for a competitive advantage, and some climbers have expressed the belief that exercise can result in an improved ratio, although this view is somewhat controversial.[3]
Computation
editThe ape index is usually defined as the ratio of arm span to height. However, an alternative approach is arm span minus height with the result being positive, 0 or negative. Unlike the dimensionless ratio, this calculation produces a numeric value in the units of measurement used to represent the height and arm span.
Significance in competition climbing
editMultiple studies have been conducted into the effect of physiological factors, such as anthropometry and flexibility, in determining rock climbing ability, particularly in the area of competition climbing, which is an Olympic sport. A number of these have included the ape index as one of the variables. However, the results have been mixed.
One study found that "untrainable" physical factors, including the ape index, were not necessarily predictors of climbing ability, despite a general tendency identified in previous studies for elite athletes in the sport to share these characteristics.[4] This was supported by a later study that also found that the ape index was not statistically relevant. However, the authors of this second study noted that the findings may have been due to the low variability in the index between the climbers, who all had significantly higher ape indices than those found in the control group. Thus they left open the possibility that the ape index may be more significant when there is a greater degree of equivalence between the other traits under consideration.[5]
Countering these studies are other works that have identified the ape index as a significant (or potentially significant) factor. A 2001 study comparing teenage male and female competition climbers noted that performance differences between the genders could be explained by several factors, one of which was the lower ape index found in the female competition climbers.[6] Similarly, in a later work it was found that the ape index was statistically significant, and thus determined that it was one of several variables that provided the highest diagnostic value in the prediction of climbing performance.[7]
Other sports
editThe term was first coined by Frisbee throwers at UC Berkeley in 1975.
It has been noted that swimmers tend to have longer arms in relation to their body size.[8] A notable example is Michael Phelps whose arm span is 10 cm greater than his height, affording him an index of 1.052.[9]
There is evidence to support that having a higher index will be beneficial to a football goalkeeper [citation needed]. It can also compensate for being shorter than the recommended norm for a professional goalkeeper[citation needed]. Iker Casillas and Jorge Campos are examples of shorter goalkeepers who possess a higher than average index.
In basketball, a higher index helps with defense, especially in contesting shots and intercepting passes [citation needed]. It also helps with rebounding, and with dribbling, passing, and shooting when being guarded closely by opponents. David Epstein in his book The Sports Gene devoted a chapter to "The Vitruvian NBA Player" and therein noted "The average arm-span-to-height ratio [i.e., ape index] of an NBA player is 1.063."[10] Having an ape index of less than 1 is very rare among NBA players; only two players in the NBA 2010–11 season had one.[10] One notable NBA player with an ape index below 1 is Desmond Bane, whose wingspan of 6' 4" is less than his height of 6' 5"; he has been nicknamed "T-Rex" for this reason.[11] Despite this perceived deficiency, Bane has become a quality player since being selected 30th overall by the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2020 NBA draft out of TCU.
In combat sports, such as boxing and mixed martial arts, having a higher index is often perceived to be beneficial. Fighters such as Jon Jones, whose arm span is 21 cm greater than his height, and Conor McGregor have a longer arm span than most of their opponents. Sergei Pavlovich is believed to be the active UFC fighter with largest Ape index of 1.115, with a reach of 213 cm while being only 191 cm tall.[12] This potentially allows them to use their arm span to hit their opponents, whereas their opponents could not hit them. They often use this in their game plan, by keeping their distance, allowing them to cover up (as longer arms allow for a greater area of protection around the upper body) or use it to counter punch them.[13][14] However, research has shown that the ape index cannot predict who wins or loses MMA bouts, an individual's divisional ranking, or whether or not they are successful in their technique use.[15][16][17]
Small ape indices can also be beneficial. For example, in the bench press, a lifter with shorter arms must move the weight a shorter distance to complete the lift when compared to a lifter with longer arms. Yet there is the fact that a shorter bone will have a shorter muscle therefore the potential mass of the muscle is based on bone length. In contrast, long arms are an advantage in the deadlift, where longer arms reduce the range of motion required to complete the lift.[18]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ McIver, Kelly (September 8, 1992). "Rock climb jargon often tough to scale". Eugene Register-Guard. p. 5D. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Pheasant 1996, p. 7.
- ^ Sagar 2001, p. 144.
- ^ Mermier et al. 2000, pp. 364–365
- ^ Watts et al. 2003, p. 423.
- ^ Moss et al. 2001.
- ^ Magiera, Artur; Ryguła, Igor (2007). "Biometric Model and Classification Functions in Sport Climbing". Journal of Human Kinetics. 18: 96–97.
- ^ Lavoie & Montpetit 1986, p. 168.
- ^ "Michael Phelps APE Index". 3 September 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
- ^ a b David Epstein (29 April 2014). The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1-61723-012-7.
- ^ Vorkunov, Mike. "We're talking about wingspan?! Desmond Bane was overlooked, now he and Ja Morant are leading a Memphis revival". The Athletic. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
- ^ J, Jeff (2021-03-17). "How Much Does Height And Reach Matter In Combat Sports?". MMA Channel. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ^ "Print Fight Card | UFC 182 Jones vs. Cormier". www.ufc.com. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
- ^ MindSmash (2017-01-23), Conor McGregor's Counter Punch | Breakdown, retrieved 2017-06-16
- ^ Kirk, Christopher (2016). "Does Stature or Wingspan Length Have a Positive Effect on Competitor Rankings or Attainment of World Title Bouts in International and Elite Mixed Martial Arts?". Sport Science Review. 25 (5–6): 334–349. doi:10.1515/ssr-2016-0018. S2CID 59027630. Archived from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
- ^ Kirk, Christopher (8 November 2016). "The Influence of Age and Anthropometric Variables on Winning and Losing in Professional Mixed Martial Arts". Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport: 227–236.
- ^ Kirk, Christopher (May 2018). "Does Anthropometry Influence Technical Factors in Professional Mixed Martial Arts?". Human Movement. 19 (2). doi:10.5114/hm.2018.74059.
- ^ "Is a Bench Press Affected by Arm Length?". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
References
edit- Lavoie, Jean-Marc; Montpetit, Richard R. (May 1986). "Applied physiology of swimming". Sports Medicine. 3 (3): 165–89. doi:10.2165/00007256-198603030-00002. PMID 3520747. S2CID 8776981.
- Mermier, Christine; Janot, Jeffrey; Parker, Daryl; Swan, Jacob G. (October 2000). "Physiological and anthropometric determinants of sport climbing performance". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 34 (5): 359–365. doi:10.1136/bjsm.34.5.359. PMC 1756253. PMID 11049146.
- Moss, C.; Kunz, M.; Adams, K. J.; Berning, J. M.; Sevene-Adams, P. G.; Debeliso, M. (May 2001). "A comparison of male and female teenage sport rock climbers from a high school climbing league". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 33 (Supplement 1, issue 5): S247. doi:10.1097/00005768-200105001-01386.
- Pheasant, Stephen (1996). Bodyspace: anthropometry, ergonomics, and the design of work (2nd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7484-0067-6.
- Sagar, Heather Reynolds (2001). Climbing your best: training to maximize your performance. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2735-8.
- Watts, Phil; Joubert, Lanae; Lish, Aaron; Mast, J. D.; Wilkins, B. (October 2003). "Anthropometry of young competitive sport rock climbers". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 37 (5): 420–424. doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.5.420. PMC 1751349. PMID 14514533.