Aadloun, Adloun or Adlun (Arabic: عدلون) is a coastal municipality in South Lebanon, 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Sidon famous for its cultivation of watermelons. It is also the site of a Phoenician necropolis and prehistoric caves where four archaeological sites have been discovered and dated to the Stone Age.[2] The evidence of human occupation of Abri Zumoffen (or Aadloun I) has been dated as far back as 71,000 BCE with occupation of Bezez Cave (Aadloun II) dating back even further into the earlier Middle Paleolithic.[3]
Aadloun
عدلون | |
|---|---|
Municipality | |
 | |
  Aadloun Location in Lebanon | |
| Coordinates: 33°24′14″N 35°16′26″E / 33.40389°N 35.27389°E | |
| Country |  Lebanon |
| Governorate | South Governorate |
| District | Sidon District |
| Elevation | 300 ft (100 m) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| |
| Alternative name | Abri Zumoffen (Aadloun I), Bezez Cave, Mugharet el Bzaz (Aadloun II) |
|---|---|
| History | |
| Periods | Early Yarbrudian (Acheulio-Yarbrudian), Levalloiso-Mousterian, Upper Paleolithic, Heavy Neolithic |
| Cultures | Paleolithic, Neolithic, Phoenician |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1898, 1900, 1908, 1958, 1963 |
| Archaeologists | Godefroy Zumoffen, Dorothy Garrod, Diana Kirkbride |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Management | Directorate General of Antiquities |
| Public access | No |
Prehistoric sites
editAadloun I
editAadloun I or Abri Zumoffen is a low cave and terrace at the foot of a cliff near a beach. It was discovered and sounded by Godefroy Zumoffen in 1898, 1900 and 1908 who found material thought to be either Acheulean or Mousterian. Dorothy Garrod suggested similarities existed to a final Acheulean (or Yarbrudian) industry of Tabun E. Along with Diana Kirkbride, she re-opened excavations in 1958 with another season in 1963 and found a pre-Aurignacian (Garrod's Amudian) blade industry in the deposits.[4][5] D. A. Hooijer discussed the fauna of the site suggesting it included game animals and rhino.[6] Materials from the site are now in collections of the Saint Joseph University, Beirut and the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. The site is now owned by the Directorate General of Antiquities but the previous land owner carried out private digging that has spread deposits from the Aadloun II cave site over the area creating a false layer.[2]
Aadloun II
editAadloun II, Bezez Cave or Mugharet el Bzaz is a cave on the east of the road heading to Tyre set into a cliff at an altitude of approximately 17 metres (56 ft) above sea level. It was first sounded with little result in 1898 by Godefroy Zumoffen. A major excavation was undertaken in 1963 by Diana Kirkbride and Dorothy Garrod who determined a sequence stretching through the Yarbrudian, Levalloiso-Mousterian, Upper Paleolithic and on into the Heavy Neolithic. Materials from the excavations were to be held by Saint Joseph University and the American University of Beirut. The site is owned by the Directorate General of Antiquities and a gate was fixed over the mouth of the cave for protection.[2] Three distinct levels were determined. Level C was called Acheuleo-Yarbrudian with materials found that resembled level E at Tabun Cave. Level B was called Levalloiso-Mousterian and compared with level D of Tabun. Level C encompassed the Upper Paleolithic and onwards.[3]
Aadloun III
editAadloun III is a site approximately 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of Aadloun with a Chalcolithic (Enéolithique) industry that was found by P. E. Gigues.[2]
Aadloun IV
editAadloun IV was found by P. E. Gigues on the terraces below the village near the caves that have been damaged by quarrying. Local farmers have recovered several fine Neolithic and Chalcolithic tools from this area that are held by Saint Joseph University. Dr. Gigues collection was held in Beirut by a relative who charged a fee for showing it after his retirement to Morocco.[2]
Materials recovered
edit
Lorraine Copeland made a collection of mostly Heavy Neolithic flints from the site in 1966. Amongst the finds were massive trapezoidal axes, chisels, a chopper, points, a pick, rough scrapers, blades, cores and hammerstones. The finds led Andrew Moore to suggest that Bezez cave was a factory site for such tools.[7]
Modern era
editIn 1875 Victor Guérin noted that Aadloun "consists of 350 inhabitants, all Muslims. Cisterns carved into the rock and many ashlars of ancient appearance seem to prove that it succeeded an older locality."[8]
Demographics
editIn 2014, Muslims made up 99.72% of registered voters in Aadloun. 98.02% of the voters were Shiite Muslims.[9]
Notable people
edit- Hamza Ali Aboud, writer and poet
- Mohamed Zein Tahan, footballer[10]
References
edit- ^ Aadloun, localiban
- ^ a b c d e Copeland, Lorraine; P. Wescombe (1965). Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, pp. 63-64. Imprimerie Catholique. Retrieved 21 July 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Copeland, Lorraine., The Middle Palaeolithic of Adlun and Ras el Kelb (Lebanon) : First results from a study of the flint industries, Paléorient, 1978, Volume 4, No. 4, pp. 33-57, 1978.
- ^ Garrod, Dorothy & Kirkbride, Diana., Excavation of a Paleolithic Rock-shelter at Adlun, Lebanon, Acts of the 5th C.I.S.P.P., Hamburg, 1958.
- ^ Garrod, Dorothy & Kirkbride, Diana., Excavation of Abri Zumoffen, a Paleolithic Rock-shelter near Adloun, in southern Lebanon, 1958, Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, volume 16, 1961
- ^ Hooijer, D.A., The Fossil Vertebrates of Ksar Akil, a Palaeolithic Rock-Shelter in the Lebanon, Zoloögische Verhandelgingen, 49, 1, 1961.
- ^ Moore, A.M.T. (1978). The Neolithic of the Levant. Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. pp. 447–448.
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 475: "A trois heures trente minutes, je monte vers l'est au village d'A'dloun, que j'atteins à trois heures trente minutes. Il se compose de 350 habitants, tous Musulmans. Des citernes creusées dans le roc et beaucoup de pierres de taille d'apparence antique semblent prouver qu'il a succédé à une localité plus ancienne."
- ^ "التوزيع حسب المذاهب للناخبين/ناخبات في بلدة عدلون، قضاء صيدا (قرى) محافظة الجنوب في لبنان". إعْرَفْ لبنان.
- ^ "Global Sports Archive". globalsportsarchive.com. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
Bibliography
edit- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
External links
edit- Aadloun, localiban
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