Wikipedia

Victoria, Texas

Victoria is a city and the county seat of Victoria County, Texas, United States. The population was 65,534 as of the 2020 census.[4] The three counties of the Victoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 111,163 as of the 2000 census. Its elevation is 95 ft (29 m).

Victoria, Texas
City and county seat
City of Victoria
Downtown Victoria in December 2007
Downtown Victoria in December 2007
Official seal of Victoria, Texas
Seal
Location in the state of Texas
Location in the state of Texas
Victoria is located in Texas
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria is located in the United States
Victoria
Victoria
Coordinates: 28°49′1″N 96°59′36″W / 28.81694°N 96.99333°W / 28.81694; -96.99333
Country United States
State Texas
CountyVictoria
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorJeff Bauknight
 • City Council
Rafael DeLaGarza, III
Josephine Soliz
Duane Crocker
Jan Scott
Dr. Andrew Young
Mark Loffgren
 • City ManagerJesús A. Garza
Area
[1]
 • City and county seat
37.57 sq mi (97.30 km2)
 • Land37.37 sq mi (96.78 km2)
 • Water0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2)
Elevation
95 ft (29 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City and county seat
65,534
 • Density1,790.73/sq mi (691.41/km2)
 • Metro
116,000
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP code(s)
77901, 77902, 77903, 77904, 77905
Area code361
FIPS code48-75428[2]
GNIS feature ID1370631[3]
WebsiteCity of Victoria

Victoria is located 30 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico. It is a two-hour drive from Corpus Christi, Houston, San Antonio, and Austin.

The city is named for General Guadalupe Victoria, who became the first president of independent Mexico.[5] It is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Victoria in Texas.

History

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Old Victoria Courthouse
See also: De León's Colony (Texas)

The city of Guadalupe Victoria was founded in 1824 by Martín De León, a Mexican empresario, in honor of Guadalupe Victoria, the first President of the Republic of Mexico.[6] Victoria was initially part of De León's Colony, which had been founded that same year.[7] By 1834, the town had a population of approximately 300.[8]

During the Texas Revolution, Guadalupe Victoria contributed soldiers and supplies to pro-revolutionary forces. However, after James Fannin was defeated by the Mexican army at the Battle of Coleto, the town was occupied by Mexican forces.[8] After Santa Anna was defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto, the town's Mexican residents were driven out by Anglo settlers, who renamed it Victoria.

In 1840, a Comanche raid on nearby Linnville killed many residents of the town.[9] A cholera outbreak occurred in 1846.[8]

During the mid-19th century, the city developed a large population of European immigrants, particularly Germans.[8] By the turn of the 20th century, Victoria was experiencing rapid population growth thanks to its position as a regional trade center. The city's advantageous proximity to Gulf Coast ports, the larger cities of Austin, Corpus Christi, Houston, and San Antonio, and prosperous industries in agriculture and petrochemicals solidified its prominence.[8]

The University of Houston–Victoria was founded in 1971 and remains there today.

In 2017, the Victoria Islamic Center mosque was destroyed by an arson attack.[10][11] A 25-year-old Victoria man was convicted of the crime and sentenced to prison.[12][13] A documentary film, A Town Called Victoria, was produced about the incident.[14][15][16]

Geography

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Victoria is located on the coastal plains of Texas about 50 mi (80 km) from the Gulf of Mexico and 20 mi (32 km) from the nearest bay waters. It lies along and just to the east of the Guadalupe River. The topography is mostly flat to slightly rolling with an average elevation of 95 ft (29 m). Most of the city is underlain by smectite-rich clay which is locally capped by silt or fine sand; the high shrink-swell potential associated with smectite creates major challenges to urban infrastructure.[17] Vegetation in better-drained areas consists primarily of short grasses with post oaks and other small timber and brush. Moist sites can grow tall forests dominated by elm and pecan.[18]

Climate

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Victoria is classified as having a humid subtropical climate. June through August are very hot and humid, with high temperatures regularly exceeding 100 °F (38 °C). The record high temperature of 111 °F (43.9 °C) was recorded in September 2000. Victoria also holds the Texas record high for October at 109 °F (42.8 °C) recorded in 1926. Spring and autumn are generally mild to warm with lower humidity. Winters are mild, with occasional cold spells. The record low temperature was recorded in December 1989, when the temperature dropped to 9 °F (−12.8 °C). Snow is very infrequent, occurring on average once every 11 years. On December 24–25, 2004, Victoria recorded its first White Christmas ever when 12.5 in (32 cm) of snow fell.[19]

Average monthly precipitation is lowest in winter and has a secondary minimum in August, with intense heat and humidity prevailing. On average, the wettest months are May, June, September and October (the last two of these due to significant threat from tropical weather systems, including hurricanes, which can produce torrential rainfalls some years).

Victoria has occasional severe weather, mostly from flooding. Hurricanes have the potential to bring severe damage to the area. Hurricane Claudette in July 2003 was the last hurricane to score a direct hit on the city. During this event, winds gusted to 83 mph (134 km/h) at the Victoria Regional Airport and 90% of the city lost power.[20] The most intense hurricane to affect Victoria remains Hurricane Carla in September 1961.

In May 2013, a rare tornado hit Victoria on a Saturday afternoon with tornado warnings everywhere from Corpus Christi to the southeast Houston/Sugarland Metro area. A short-lived tornado took a swipe at an open field northeast of Victoria, dodging all structures and causing no injuries but kicking up dirt and debris visible for miles. Tornadoes striking the area are commonly associated with hurricanes and are otherwise rare.[21]

Climate data for Victoria Regional Airport, Texas (1981–2010 normals,[22] extremes 1902–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 88
(31) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		100
(38) 		102
(39) 		109
(43) 		110
(43) 		109
(43) 		111
(44) 		109
(43) 		93
(34) 		88
(31) 		111
(44)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 79.4
(26.3) 		82.9
(28.3) 		86.5
(30.3) 		89.5
(31.9) 		93.9
(34.4) 		96.9
(36.1) 		98.5
(36.9) 		100.5
(38.1) 		97.5
(36.4) 		92.8
(33.8) 		86.2
(30.1) 		81.1
(27.3) 		101.3
(38.5)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 64.7
(18.2) 		68.1
(20.1) 		74.2
(23.4) 		80.5
(26.9) 		86.5
(30.3) 		91.5
(33.1) 		93.8
(34.3) 		95.0
(35.0) 		90.4
(32.4) 		83.5
(28.6) 		74.2
(23.4) 		66.1
(18.9) 		80.8
(27.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 43.1
(6.2) 		46.4
(8.0) 		52.5
(11.4) 		59.3
(15.2) 		67.3
(19.6) 		72.4
(22.4) 		74.0
(23.3) 		73.7
(23.2) 		69.2
(20.7) 		60.9
(16.1) 		51.8
(11.0) 		44.3
(6.8) 		59.6
(15.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 27.6
(−2.4) 		30.1
(−1.1) 		34.5
(1.4) 		43.5
(6.4) 		55.3
(12.9) 		65.8
(18.8) 		70.3
(21.3) 		69.8
(21.0) 		56.4
(13.6) 		44.4
(6.9) 		35.4
(1.9) 		27.3
(−2.6) 		23.5
(−4.7)
Record low °F (°C) 9
(−13) 		13
(−11) 		21
(−6) 		33
(1) 		45
(7) 		54
(12) 		61
(16) 		61
(16) 		45
(7) 		31
(−1) 		18
(−8) 		9
(−13) 		9
(−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.52
(64) 		2.08
(53) 		2.77
(70) 		2.82
(72) 		5.19
(132) 		4.46
(113) 		4.18
(106) 		2.85
(72) 		4.16
(106) 		4.64
(118) 		3.24
(82) 		2.31
(59) 		41.22
(1,047)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.1
(0.25) 		0.1
(0.25) 		trace 0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		trace 0.3
(0.76) 		0.4
(1.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.4 8.1 7.1 6.1 7.1 8.9 7.9 8.1 9.5 7.6 7.3 8.1 94.2
Source: NOAA[23][24]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850806—
18601,986146.4%
18702,53427.6%
18903,046—
19004,01031.6%
19103,673−8.4%
19205,95762.2%
19307,42124.6%
194011,56655.9%
195016,12639.4%
196033,047104.9%
197041,34925.1%
198050,69522.6%
199055,0768.6%
200060,60310.0%
201062,5923.3%
202065,5344.7%
U.S. Decennial Census
Victoria racial composition as of 2020[25]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 23,953 36.55%
Black or African American (NH) 4,655 7.1%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 158 0.24%
Asian (NH) 1,337 2.04%
Pacific Islander (NH) 27 0.04%
Some Other Race (NH) 163 0.25%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 1,303 1.99%
Hispanic or Latino 33,938 51.79%
Total 65,534

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 65,534 people, 23,724 households, and 15,560 families residing in the city. As of census[2] of 2000, 60,603 people, 22,129 households, and 15,755 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,838.3 inhabitants per square mile (709.8/km2). There were 24,192 housing units at an average density of 733.8 per square mile (283.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 55.2% White, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 42.4% of the population, 7.59% African American, 0.51% Native American, 1.01% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 17.31% from other races, and 2.35% from two or more races.

Of the 22,129 households, 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were not families. About 24.5% of all households were made up of an individual, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.21.

In the city, the population was distributed as 28.8% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,829, and for a family was $42,866. Males had a median income of $34,184 versus $21,161 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,009. About 12.2% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.4% of those under the age of 18 and 12.2% ages 65 or older.

Economy

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Victoria's economy is a mix of education, health, retail, agriculture, and industry. Its access to major highways, the Victoria Regional Airport, railway terminals, the shallow draft Port of Victoria, and the deep water Port of Port Lavaca-Point Comfort help to sustain a healthy environment for business. Major industrial employers in the region include Formosa Plastics Corp, Inteplast Group, Dow, Invista, Caterpillar and Alcoa.

Arts and culture

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Rosebud Fountain and Grill has been highlighted on Bob Phillips' Texas Country Reporter

Theatre Victoria offers six productions in a season, including the Victoria Symphony Orchestra and Victoria Ballet.

The Victoria Bach Festival occurs each June.[28]

Museams include McNamara House (a social history museum), the Nave (art), the Children's Discovery Museum, and the Museum of the Coastal Bend.

The Victoria Art League is a location for local artists, and is located in a Texas Registered Historical Landmark building.

DeLeon Plaza and Bandstand was one of four public squares set aside by colony founder Martin de Leon. It contains monuments and memorials, and a bandstand built in 1890.

The Victoria County Courthouse, built in 1892, is made of Texas granite and Indiana limestone.

Fossati's Delicatessen in downtown Victoria opened in 1882.

Downtown Victoria has the second-oldest Roman Catholic Church in Texas and first to be canonically established in the Republic of Texas, St. Mary's Church.[29]

Parks and recreation

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DeLeon Plaza and Bandstand.jpg

Victoria's 562-acre (2.27-km2) Riverside Park is home to the Texas Zoo, which houses more than 200 species of animals and plants indigenous to Texas, exhibiting them in their natural habitats.[30] The park is also home to more than 15 baseball fields which are occupied during the spring and summer by teams from the Victoria Metro region. Also in Riverside Park on the Guadalupe River is the Victoria Paddling trail. This 4.2-mile stretch of the Guadalupe River is bordered by soft banks rather than the limestone bluffs of the Hill Country.

Boating and freshwater fishing are available at two area reservoirs, Lake Texana and Coleto Lake. Many residents also take advantage of the nearby Gulf of Mexico. Port O'Connor, 50 miles to the southeast, is renowned for bay, off-shore and wade fishing.

Three golf courses are located in Victoria: the Victoria Country Club, Riverside Golf Course, and Colony Creek Country Club.

The major shopping center is Victoria Mall.

Sports

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The UHV Jaguars compete in baseball, softball, soccer, and golf as a member of the Red River Athletic Conference in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Division I.

The Victoria Generals compete in the Texas Collegiate League, a summer baseball league. The Generals won the 2010 TCL championship.

Government

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Victoria is administered by a city council of seven members. The council is composed of six council members and an elected mayor, accompanied by a hired city manager under the manager-council system of municipal governance. The council is elected under four single-member districts (numbered 1 through 4),[31] two "super districts" (numbered 5 and 6; Super District 5 overlays Districts 1 and 2 while Super District 6 overlays Districts 3 and 4);[32] the mayor is elected at-large.

Victoria also serves as the county seat of Victoria County.

Education

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The Victoria Independent School District serves the city. Victoria has several private education options including Trinity Episcopal School, Faith Academy, Northside Baptist School, Our Lady of Victory School, Nazareth Academy, and St. Joseph High School.

Victoria College, a two-year community college, and the University of Houston–Victoria, a separate independent four-year campus of the University of Houston System, provide post-secondary educational opportunities.

Media

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Newspapers

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The daily newspaper is The Victoria Advocate. Additionally, the University of Houston–Victoria publishes The Flame.

Radio

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Frequency Call sign City of license[33][34] Licensee Format[35]
1030 AM KCTA Corpus Christi Broadcasting Corporation of the Southwest Christian talk
1130 AM KTMR Converse Siga Broadcasting Corporation Business news/Talk
1340 AM KVNN Victoria Victoria Radioworks, LLC News/talk
1410 AM KITE Victoria Victoria Radioworks, LLC Classic hits
88.5 FM KAYK Victoria American Family Association Religious talk (AFR)
88.9 FM K205FR Victoria The Worship Center of Kingsville Religious (KTLZ)
89.3 FM KBRZ-FM Victoria Aleluya Broadcasting Network Spanish religious
90.1 FM K211DR Victoria St. Jude Broadcasting Spanish religious (KCZO)
90.7 FM KVRT Victoria South Texas Public Broadcasting System, Inc. Public radio
91.5 FM KHVT Bloomington Houston Christian Broadcasters, Inc. Christian (KHCB-FM)
92.3 FM KQVT Victoria Townsquare License, LLC Top 40 (CHR)
92.7 FM K224EH Victoria Educational Media Foundation Contemporary worship (Air1) (KZAI)
93.3 FM KNAL Port Lavaca Victoria Radioworks, LLC Country
94.9 FM KEON Ganado S Content Marketing, LLC Country
95.9 FM KHMC Goliad Minerva R. Lopez Tejano
96.1 FM KIOX-FM Edna Bay and Beyond Broadcasting LLC Country
97.5 FM K248CS Victoria Victoria Radioworks, LLC Classic hits (KITE)
98.1 FM K251CB Victoria Victoria Radioworks, LLC News/talk (KVNN)
98.7 FM KTXN-FM Victoria Broadcast Equities Texas Inc. Adult hits
99.1 FM K256DJ Victoria Joe Anthony Pena and Celina Pena Contemporary Christian (KXBJ)
99.3 FM KGXG-LP Victoria South Victoria Hispanic Education Family Fundation Silent
99.5 FM KVLJ-LP Victoria Victoria Texas Community Radio Spanish religious
100.9 FM KBAR-FM Victoria Victoria Radioworks, LLC Classic country
102.1 FM K271CL Victoria Gerald Benavides Public radio (KVRT)
104.7 FM KVIC Victoria Victoria Radioworks, LLC Top 40 (CHR)
106.5 FM KSEJ-LP Victoria Ralph Salazar Victory Ministries Contemporary Christian
106.9 FM KLUB Bloomington Townsquare License, LLC Tejano
107.9 FM KIXS Victoria Townsquare License, LLC Country

Television

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KMOL-LD (channel 17) is Victoria's NBC affiliate, carrying Movies! on 17.2; it is owned and operated by Morgan Murphy Media.

KVCT (channel 19) is Victoria's Fox affiliate, simulcasting Telemundo on 19.2; carrying The CW Plus on 19.3 and Heroes & Icons on 19.4; it is owned by SagamoreHill Broadcasting and operated by Morgan Murphy Media.

KUNU-LD (channel 21) is Victoria's Univision affiliate, carrying Dabl on 21.2; it is owned and operated by Morgan Murphy Media.

KAVU-TV (channel 25) is Victoria's ABC affiliate, simulcasting NBC on 25.2 and CBS on 25.3; carrying AccuWeather on 25.4 and Ion Television on 25.5; it is owned and operated by Morgan Murphy Media.

KQZY-LD (channel 33) is Victoria's Cozi TV; it is owned and operated by Morgan Murphy Media.

KXTS-LD (channel 41) is Victoria's CBS affiliate, carrying Antenna TV on 41.2 and HSN on 41.3; it is owned and operated by Morgan Murphy Media.

KVTX-LD (channel 45) is Victoria's Telemundo affiliate; it is owned and operated by Morgan Murphy Media.

PBS programming is provided by KUHT (channel 8) in Houston and KLRN (channel 9) in San Antonio, which share the Victoria market.

Infrastructure

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Transportation

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Victoria is located at the intersection of three major U.S. highways:

Victoria is a regional transportation hub for the surrounding counties, with local access to major large and small freight carriers, Victoria Regional Airport, railway terminals, the shallow draft Port of Victoria and the deep water Port of Port Lavaca – Point Comfort.

In 2002, Victoria Transit began operation of a citywide transportation system. It currently offers bus service on four fixed routes consisting of 70 stops.

Notable people

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Further reading

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  • Diaz, Tamara. Historic Tales of Victoria Texas. Arcadia Publishing, 2024.

Notes

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  1. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[26][27]

References

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  1. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Victoria County, Texas". Census.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  5. ^ Texas Transportation Commission, Texas State Travel Guide, 2008, p. 72.
  6. ^ Roell, Craig H. (June 12, 2010). "DE LEON, MARTIN". tshaonline.org. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  7. ^ Roell, Craig H. (June 12, 2010). "DE LEON'S COLONY". tshaonline.org. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e Shook, Robert W. (June 15, 2010). "VICTORIA, TX". tshaonline.org. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  9. ^ Roell, Craig H. (June 15, 2010). "LINNVILLE RAID OF 1840". tshaonline.org. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  10. ^ "Our History". Victoria Islamic Center.
  11. ^ Wilcox, Jon (January 28, 2017). "Fire destroys mosque; cause undetermined (w/video)". Victoria Advocate. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  12. ^ Stack, Liam (June 22, 2017). "Hate Crime Charge for Man Accused in Texas Mosque Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  13. ^ "Update: Arsonist Marq Vincent Perez gets 24-year federal prison sentence". Victoria Advocate. October 17, 2018.
  14. ^ "DocuClub LA: A Town Called Victoria". Documentary.org.
  15. ^ "A TOWN CALLED VICTORIA". ATCV LLC, Reel South, ITVS, in association with the Center for Asian American Media (CAAM) and PBS.
  16. ^ Garcia, Maira (November 13, 2023). "'A Town Called Victoria' shows how 2017 mosque arson rocked tight-knit Texas community". Los Angeles Times.
  17. ^ http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm Archived 2011-04-05 at the Wayback Machine Web Soil Survey
  18. ^ The Vegetation Types of Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife, 1984.
  19. ^ "White Christmas in South Texas – 2004". National Weather Service Forecast Office. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  20. ^ Savidge, Martin. "PORT LAVACA, Texas (CNN) -- Claudette, the first hurricane of the Atlantic season, was downgraded to a tropical storm Tuesday afternoon after slamming into central Texas and weakening over land, said the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida". CNN Weather. CNN. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  21. ^ Watts, Elena (May 26, 2013). "Rare tornado surprises Crossroads". victoriaadvocate.com. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  22. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  23. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  24. ^ "Station Name: TX VICTORIA RGNL AP". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  25. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  26. ^ "Census.gov". Census.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  27. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  28. ^ "2021 VICTORIA BACH FESTIVAL". Victoria Bach Festival. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  29. ^ "Handbook of Texas Online – ST. MARY'S CHURCH". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  30. ^ Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed. (2001). "Zoological Gardens of the United States (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
  31. ^ Archived 2022-03-13 at the Wayback Machine[dead link‍] Map of Victoria City Council Districts
  32. ^ Archived 2023-02-25 at the Wayback Machine[dead link‍] Map of Victoria City Council Super Districts
  33. ^ FM Query – FM Radio Technical Information – Audio Division (FCC) USA Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ AM Query – AM Radio Technical Information – Audio Division (FCC) USA Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Station Information Profile
  36. ^ "Doug Drabek Stats". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  37. ^ "Ron Grant Stats". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  38. ^ "Victoria Artist Due at Fair," Archived 2016-05-06 at the Wayback Machine The Victoria Advocate (June 15, 1989).
  39. ^ "Kevin Kolb". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  40. ^ "Jerheme Urban". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
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