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16°12′00″N 108°07′59″E / 16.2°N 108.133°E / 16.2; 108.133

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File:Location of Thừa Thiên Huế within Vietnam.png
Location
Details
Date12 March 2005
11:50 AM
LocationPhú Lộc, Thừa Thiên–Huế
CountryVietnam
LineNorth–South Railway
OperatorVietnam Railways
Incident typeDerailment
CauseSpeeding
Statistics
Trains1
Deaths11[1]
Injured200[1]
Legend
To Hanoi
688
 Huế
742
 Thua Luu
↓ Direction of train
Derailment site
755
 Lăng Cô
Thừa Thiên–Huế - Da Nang border
 Hải Vân Pass
791
 Da Nang
To Ho Chi Minh City

The 2005 Phú Lộc derailment was an accident to an express passenger train that derailed in central Vietnam on 12 March 2005[1] when it was running on the North–South Railway, killing 11 people and injuring hundreds, many of which were in a serious condition after the crash. The accident occurred in Phú Lộc District, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province as the train was traveling from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City.[2] The accident was described as "the most tragic rail accident in Vietnam in the past 30 years",[3] and "the country’s worst-ever rail accident".[4]


Years Member at-large Member at-large Member at-large
Representative Party Electoral history Representative Party Electoral history Representative Party Electoral history
September 11, 1850 –
March 3, 1851 		George Wright Independent Edward Gilbert Democratic
March 4, 1851 –
March 3, 1853 		Edward C. Marshall Democratic Joseph W. McCorkle Democratic
March 3, 1853 –
March 3, 1855 		Milton S. Latham Democratic James A. McDougall Democratic
March 4, 1855 –
March 3, 1857 		James W. Denver Democratic Retired Philemon T. Herbert Democratic Retired after manslaughter acquittal
March 4, 1857 –
March 3, 1859 		Joseph C. McKibbin Democratic Charles L. Scott Democratic
March 4, 1859 –
March 3, 1861 		John C. Burch Democratic
March 4, 1861 –
June 3, 1862 		Timothy Phelps Republican Aaron A. Sargent Republican Vacant
June 3, 1862 –
March 3, 1863 		Frederick F. Low Republican The House did not permit Low to take his seat, subsequently quaified under special act of Congress
March 4, 1863 –
March 3, 1865 		Cornelius Cole Republican Seat replaced by districts William Higby Republican Redistricted to 2nd district, Seat replaced by districts Thomas B. Shannon Republican Seat replaced by districts
March 4, 1865 –
March 3, 1883 		Seat eliminated Seat eliminated Seat eliminated
March 4, 1883 –
March 3, 1885 		John R. Glascock Democratic Lost re-election to a redistricted seat Charles A. Sumner Democratic Lost re-election to a redistricted seat
March 4, 1885 Seat eliminated Seat eliminated





List of representatives

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Seat A Years Seat B Years
Representative Party Electoral history Representative Party Electoral history
  Carl Hayden Democratic Retired to run for the U.S. Senate February 19, 1912 – March 4, 1927
  Lewis W. Douglas Democratic Resigned to become Director of the Budget March 4, 1927 – March 4, 1933
Vacant March 4, 1933 – October 3, 1933
  Isabella Greenway Democratic Retired October 3, 1933 – January 3, 1937
  John R. Murdock Democratic Redistricted to 1st district January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1949
  Richard F. Harless Democratic Retired to run for Governor of Arizona January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1949

Pinus albicaulis
Whitebark pine
 
A stand of whitebark pines
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Pinophyta
Class:
Pinopsida
Order:
Pinales
Family:
Pinaceae
Genus:
Pinus
Subgenus:
Strobus
Species:
P. albicaulis
Binomial name
Pinus albicaulis
 
Range

Pinus albicaulis, known commonly as whitebark pine, pitch pine, scrub pine, and creeping pine[6] occurs in the mountains of the Western United States and Canada, specifically the subalpine areas of the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range, the Pacific Coast Ranges, and the northern Rocky Mountains – including the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. It shares the common name creeping pine with several other "creeping pine" plants.

The whitebark pine is typically the highest-elevation pine tree of these mountains, marking the tree line. Thus, it is often found as krummholz, trees dwarfed by exposure and growing close to the ground. In more favourable conditions, trees may grow to 20 meters (66 ft) in height, although some can reach up to 27 meters (89 ft).

Characteristics

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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, section Strobus and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. This distinguishes whitebark pine and relatives from the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), with two needles per fascicle, and Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), which both have three per fascicle; these three all also have a persistent sheath at the base of each fascicle.

Distinguishing whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), from the related limber pine (Pinus flexilis), also a "white pine," is much more difficult, and requires seed or pollen cones. In Pinus albicaulis, the cones are 4–7 centimeters (1.6–2.8 in) long, dark purple when immature, and do not open on drying, but the scales easily break when they are removed by Clark's Nutcracker (see below) to harvest the seeds. In Pinus flexilis, the cones are 6–12 centimeters (2.4–4.7 in) long, green when immature, and open to release the seeds; the scales are not fragile. Whitebark pines rarely have intact old cones lying under them, whereas limber pines usually do. The pollen cones of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) are scarlet, and yellow in limber pine (Pinus flexilis).

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) can also be hard to distinguish from western white pine (Pinus monticola) in the absence of cones. However, whitebark pine needles are entire (smooth when rubbed gently in either direction), whereas western white pine needles are finely serrated (feeling rough when rubbed gently from tip to base). Whitebark pine needles are also usually shorter, 4–7 centimeters (1.6–2.8 in) long, overlapping in size with the larger 5–10 centimeters (2.0–3.9 in) needles of the western white pine.

 
The Whitebark Pine, Pinus albicaulis, at Mount Rainier National Park.
 
The Pinus albicaulis leaves are in fascicles (bundles) of five, and the cone is dark purple when immature (Mount Rainier National Park).

Source of food

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The whitebark pine is an important source of food for many granivorous birds and small mammals, including most importantly the Clark's Nutcracker, the major seed disperser of the pine. Clark's Nutcrackers each cache about 30,000 to 100,000 each year in small, widely scattered caches usually under 2 to 3 cm of soil or gravelly substrate. Nutcrackers retrieve these seed caches during times of food scarcity and to feed their young. Cache sites selected by nutcrackers are often favorable for germination of seeds and survival of seedlings. Those caches not retrieved by time snow melts contribute to forest regeneration. Consequently, whitebark pine often grows in clumps of several trees, originating from a single cache of 2–15 or more seeds. Douglas Squirrels cut down and store whitebark pine cones in their middens. Grizzly Bears and American Black Bears often raid squirrel middens for whitebark pine seeds, an important pre-hibernation food. Squirrels, Northern Flickers, and Mountain Bluebirds often nest in whitebark pines, and elk and Blue Grouse use whitebark pine communities as summer habitat.

Threats

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A study in the mid-2000s showed whitebark pine had declined by 41 percent in the Western Cascades, due to two threats: white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetles.[7] Whitebark deaths in North Cascades National Park doubled from 2006 to 2011.[7]

White pine blister rust

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Further information: Cronartium ribicola

Many stands of Pinus albicaulis nearly range-wide are infected with white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), a fungal disease that was introduced from Europe. In the northern Rocky Mountains of the U.S., whitebark pine mortality in some areas exceeds 90%, where the disease infests 143,000 acres (580 km2). Cronartium ribicola occurs in whitebark pine to the northern limits of the species in the coastal ranges of British Columbia and the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The blister rust has also devastated the commercially-valuable western white pine in these areas, and made serious inroads in limber pine (Pinus flexilis) populations as well. Nearly 80 percent of Whitebark pines in Mount Rainier National Park are infected with blister rust.[7]

There is currently no way to stop the spread and effects of blister rust. However, a small number of trees (fewer than 5%) in most populations harbor genetic resistance to blister rust. There have been some restoration efforts by the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and National Park Service in the northern Rocky Mountains. Restoration efforts involve harvesting cones from potentially and known resistant whitebark pines, growing seedlings, and outplanting seedlings in suitable sites.

In California, where the blister rust is far less severe, whitebark pine are still fairly common in the High Sierras.

Mountain pine beetle

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There are widespread outbreaks of mountain pine beetle in the western U.S. and Canada.[8] Since 2000, the climate at high elevations has been warm enough for the beetles to reproduce within whitebark pine, often completing their life cycle within one year and enabling their populations to grow exponentially. Entire forest vistas, like that at Avalanche Ridge near Yellowstone National Park’s east gate, are expanses of dead, gray whitebarks.[9]These higher temperature trends have been attributed by some researchers to global warming.[7]

In 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimated the beetles killed whitebark pines across half a million acres in the West, while in 2009, beetles were estimated to have killed trees on 800,000 acres (320,000 ha), the most since record-keeping began.[7] The pine beetle upsurge has killed nearly 750,000 whitebark pines in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem alone.[as of?]

Fire suppression

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Further information: Fire ecology

Fire suppression has led to slow population declines over the last century by altering the health and composition dynamics of stands without the fire ecology balancing their habitat and suppressing insect-disease threats.[10] In the absence of low-level wildfire cycles, whitebark pines in these stands are replaced by more shade-tolerant, fire-intolerant species such as Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). In addition senescent and blister rust infected pine trees are not destroyed by natural periodic ground fires, further diminishing the whitebark pine forest's vitality and survival.[11]

Protective efforts

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On July 18, 2011, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reported that the whitebark pine needed protection and that, without it, the tree would soon be extinct. However, the agency announced it would neither be able to list the tree as endangered nor protect the organism, as it lacked both the necessary staff and funding to do so.[12]In June 2012, the Canadian federal government declared whitebark pine endangered in accordance with the Species at Risk Act. As such, it is the first federal endangered tree in Western Canada.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c Tai nạn tàu E1 ở chân đèo Hải Vân. Sai Gon Giai Phong. March 12, 2005.
  2. ^ Vietnam train derail kills 11, injuring 200. Xinhua. March 13, 2005.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference peopledaily was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference vnanews was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Pinus albicaulis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013.1. 2013. 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |assessors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |downloaded= ignored (help) {{cite iucn}}: error: no identifier (help)
  6. ^ Earle, Christopher J. (2000). "Pinus albicaulis Engelmann 1863". Gymnosperm Database.
  7. ^ a b c d e Welch, Craig (November 6, 2011). "Climate change, beetle may doom rugged pine". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  8. ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 80. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Petit, Charles (January 30, 2007). "In the Rockies, Pines Die and Bears Feel It". New York Times.
  10. ^ Kendall, K.C; Keane, R.E. (2001). "Whitebark pine decline: Infection, mortality, and population trends". In Tomback, D.F.; Arno, S.F.; Keane, R.E. (eds.). Whitebark pine communities: ecology and restoration. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. pp. 221–242.
  11. ^ Lorenz, T. J. (2008). A review of the literature on seed fate in whitebark pine and the life history traits of Clark's nutcracker and pine squirrels (PDF). Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. OCLC 222226528. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Barringer, Felicity (July, 18, 2011). "Western Pine Merits Protection, Agency Says". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

References

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  • Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. p. 99. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  • Lanner, R. M. (1996). Made for each other: a symbiosis of birds and pines. OUP. ISBN 0-19-508903-0.
  • Logan, J.A.; Regniere, J.; Powell, J.A. (2003). "Assessing the Impacts of Global Warming on Forest Pest Dynamics". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1 (3): 130–137. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0130:ATIOGW]2.0.CO;2.
  • Schwandt, J. (2006). Whitebark pine in peril: A case for restoration. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region. R1-06-28.
  • Tomback, D.F.; Arno, S.F.; Keane, R.E., eds. (2001). Whitebark pine communities: ecology and restoration. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
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