Wikipedia

Stockholm Metro

The Stockholm Metro (Swedish: Stockholms tunnelbana) is a rapid transit system in Stockholm, the capital city of Sweden. Its first line opened in 1950 as the first metro line in the Nordic countries. Today, the system consists of three lines and 100 stations, of which 47 are underground and 53 above ground. The system is owned by Region Stockholm via SL, the public transport authority for Stockholm County.[3] It is the only metro system in Sweden.

Stockholm Metro
A C30 train on line 14 at Tekniska högskolan
A C30 train on line 14 at Tekniska högskolan
Blue Line platforms at T-Centralen
Blue Line platforms at T-Centralen
Overview
Native nameStockholms tunnelbana
OwnerStorstockholms Lokaltrafik (Region Stockholm)
LocaleStockholm, Sweden
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines3 Lines (7 Routes)
Line number
  • 10, 11 (Blue Line)
  • 13, 14 (Red Line)
  • 17, 18, 19 (Green Line)
Number of stations100[1]
Daily ridership1 265 900 (2019)[2]
Annual ridership462 million (2019)[2]
WebsiteSL Official Site (in English)
Operation
Began operation30 September 1933 (as premetro)
1 October 1950 (as metro)
Operator(s)MTR
Train length140 metres (459 ft 4 in)
Technical
System length105.7 km (65.7 mi)[1]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification650–750 V DC third rail[a]
Top speed80 km/h (50 mph)

The metro's three coloured lines, Green, Red, and Blue, together form seven routes with different termini. All of these routes pass through the city centre, creating a highly centralised network. The main interchange for all three lines is T-Centralen station, where they intersect. In addition to T-Centralen, the system has three other interchange stations: Fridhemsplan, Slussen, and Gamla stan. Various extensions to the system are currently under construction, An extension to the north-west of Blue Line is expected to open in 2027, while extensions to its south are expected to open in 2030. Construction of a new Yellow Line to the west of the city centre is scheduled to start in 2025.[4]

In 2019, the Stockholm metro transported 462 million passengers, equivalent to approximately 1.27 million on a typical weekday.[5] The 105.7-kilometre-long (65.7 mi) metro system has been operated by MTR since 2 November 2009, whose contract expires at the end of 2024.[6] The system is equipped with ticket barriers. SL operates the metro's ticketing system, with ticketing available via the SL app and rechargeable travel cards. Contactless payment is also accepted at the gates.[7] Ticketing can also be purchased at station booths and select local retailers. SL phased out ticket machines on its network in 2022.[8]

The Stockholm metro has been referred to as 'the world’s longest art gallery,' featuring decorations at more than 90 of its 100 stations, including sculptures, rock formations, mosaics, paintings, light installations, engravings, and reliefs created by over 150 artists.[9]

History

edit

Before the Metro

edit

In the late 19th century, Stockholm’s suburbs expanded thanks to the development of local railways such as Djursholmsbanan and Saltsjöbanan.[10][11] By 1900, electrified trams extended into the city centre, and by 1915 Stockholms Spårvägar (SS) was managing a growing tram network, including new suburban lines as the city incorporated areas such as Bromma and Brännkyrka. With further suburbs planned, it became evident that trams would not meet the city's future transport needs,[12] prompting underground railway proposals. Stockholm's politicians were also inspired by large cities such as London, Paris and New York where metros had already been built.[13] Through the 1920s, various investigations were carried out by the city.[14] In 1930 a traffic committee was appointed by Stockholm's city council at the initiative of city councilor Yngve Larsson with the task of solving the capital's major traffic problems.[15]

The First Tunnel

edit
 
Construction of the Södertunneln in 1933

The first step towards an underground transit system was the construction of the Södertunneln tram tunnel under Södermalm.[16] Approved by the city council on 30 March 1931, following recommendations from the 1930 Traffic Committee.[17] Construction commenced in autumn 1931, and the project, costing 4.5 million kronor, was inaugurated on 30 September 1933.[18] Södertunneln included three stations: Slussen, Södra Bantorget (now Medborgarplatsen), and Ringvägen (now Skanstull). The stations were designed by architect Holger Blom and inspired by Berlin’s U-Bahn.[19] The tunnel operated as a premetro service with existing tramlines connecting to it. This project marked the first use of the term "Tunnelbanan," and the first use of station entrances distinguished by a "T" in a circle.[20]

Plans for a Full-Scale Metro System

edit

The 1930s also brought significant changes to the political and economic landscape of housing construction in Stockholm, with a new municipal plan for multi-family dwellings in the suburbs. A considerable debate unfolded across political parties, but a metro system came to be viewed as the optimal solution to the city’s housing crisis and increasing congestion in the city centre.[21]

In 1941, Stockholm City Council voted to develop a large-scale metro system, based on plans from the 1930 Traffic Committee and a further 1940 report.[22] This decision called for the Södertunneln and southern suburban tram lines to be extended to Norrmalm, connecting with the western suburban tram lines through a tunnel under Sveavägen.[23]

Initial Construction

edit

The Stockholm Metro's formal construction began in 1944, following the 1941 city council decision. The first focus was extending the Södertunneln southward, beyond Gullmarsplan. During this period, several other lines were built to premetro standards,[24][25] including routes from Kristineberg to Islandstorget, using the new Tranebergsbron bridge; Skanstull to Blåsut, including construction of the Skanstullsbron bridge; and Telefonplan to Hägerstensåsen.

In late 1944, a population study revealed that Stockholm’s rapid population growth would demand greater capacity for the planned metro. As a result, two significant decisions were made: the line between T-Centralen and Slussen would be constructed with four tracks instead of two, and platform lengths were increased from six-car (100 meters) to eight-car (145 meters) to accommodate more passengers.[12]

Full Metro

edit
 
Construction of a section of the metro just north of T-Centralen in 1957

The first part of the metro was opened on 1 October 1950, from Slussen to Hökarängen, having been converted from tram to metro operation. In 1951, a second branch from Slussen to Stureby was opened (which was also tram operated until then). In 1952, a second line, from Hötorget to the western suburbs was opened. In 1957, the two parts were connected with a line between Hötorget and Slussen, with two new intermediate stations: T-Centralen, adjacent to Stockholm Central station, Gamla stan in Stockholm's old town, forming the Green Line. Through the 1950s, the Green Line was extended piece by piece.

The Red Line was opened in 1964, from T-Centralen over Liljeholmen ending in Fruängen and Örnsberg, both in the Southwest.[26] It was extended piece by piece until 1978, when it reached Mörby centrum via a bridge over Stocksundet sea strait.

The third and final system, the Blue Line, was opened in 1975, with two lines running northwest from the city center. As the construction requirements have become more strict over the years, newer segments have more

 
The 1965 Metropolitan Railway Plan for Stockholm [sv] which follows the current route alignments closely

tunnels than older ones, and the Blue Line is almost entirely tunnelled. The latest addition to the whole network, Skarpnäck station, was opened in 1994.

Network

edit

Stations

edit
See also: List of Stockholm metro stations
 
Escalators at Rådhuset station on the blue line

There are 100 stations in use in the Stockholm metro (of which 47 are underground). One station, Kymlinge, was built but never put into use. One station has been taken out of use and demolished. The old surface station at Bagarmossen was demolished and replaced with a new underground station, this being prior to the metro extension to the Skarpnäck metro station.

The Stockholm metro is well known for the decoration of its stations; it has been called the longest art gallery in the world.[27] Several of the stations (especially on the Blue Line) are left with the bedrock exposed, crude and unfinished, or as part of the decorations. At Rissne, an informative fresco about the history of Earth's civilizations runs along both sides of the platform.

Lines

edit
 
Tunnels near Östermalmstorg station
 
Near-geographically accurate map of the Stockholm metro

The following details relate to the present network. The designations "Blue line", etc., have only been used since the late 1970s, and officially only since the 1990s. They originated from the fact that the "blue line" tended to operate newer train stock painted blue, while the "Green line" had older stock in the original green livery. There was never any red painted stock, though, but red (or originally orange) was chosen to differentiate this line from the other two networks on route maps.[citation needed]

Green Line

edit

The Green line (officially Tunnelbana 1, or "Metro 1") has three routes and 49 stations: 12 underground (nine concrete, three rock) and 37 above ground stations. It is 41.256 kilometres (25.635 mi) long. It was opened on 1 October 1950 (between Slussen and Hökarängen stations) and is used by 451,000 passengers per workday or 146 million per year (2005)

Red Line

edit

The Red line (Tunnelbana 2) has two routes and 36 stations: 20 underground (four concrete, 16 rock) and 15 above ground stations. It is 41.238 kilometres (25.624 mi) long (only 18 metres (59 ft) shorter than the Green line), and was opened on 5 April 1964. It is used by 394,000 passengers per workday or 128 million per year (2005).

Blue Line

edit

Blue line (Tunnelbana 3) has two routes and 20 stations: 19 underground (all rock) and one elevated station. It is 25.516 kilometres (15.855 mi) long. It was opened on 31 August 1975 and is used by 171,000 passengers per workday or 55 million per year (2005).
Trains operate from 05:00 to 01:00, with extended all night service on Fridays and Saturdays. All lines have trains every 10 minutes during the day, reduced to every 15 minutes in early mornings and late evenings, and every 30 minutes at night. Additional trains during peak hours gives a train every 5–6 minutes on most stations, with 2–3 minutes between trains on the central parts of the network.

Main article: Blue line (Stockholm metro)

The metro contains four interchanges (T-Centralen, Slussen, Gamla Stan and Fridhemsplan) and lacks any kind of circular or partly circular line (although Stockholm has a semi-circular light rail line, Tvärbanan). A wide majority of the metro stations are located in suburbs, but the network is centred on T-Centralen where all trains in the entire network pass.

In the past, there have been additional route numbers in use for trains operated on part of a line, or during peak hours only. For example, route 23 was used for a peak relief train for route 13, which in the 1970s was operated between Sätra and Östermalmstorg and during the 1990s between Norsborg and Mörby Centrum.

Line Stretch Travel
time[28] 		Length Stations (in "innerstan")
10 Kungsträdgården – Hjulsta 23 min 15.1 km (9.4 mi) 14, (5)
11 Kungsträdgården – Akalla 22 min 15.6 km (9.7 mi) 12, (5)
13 Norsborg – Ropsten 44 min 26.6 km (16.5 mi) 25, (10)
14 Fruängen – Mörby centrum 33 min 19.5 km (12.1 mi) 19, (9)
17 Skarpnäck – Åkeshov 43 min 19.6 km (12.2 mi) 24, (12)
18 Farsta strand – Alvik 37 min 18.4 km (11.4 mi) 23, (12)
19 Hagsätra – Hässelby strand 55 min 28.6 km (17.8 mi) 35, (12)
Entire metro network 108 km (67 mi) 100, (25)

There is a connection to the main rail network, which is used for deliveries of new trains and some other purposes. In this case trains are pulled by locomotives since the electrical and other standards are different.[29] This connection consists of a track to Tvärbanan at the Globen station and a rail track from the Liljeholmen Tvärbanan station to the Älvsjö railway station.

Network Map

edit

 


Rolling stock

edit
 
Preserved C2 carriage, February 2005
 
A train of older stock, type C4. All C4s were taken out of service in 2003.
 
C20, popularly called "Vagn 2000"

There are two main types of metro cars in the Stockholm metro, which are the SL C20 and SL C30 stocks. Previously, the older C1–C15 stocks, which are collectively referred to as the Cx stock, had been widely used in the metro system. However, all of those stocks have been gradually removed from operation altogether by 2024 over the course of 40 years. A train typically consists of two or three cars of the C20 stock connected in double or triple configuration (six or nine cars), two trainsets of the C30 stock connected in double configuration (8 cars), or six or eight cars of the Cx stock. A full length train—three C20 trainsets, two C30 trainsets, or eight Cx cars—is about 140 metres (460 ft) in length, and takes about 1,250 passengers, of which about 290 to 380 can be seated.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The Blue Line—as well as the Red Line (from Stadion to Mörby Centrum)—was built with longer platforms to allow running trains consisting of ten Cx cars. When the C20 was introduced, it appeared that trains consisting of four C20 trainsets, an equivalent to the extended version of the Cx trains with 10 cars, would not fit completely on these platforms. However, 10-car Cx trains have only been used in service on the Blue line, where all station platforms (except for the platforms at Husby) are built to fit 10-car trains. As most of the red line platforms can only accommodate 8-car Cx trains, the 10-car trains would only be able to serve a handful of stations with platforms long enough for all the cars to fit (specifically, 6 stations between Stadion and Mörby Centrum). Hence, the ten-car Cx trains have not been used in service on the red line.

There are 271 trainsets of the C20 stock and 116 C30 stock trainsets. The green line only uses C20 stock, and the C20 are used most of the time on the Blue Line and with the C30 stock on the Red Line. All trains are based at Hammarby, Högdalen and Vällingby [sv] depots on line 17, 18 and 19, Norsborg depot and Nyboda depot on line 13 and 14, and Rissne depot [sv] on line 10 and 11.

Historically, the metro has been converted from a tramway and the older sections were run as tramway for a few years. The naming convention for rolling stock comes from this, where the prefix A in the train model names denotes motorised trams, B denotes unmotorised trams (trailers) and C denotes metro cars.

Cx (including prototypes)

edit
 
Interior of a preserved and restored C2 car that is part of a vintage train.
 
Interior of a C6H type car
Class Introduced Withdrawn Notes
C1 1950 1984 Some units were rebuilt to C2 and C3 units
C2 1950 1999 The type with the most train sets produced (348 in total)
C3 1957 1999 Were not equipped with complete drivers cabs, could only run in the middle of trains
C4 1960 2003 Were the first units to feature a driver's cab in only one end of the unit
C5 1963 1996 Eight prototype cars with an unpainted aluminium exterior, nicknamed Silverpilen (the Silver Arrow). The doors were outlying sliding doors.
C6 1970 2023 First model with modernised driver's cabin
C7 1972 2004 Prototype cars
C8/C8H 1974 2004 Four units were rebuilt for service on the Saltsjöbanan in the year 2000
C9 1976 2009
C12 1977 2001 Were built using old technology from the C1, C2 and C3 types
C13/C13H 1982 2003 Some units were rebuilt into C13H stock in 1995–1997.
C14 1985 2024 The C14 was the longest-surviving Cx car in the Stockholm Metro. Its final ride took place on 10 February 2024.
C14z 1987 1999 Prototype cars which were used as testbeds for technology that would later be used on the C20 trains. Only 4 cars (a half length train) were ever built.
C15 1985 2023 C15 was the last model of the Cx cars, and they were constructed at the same time as C14.

The name Cx collectively refers to all the older types C1–C15. The last ride with a Cx car in the Stockholm Metro took place on 10 February 2024 on a C14 car. C14 were 17.32 m (56 ft 10 in) to 17.62 m (57 ft 10 in) in length, 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) in width, 3.70 m (12 ft 2 in) to 3.78 m (12 ft 5 in) in height, and weigh 29 metric tons. The cars took 48 seated passengers, and 108 to 110 standing passengers. The C14 and C15 trains were built in the mid-1980s.[32] As of 12 January 2024, the C6, C14 and C15 have been taken out of service permanently.

C20 & C25

edit
Main article: SL C20
 
Interior of a C20 car
 
Interior of a renovated C20 car (previously known as C20U and C25 during the renovation process of the C20 cars, but later reverted to the name C20 once the renovation of all cars was complete).

The C20 car is double-articulated, 46.5 metres (152 ft 7 in) in length, 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) in width, 3.8 metres (12 ft 6 in) in height, and weighs 67 tonnes (66 long tons; 74 short tons). It uses only four bogies, two under the middle part, and one under each end part of car. The car takes 126 seated passengers, and 288 standing passengers. Three such units normally form a train. The C20 stock cars were built between 1997 and 2004 and first entered service in 1998.[34]

A single prototype car designated C20F stock is in use. Built on Bombardier Transportation's FICAS technology,[36] it has a lighter body, much thinner side walls, and more space compared to the regular C20, by using a sandwich-like composite construction of the body. It also has air-conditioning for passenger area, whereas standard C20 has air-conditioning only for the driver's cab. However only the last 70 C20 units produced (2200-2270) are equipped with air conditioning in the drivers cab. All other C20 units completely lack air conditioning. Therefore units lacking air conditioning are usually placed in the middle of trains and moved to the blue line during the summer, where the air conditioning is the least needed, as it is almost exclusively underground. The C20F weighs 65 tonnes (64 long tons; 72 short tons), other exterior measurements are the same as for the C20. The C20F has the same number of seats as the C20, but has space for 323 standing passengers.[35]

After about 20 years in service (22 years for the oldest cars and 16 years for the youngest cars), the C20 had reached about half its lifetime, and a refurbishment was necessary. The first refurbished train set (three cars) was officially put into service on November 20, 2020. The refurbishment of all cars was completed in 2024. These refurbished cars, known as C25, feature an upgraded interior similar to the C30 among other improvements. All original C20 units had been taken out of service in early February 2024.

C30

edit
Main article: SL C30

The C30 is a new articulated train type manufactured by Bombardier Transportation which is delivered since 2018 for use on the red line. The first C30 train entered service on the red line on 11 August 2020.[37] They are formed in semi-permanent four car units with open gangways between cars, and with two bogies under each car. Two such units form a train. Compared to previous stock, the cars have fewer seats arranged in mixed longitudinal/transverse layout for increased capacity, similar to the C1 and refurbished C20 trains.[38] The C30 is the first full Stockholm metro train type to feature air-conditioning in both the passenger compartments and driver's cabs and are expected to cost 5 billion kronor.[39]

Infrastructure and Operation

edit
 
A train on the way between Liljeholmen metro station and Nyboda depot

Safety and Technology

edit

The Stockholm metro runs electrically using a third rail with a nominal operating voltage of 650 V DC on line 13, 14, 17, 18 and 19; and 750 V DC on lines 10 and 11. Traffic in the metro moves on left-hand side, similarly to mainline trains in Sweden. The reason for an unusual organization of the train movement is that when the metro system opened in 1950, cars and trams still drove on the left in Sweden.

The maximum speed is 80 km/h (50 mph) on the Red and Blue Lines and 70 km/h (43 mph) on the Green Line (50 km/h (31 mph) at the platforms). Maximum acceleration and deceleration is 0.8 m/s2. The reason for the lower speed limit on the Green Line is due to tighter curves than on the other lines, because the Green Line was built by cut and cover under streets in the inner city, while the other lines are bored at greater depth. Two safety systems exist on the metro: the older system manufactured by Union Switch & Signal in use on the Red and Blue Lines and a modern automatic train operation (ATO) system in use on the Green Line manufactured by Siemens Mobility.

To allow close-running trains with a high level of safety, the metro uses a continuous signal safety system that sends information continually to the train's safety system. The signal is picked up from the rail tracks through two antennas placed in front of the first wheel axle and compared with data about the train's speed. Automatic braking is triggered if the train exceeds the maximum permitted speed at any time. The driver is given information about the speed limit through a display in the driver's cabin; in C20 stock, and in Cx stock outfitted for operation with the new signal system installed on the Green Line, this is a speedometer with a red maximum speed indicator (needle), while the traditional display in the Cx stock is a set of three lights indicating one of three permitted speeds (high, medium, low). The system allows two trains to come close to each other but prevents collisions occurring at speeds greater than 15 km/h (9.3 mph). More modern systems also ensure that stop signals are not passed.

Another possibility is automatic train operation, which helps the driver by driving the train automatically. However, the driver still operates the door controls and allows the train to start. As of 2024, ATO is only available on the Green line, where a new signal system was installed in the late-1990s. This signal system, together with the C20 rolling stock, permits the use of ATO. The signalling system on the Red Line was supposed to be replaced with a Communications-based train control (CBTC) system manufactured by Ansaldo STS under a contract awarded by SL in 2010, however SL cancelled said contract in 2017, reportedly after repeated delays in project implementation.[40][41]

Graffiti and Security

edit
 
Graffiti at the Karlaplan metro station, on the red line, 2005

Since the mid-1980s, the Stockholm metro has experienced the presence of graffiti. There was a time when a train adorned with graffiti could continue in service for weeks, and graffiti at stations might have been seen for months, if not years. In recent times, the approach has changed. Trains exhibiting graffiti are promptly removed from service, and any graffiti at stations is typically addressed within a few days. The financial impact of addressing graffiti and vandalism is estimated to be around 100 million SEK annually (2013).[42]

During the 1990s, the Stockholm Transit System (SL) started outsourcing security to private security firms, some of which have been accused of using unlawful methods, such as the use of plainclothes guards and heavy-handed treatment of vandals arrested, and even heavy-handed treatment of ticketless passengers trying to escape. [citation needed] The mainstay among the private security contractors in the fight against graffiti is the Commuter Security Group.

Urban legends

edit

The modern railway network, which was inaugurated in 1950, has racked up several mythical urban legends over the years, notably involving ghost phenomena, especially of the horror genre.[43][44][45] The most famous of these is the legend of the Silver Train (Swedish: Silvertåget), a silver colored ghost train that traffics the Stockholm Metro and carries dead people to the afterlife.[45] The legend is said to originate from the C5-cars, an aluminium prototype metro train which never received paint and usually ran at night. The C5 carries the nickname of "the Silver Arrow" (Silverpilen), which has since carried over to the ghost train.[45]

Another notable urban legend, especially in connection with the Silver Train, surrounds the Kymlinge ghost station, a metro station which was built but never taken into service. The legend says no living get off at Kymlinge, only the dead. This is usually combined with the legend of the Silver Train, which is said to only stop at Kymlinge.

Future

edit

In 2013, it was announced that agreement had been reached on the future of several extensions. Preliminary planning started in 2016[42] and revenue service on the first sections is projected to begin in the mid 2020s.[46] In 2017, another agreement was reached regarding several public transportation projects in Stockholm, including a fifth metro line.[47] The extensions, which are the first in 40 years, will add 18 new metro stations making the total number of stations 118.[48] It is the policy of the Stockholm Metro that all new extensions and lines are built underground.[3] Altogether, this amounts to the following new constructions:[49]

Blue Line to Nacka and the southern suburbs

edit
 
Blue Line under construction at Barkarby in 2023

From Kungsträdgården, there will be a new station at Sofia on Södermalm, after which the line splits with one branch continuing to Nacka (with three new intermediate stations), and the other to new underground platforms at Gullmarsplan after which it will take over the current Green line branch to Hagsätra. The surface-level stations Globen and Enskede gård on the Hagsätra branch will be closed and replaced by a new underground station at Slakthusområdet. This allows higher frequencies on the Green Line branches to Farsta strand and Skarpnäck which are currently limited by the fact that three branches pass the bottleneck at T-Centralen.

Blue Line to Barkarby Station

edit
 
Barkarby metro station entrance under construction in 2024

An extension of the Blue Line north-west from Akalla to Barkarby railway station via Barkarbystaden, a new development on the former site of Barkarby Airport.[50]

Green Line to Arenastaden

edit

From Odenplan via the new development at Hagastaden [sv], Södra Hagalund and ending in Arenastaden [sv] (roughly around the vicinity of the Strawberry Arena and Westfield Mall of Scandinavia), with construction of this segment expected to finish in 2028. Was originally referred to as the Yellow Line after a competition was held by Stockholm City Council in 2014, but was redesignated as a new branch of the Green Line in May 2023 and the Yellow Line designation was subsequently only used to refer to the below-mentioned Fridhemsplan–Älvsjö subway line[51]

Yellow Line

edit
Main article: Yellow line (Stockholm metro)

A new, automated line between Fridhemsplan and Älvsjö via Liljeholmen, Årstaberg, Årstafältet and Östberga, since May 2023 referred to as the Yellow Line.[52]

New Depot

edit

To support the expansion of the Stockholm Metro, the Högdalen depot is being extended with new underground staging areas to service trains on both the Blue and Green lines. A new underground connection will link the depot to the Green line’s Farsta branch.[53]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Red and green lines use 650 V

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "SL Annual Report 2006" (PDF). Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL). 21 June 2007. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Hållbarhetsredovisning 2017, året i korthet" (in Swedish). MTR Nordic. 2018. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Stockholm – EMTA". www.emta.com. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  4. ^ "12 nya förbindelser aktuella för utbyggd tunnelbana i framtiden". www.jarnvagsnyheter.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  5. ^ [1], p. 67
  6. ^ Nyheter, S. V. T. (23 January 2024). "Nytt bolag tar över tunnelbanan – efter MTR". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  7. ^ "Contactless transit payments launched across Stockholm".
  8. ^ "SL:s biljettautomater försvinner – så betalar du för din biljett". DN.se (in Swedish). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  9. ^ "Stockholm Metro: The World's Longest Art Gallery". twistedsifter.com. 7 May 2012.
  10. ^ "T-banans historia | Djursholmsbanorna". Fordonsradio (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  11. ^ "Saltsjöbanan". Södermalm (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  12. ^ a b "Stockholms tunnelbana". people.kth.se. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  13. ^ "Stockholms tunnelbana". people.kth.se. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  14. ^ "Underjordiska banor för hufvudstadens lokaltrafik". Dagens Nyheter. 10 May 1910. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  15. ^ "T-banans historia | Inledning". Fordonsradio (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  16. ^ "T-banans historia | Södertunneln". Fordonsradio (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  17. ^ Larsson 1977, sid 486 f.
  18. ^ Svenska Dagbladets årsbok : 1931, Stockholm 1932, s. 17, 207
  19. ^ Friman, Helena; Söderström, Göran (2008). Stockholm: en historia i kartor och bilder. Monografier utgivna av Stockholms stad. Nordqvist, Sven (illustratör). Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. p. 189. ISBN 978-91-46-21843-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |libris= ignored (help)
  20. ^ Poppius (29 May 2018). "T-symbolen - en lysande vägvisare i 60 år". Webbredaktör vt18 (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  21. ^ Jonsson et al, sid 123, 241
  22. ^ Hayen, Mats (27 March 2019). "En bana för framtiden". Bizstories (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  23. ^ "T-banans historia | Inledning". Fordonsradio (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  24. ^ Skelsey, Geoffrey (2018). Brussels Metro to Grow As Pre-metro Shrinks. London Underground Railway Society. p. 3. Such eventual upgrading of tram subways to Metro operation was widely advocated at this period, but conversion of Line 1 of the Brussels system in 1976 was the first after 1950 (in Stockholm) to actually take effect.
  25. ^ What is Light Rail, Anyway?, retrieved 2024-06-03.
  26. ^ See "Technical Description of the Stockholm Underground Railway 1964," published by Stockholm's Public Works Department and the Stockholm Passenger Transport Co. At that time, the lines were known as Line 1 and Line 2.
  27. ^ "Art and architecture in the Metro". Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. Archived from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
  28. ^ Stockholm metro timetables. Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. 2007. 10 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 11 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 13 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 14 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 17 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 18 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 19 Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Tunnelbanevagn C30 nu påväg
  30. ^ "SL class C6". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  31. ^ "SL class C9". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  32. ^ a b "SL class C14". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  33. ^ "SL class C15". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  34. ^ a b "SL class C20". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  35. ^ a b "SL class C20F". Svenska Spårvägssällskapet. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  36. ^ "C20 and FICAS on the Bombardier site". Bombardier Inc.
  37. ^ "Nu börjar de nya tågen rulla i Stockholms tunnelbana", dn.se, Swedish, accessed on 19 August 2020
  38. ^ "Stockholm seeks metro car builders". Railway Gazette International. 14 April 2009.
  39. ^ "Här är nya tunnelbanetåget - premiärtur på röda linjen", svt.se, Swedish, accessed on 19 November 2019
  40. ^ "Stockholm metro resignalling contract terminated".
  41. ^ "Stockholm Red Line resignalling contract cancelled". 8 November 2017.
  42. ^ a b "Historisk överenskommelse ger stockholmarna ny tunnelbana". Stockholms läns landsting. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  43. ^ "Spöktåget Silverpilen". YouTube. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  44. ^ "Spårlöst - En spökresa av SL -Kymlinge Tunnelbanestation". Spotify. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  45. ^ a b c "Äventyr i Tunnelbanan del 8: Kymlinge (spökstationen)". YouTube. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  46. ^ "The New Metro", sll.se, accessed 7 April 2019
  47. ^ Sundström, Anders; Gustafsson, Anna (30 March 2017). "Spårsatsning för 30 miljarder ger 100.000 nya bostäder". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  48. ^ Martos Nilsson, Mårten (19 October 2022). "Första nya tunnelbanan i Stockholm på 40 år: 18 nya stationer" [The First New Metro in Stockholm in 40 Years: 18 New Stations]. Arbetet.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  49. ^ "Nya tunnelbanan", ssl.se, Swedish, accessed 7 April 2019
  50. ^ "Blå linje till Barkarby", ssl.se, Swedish, accessed 7 April 2019
  51. ^ "Green line to Arenastaden". 22 May 2023.
  52. ^ "Historisk satsning på utbyggd kollektivtrafik i länet", sll.se, Swedish, 30 March 2017, accessed 7 April 2019
  53. ^ "Tunnelbanans depå i Högdalen byggs ut". www.jarnvagsnyheter.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stockholm Metro.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Stockholm_Metro&oldid=1258310162"