The art produced in Southeast Asia includes the art from eleven countries that form Southeast Asia. The cultural development of the area was historically dominated by Indian influence, though several cohesive traits exist before Indian influence.[1] The art is inspired by many countries.
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Inspiration
editArt culture in Southeast Asia is usually inherited from the art produced in China of East Asia and India of South Asia. Some of the art culture was changed after being invaded by other colonies such Dutch East Indies in Indonesia.[2]
Countries
editBrunei
editArt in Brunei was not a focus until the early 1950s, Brunei's government then took a stand to support culture. They created a building for artists to sell their works. In 1984, the art market had grown enough that it had to move to a larger space.[3]
Weaving skills have been passed across generations. Brunei produces fabric for making gowns and sarongs. "The weaving and decoration of cloth as well as wearing, display, and exchange of it, has been an important part of Bruneian culture for years (Orr 96)." Weaving became significant in the 15th century. Antonio Pigafetta visited Brunei during his travels and observed how the clothes were made. One example was a Jongsarat, a handmade garment used for weddings and special occasions. It typically includes a hint of silver and gold. It can be used for wall coverings.[3]
Cambodia
editThe history of Cambodian art stretches back centuries to ancient times, but the most famous period is undoubtedly the Khmer art of the Khmer Empire (802–1431), especially in the area around Angkor and the mainly 12th-century temple-complex of Angkor Wat, initially Hindu and subsequently Buddhist.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge.
East Timor
editArt in East Timor began to popularize since the violence during the 2006 East Timorese crisis. Children living in the country began graffiting walls into peace murals.[4][5]
The East Timor Arts Society promotes the art in the area, and house many different artworks produced in the country.[6]
Indonesia
editIndonesian art and culture has been shaped by long interactions between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. Indonesia is central along ancient trading routes between the Far East and the Middle East, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Islam, all strong in the major trading cities. The result is a complex cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures. Indonesian art may include, for example, prehistoric cave paintings and megalithic ancestral statues of Central Sulawesi, tribal wooden carving traditions of Toraja and Asmat people, Hindu-Buddhist art of classical Javanese civilization which produced Borobudur and Prambanan, vivid Balinese paintings and performing arts, Islamic arts of Aceh, to the contemporary art of Indonesian artists today.
Also of note are Balinese paintings, which often express natural scenes and themes from the traditional dances. Such Balinese art is art of Hindu-Javanese origin that grew from the work of artisans of the Majapahit Kingdom, with their expansion to Bali in the late 13th century. From the 16th until the 20th centuries, the village of Kamasan, Klungkung (East Bali), was the centre of classical Balinese art. During the first part of the 20th century, new varieties of Balinese art developed. Since the late twentieth century, Ubud and its neighboring villages established a reputation as the center of Balinese art. Eiseman observes that Balinese art is actually carved, painted, woven, and prepared into objects intended for everyday use rather than as object d 'art.[7]
In the 1920s, with the arrival of many western artists, Bali became an artist enclave (as Tahiti was for Paul Gauguin) for avant-garde artists such as Walter Spies (German), Rudolf Bonnet (Dutch), Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur (Belgian), Arie Smit (Dutch) and Donald Friend (Australian) in more recent years. Most of these western artists had very little influence on the Balinese until the post-World War Two period, although some accounts over-emphasise the western presence at the expense of recognising Balinese creativity.
Laos
editArt in Laos has slowly been changed recently after the country has been exposed to other countries around the world, which influenced many other artists. The Laotians have many forms of art, which they always experiment with. The Ho Phakeo temple (built in the 16th century by King Setthatirath) is a popular museum that houses many famous artworks that have been created in the country.[8]
Unfortunately, all films and music in Laos are required to be sent to government studios for official censorship (except for foreign films and music).[9]
Malaysia
editTraditional Malaysian art is mainly centred on the crafts of carving, weaving, and silversmithing.[10] Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Common artworks included ornamental kris and beetle nut sets. Luxurious textiles known as Songket are made, as well as traditional patterned batik fabrics. Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks. Malaysian art has expanded only recently, as before the 1950s Islamic taboos about drawing people and animals were strong.[11] Textiles such as the batik, songket, Pua Kumbu, and tekat are used for decorations, often embroidered with a painting or pattern. Traditional jewelry was made from gold and silver adorned with gems, and, in East Malaysia, leather and beads were used to the same effect.[12]
Myanmar
editArt of Myanmar refers to visual art created in Myanmar (Burma). Ancient Burmese art was influenced by India and was often religious in nature, ranging from Hindu sculptures in the Thaton Kingdom to Theravada Buddhist images in the Sri Ksetra Kingdom.[13] The Bagan period saw significant developments in many art forms from wall paintings and sculptures to stucco and wood carving.[13] After a dearth of surviving art between the 14th and 16th century,[14] artists created paintings and sculptures that reflect the Burmese culture.[15] Burmese artists have been subjected to government interference and censorship, hindering the development of art in Myanmar.[16] Burmese art reflects the central Buddhist elements including the mudra, Jataka tales, the pagoda, and Bodhisattva.[17]
Philippines
editArt has developed and accumulated in the Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the country up to the present era. There are many branches of the art in the Philippines including folk architecture, weaving, literature, pottery, music, and many other art forms.
Singapore
editThe emergence of modern Singaporean art is often tied to the rise of art associations, art schools, and exhibitions in the 20th century,[18] though the most well-known are the aesthetics of local and migrant Chinese artists whose art practices depicted Southeast Asian subject matter while drawing upon Western watercolor and oil painting, as well as Chinese ink traditions.[19][20] The most famous are the migrant Chinese artists who painted in the Nanyang style in the 1950s, the name of the movement drawing from "Nanyang" (Chinese: 南洋; pinyin: nán yáng; lit. 'Southern Ocean'), a sinocentric Chinese term used to refer to Southeast Asia from the geographical perspective of China.[21][22][23]
The history of Singaporean art may include, for instance, artistic traditions of the Malay Archipelago, portraiture, landscapes and natural history drawings of the colonial period, Chinese ink painting, Islamic calligraphy, Nanyang style paintings, social realist art, abstract art, and art practices using other traditional media such as sculpture, photography, and printmaking. It also includes contemporary art practices such as performance art, conceptual art, installation art, video art, sound art, and new media art. Singapore and Malaysia's long shared history as British Malaya results in many overlaps in the art histories of both countries, with the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation of Malaya taking place in 1965.[19]
Contemporary art in Singapore made by the artists today tends to examine themes of "hyper-modernity and the built environment; alienation and changing social mores; post-colonial identities and multiculturalism."[24] Across these tendencies, "the exploration of performance and the performative body" is a common running thread.[24] Singapore carries a notable history of performance art, with the state having enacted a de facto ban on the art form for a decade from 1994 to 2003, following a controversial performance artwork at the 5th Passage art space in Singapore.[25][26]
Thailand
editMany of the art in Thailand is based on Buddhism. The first period of art occurred during the Sukhothai Kingdom, which began in the 13th century. The art during the period was mostly artworks drawn of Buddha.[27]
Vietnam
editArt in Vietnam was first introduced as clay pots created during the Stone Age. It is estimated that Vietnamese art began when indigenous groups began creating pottery.[28]
The art has been forged many times in the past. Some of the art at the Fine Arts Museum in Ho Chi Minh City had actually been forged. The forgery was revealed when Nguyen Thanh Chuong noticed a forgery of an artwork that he created, which set off an entire scandal relating to the museum.[29]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Southeast Asian arts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ "Southeast Asian Art Definition, Paintings, Sculptures Artists and Artworks". The Artist. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ a b C, Josiah. "HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF THE ROYAL SULTANATE OF SULU INCLUDING RELATED EVENTS OF NEIGHBORING PEOPLES". www.seasite.niu.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
- ^ Hooi, Khoo Ying. "How arts heal and galvanise the youth of Timor Leste". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ Guardian Staff (2008-12-18). "Art class in East Timor". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ "EAST TIMOR ARTS SOCIETY – Art Gallery". Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ Eiseman, Fred and Margaret (1988). Woodcarving of Bali. Periplus.
- ^ "Laos - The arts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ Hays, Jeffrey. "CULTURE, ART AND CRAFTS OF LAOS | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ "Activities : Malaysia Contemporary Art". Tourism.gov.my. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2008). World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 1218–1222. ISBN 9780761476429.
- ^ "About Malaysia: Culture and heritage". Tourism.gov.my. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ a b Cooler, Richard. "Chapter II The Pre-Pagan Period: The Urban Age of the Mon and the Pyu". Northern Illinois University.
- ^ Cooler, Richard. "The Post Pagan Period - 14th To 20th Centuries Part 1". Northern Illinois University.
- ^ Raymond, Catherine (1 May 2009). "Shan Buddhist Art on the Market: What, Where and Why?" (PDF). Contemporary Buddhism. 10 (1): 141–157. doi:10.1080/14639940902916219.
- ^ Ching, Isabel (1 July 2011). "Art from Myanmar: Possibilities of Contemporaneity?". Third Text. 25 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1080/09528822.2011.587688.
- ^ "Introduction and history of Buddhism & Burmese Art in Burma". www.burmese-buddhas.com. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
- ^ Low, Sze Wee, ed. (2015). "Some Introductory Remarks". Siapa Nama Kamu? Art in Singapore since the 19th Century. Singapore: National Gallery Singapore. pp. 8–29. ISBN 9789810973520.
- ^ a b "T.K. Sabapathy". Esplanade Offstage. 12 October 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Sabapathy, T.K. (2010). Road to Nowhere: The Quick Rise and the Long Fall of Art History in Singapore. Singapore: The Art Gallery, National Institute of Education. ISBN 978-9810852641.
- ^ Balagopal, Roberta; Yeo, Alicia (31 August 2009). "The Nanyang Style". National Library Board. Archived from the original (article) on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
- ^ Ting Szu Kiong (2005). "Nanyang Art". Central Singapore Community Development Council. Archived from the original (article) on 2009-12-27. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
- ^ Yeo, Alicia (April 2006). "Singapore Art, Nanyang Style" (PDF). biblioasia. Singapore: National Library Board. pp. 4–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
- ^ a b Teh, David (2017). "Insular Visions: notes on video art in Singapore". The Japan Foundation Asia Center Art Studies. 3 – via Academia.org.
- ^ Lee, Weng Choy (1996). "Chronology of a Controversy". In Krishnan, S.K. Sanjay; Lee, Weng Choy; Perera, Leon; Yap, Jimmy (eds.). Looking at Culture. Singapore: Artres Design & Communications. ISBN 9810067143. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020.
- ^ Lingham, Susie (November 2011). "Art and Censorship in Singapore: Catch 22?". ArtAsiaPacific (76). Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ "Thai Art | Boundless Art History". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ Kalmusky, Katie. "The Styles and Techniques of Traditional Vietnamese Art". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ Paddock, Richard C. (2017-08-11). "Vietnamese Art Has Never Been More Popular. But the Market Is Full of Fakes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-22.