Sarah Rector, also known as Sarah Rector Campbell and Sarah Campbell Crawford, (March 3, 1902 – July 22, 1967) was an American oil magnate since childhood. Under the Treaty of 1866, due to birthright as a Black grandchild of Creek Indians born before the American Civil War, she inherited land. It was surprisingly discovered oil-rich and produced over US$300 (equivalent to $9,800 in 2023) per day, so she was known as the "Richest Colored Girl in the World".[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Sarah Rector | |
|---|---|
 Rector in 1912 | |
| Born | March 3, 1902 Indian Territory (now Taft, Oklahoma, U.S.) |
| Died | July 22, 1967 (aged 65) Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Resting place | Blackjack Cemetery, Taft, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Education | Tuskegee University |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | 3 |
Early life and family
editSarah Rector was born in 1902 near the all-black town of Taft, located in Indian Territory, which became the eastern portion of Oklahoma.[2] She had five siblings. Her parents were Rose McQueen and husband Joseph Rector (both born 1881),[7] who were the Black grandchildren of Creek Indians before the Civil War,[8] and were descendants of the Muscogee Creek Nation after the Treaty of 1866. As such, they and their descendants were listed as Freedmen on the Dawes Rolls, by which they were entitled to land allotments under the Treaty of 1866 made by the United States with the Five Civilized Tribes.[9]
Sarah's father Joseph was the son of John Rector, a Creek Freedman.[10] John Rector's father, Benjamin McQueen, was enslaved by Reilly Grayson, who was a Creek Indian. John Rector's mother Mollie McQueen was enslaved by the Muscogee Opothleyahola, who fought in the Seminole Wars and split with the tribe, moving his followers to Kansas. Sarah Rector was allotted 159.14 acres (64 hectares).[11] This was a mandatory step in the process of integration of the Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form what is now the State of Oklahoma.[12][13]
Oil strike and wealth
edit
The parcel allotted to Sarah Rector was located in Glenpool, 60 miles (97 km) from where she and her family lived. Its infertile soil was considered unsuitable for farming, with better land being reserved for white settlers and members of the tribe. The family lived simply but not in poverty; however, the $30 (equivalent to $1,000 in 2023) annual property tax on Sarah's parcel was such a burden that her father petitioned the Muskogee County Court to sell the land. His petition was denied because of certain restrictions placed on the land, so he was required to continue paying the taxes.[14]
To help cover this expense, in February 1911, Joseph Rector leased Sarah's parcel to the Standard Oil Company. In 1913, the independent oil driller B.B. Jones built a "gusher" well with a daily yield of 2,500 barrels (400 m3) of oil and US$300 (equivalent to $9,800 in 2023) of income. The law at the time required full-blooded Indians, black adults, and children who were citizens of Indian Territory with significant property and money, to be assigned "well-respected" white guardians.[15] Thus, as soon as Sarah began to receive this windfall, there was pressure to change her guardianship from her parents to a local white resident and family acquaintance named T.J. (or J.T.) Porter. Her allotment subsequently became part of the Cushing-Drumright Oil Field. In October 1913, she received royalties of $11,567 (equivalent to $357,000 in 2023).[14]
As news of Rector's wealth spread worldwide, she received requests for loans, money gifts, and marriage proposals, though she was only 11 years old.[14] Due to her wealth, in 1913, the Oklahoma Legislature made an effort to have her declared an honorary white, allowing her the benefits of elevated social standing, such as riding in a first-class car on the trains.[7]
In 1914, an African American journal, The Chicago Defender, began to take an interest in Rector, just as rumors began that she was a white immigrant who was being kept in poverty. The newspaper published an article claiming mismanagement by the white guardians of her estate.[16] This caused national African American leaders Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois to become concerned about her welfare.[7] In June 1914, a special agent for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), James C. Waters Jr., sent a memo to Du Bois regarding her situation. Waters had been corresponding with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the United States Children's Bureau over concerns regarding the mismanagement of Rector's estate. He wrote of her white financial guardian: "Is it not possible to have her cared for in a decent manner and by people of her own race, instead of by a member of a race which would deny her and her kind the treatment accorded a good yard dog?"[citation needed]
This prompted Du Bois to establish the Children's Department of the NAACP, which investigated claims of white guardians who were suspected of depriving black children of their land and wealth. Washington also intervened to help the Rector family.[2] In October of that year, she was enrolled in the Children's School, a boarding school at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, headed by Washington. Upon graduation, she attended the Institute.[7]
Rector was already a millionaire by the time she had turned 18 in 1920. She owned stocks, bonds, a boarding house, businesses, and a 2,000-acre (810 ha) piece of prime river bottomland. At that time, she left Tuskegee and, with her entire family, moved to Kansas City, Missouri. She purchased a house on 12th Street.[17]
Soon after moving to Kansas City, when she was 17 or 18, she married local businessman Kenneth Campbell in 1920.[4] The wedding was a very private affair with only her mother and Campbell's paternal grandmother present. The couple had three sons, Kenneth (born 1925), Leonard (born 1926), and Clarence (born 1929), and they divorced in 1930.[7] In 1934, she married restaurant owner William Crawford.[4][18]
Rector enjoyed her wealth, with a comfortable life and a taste for fine clothing and cars. She hosted lavish parties and entertained celebrities such as Count Basie and Duke Ellington.[19]
She lost most of her wealth during the Great Depression and had to sell the house.[20] It became known as the Rector House, purchased in the 2010s by United Inner City Services, the neighboring nonprofit organization with the intention of restoration and historical and cultural preservation.[17]
Death
editShe died on July 22, 1967, at the age of 65. She is interred in Blackjack Cemetery in her childhood hometown of Taft.[21]
In media
editSarah Rector's fight for her oil wealth was adapted into the film Sarah’s Oil, shot primarily in Okmulgee, Oklahoma in mid-2024.[22]
See also
edit- Osage Indian murders, about oil wealth in Indian Territory
References
edit- ^ Chicago Defender November 4, 1922, page 1
- ^ a b c Patton, Stacey (Spring 2010). "The Richest Colored Girl in the World". The Crisis. pp. 31–34. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
- ^ Trent, Sydney (September 3, 2022). "'World's Richest Negro Girl' inspired media ridicule, fascination, alarm". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c Dennis, Megan (July 31, 2018). "Sarah Rector". Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ Henley, Lauren N. (February 16, 2021). "The Richest Black Girl in America". Medium.
- ^ Bolden, Tonya (2014). Searching for Sarah Rector: The Richest Black Girl in America. New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0846-6. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Remembering Sarah Rector, Creek Freedwoman". The African-Native American Genealogy Blog. April 24, 2010.
- ^ Henley, Lauren N. (February 16, 2021). "The Richest Black Girl in America". Truly*Adventurous. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- ^ "Rector, Sarah". BlackPast.org. March 31, 2014.
- ^ Bolden 2014, p. 9.
- ^ Bolden 2014, p. 18.
- ^ Walton-Raji, Angela Y. (April 24, 2010). "The African-Native American Genealogy Blog".
- ^ Bolden 2014, p. 51.
- ^ a b c "Sarah Rector The Richest Black Girl In The World". Afrocentric Culture by Design. May 19, 2010. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
- ^ Gerkin, Steve (March 24, 2015). "The Unlikely Baroness | This Land Press - Made by You and Me". This Land Press. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
- ^ "Money over Race: The Story of Sarah Rector, the Black Girl So Wealthy She Was Considered to be White".
- ^ a b "United Inner City Services Hope Murals Bring Attention to the Rector House". May 17, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ "EOC Black History Facts: Sarah Rector". Economic Opportunity Commission of Nassau County, Inc. February 10, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
- ^ "Black History Month – From the Archives – Sarah Rector: The Richest Colored Girl in the World". February 16, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Rector Mansion". African American Heritage Trail. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
- ^ Jones, Carmen (February 15, 1991). "Sarah Rector: Kansas City's First Black Millionairess". The Kansas City Call.
- ^ "From Freedman to Millionaire". Mvskokemedia. July 19, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.