The National Equal Rights Party (NERP) was a United States minor party during the late 19th century that supported women's rights.[3] The party was notable for nominating two female presidential candidates: Victoria Woodhull in 1872 and Belva Lockwood in 1884 and 1888.[3] Woodhull and Lockwood are generally considered the first women who ran for president in the U.S. Although women could not vote in federal elections at the time, there were no laws prohibiting women from running for president.[4] Their platform focused on equal rights for men and women.[5]
National Equal Rights Party | |
|---|---|
| Chairperson | Nettie Sanford Chapin |
| Founded | 1872[1] |
| Dissolved | 1888 |
| Ideology | Women's rights First-wave feminism |
Victoria Woodhull – 1872 candidacy
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NERP's 1872 presidential candidate, Victoria Woodhull, was the first woman to run for president in the U.S.[6] Born in 1838 in Ohio, Woodhull worked as a psychic, a stockbroker, and as a newspaper publisher before announcing that she would run for president. She announced her candidacy in a letter sent to the New York Herald on April 2, 1870. In the following summer, she accepted the presidential nomination of the brand-new Equal Rights Party, a party that Woodhull herself had put much effort into establishing to fill the gap in political representation for "a new coalition of labor, spiritualists, women's rights supporters, and reformers."[7] Woodhull decided to accept the nomination despite being only 33 years old at the time, which was too young to be president.[8] As NERP candidate, she promised to fight for equal numbers of men and women in public office.[9] Soon after being nominated, she became entangled in a few controversies which resulted in her not having time to work on her campaign. On election day, Woodhull was in jail as she was charged with sending indecent and immoral material through the postal service. There does not seem to be any record of tickets in ballot boxes from that election with her name on them.[8] Yet, her campaign for president at a time when women could not legally vote in federal elections paved the way for future female presidential candidates.
Belva Lockwood – 1884 and 1888 presidential candidacy
editBelva Lockwood was the NERP presidential candidate in both 1884 and 1888. Lockwood was inspired to run in 1884 after reading Marietta Stow's feminist opinion in a newspaper, which was that women needed to be represented in public office separately from men and with their own candidates.[10] Lockwood shared the belief that male political candidates could not represent women no matter how sympathetic they were to the cause.[10] As such, she asked Stow to run as her running mate in the 1884 election.[11]
Lockwood was born in Royalton, New York on October 24, 1830.[11] She began her career as a teacher in New York where she was paid less than half the salary of her male counterparts.[12] Lockwood later enrolled in a law school in Washington, D.C. She had to "talk her way into admission to the bar", according to Jo Freeman.[11] At this time, women were not allowed to practice law, and she fought for a law that would allow them to do so that came before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1879. Lockwood was a keen advocate for women's suffrage. In 1884, she wrote to the editor of the Woman's Herald of Industry that women should run for office since there was no explicit legislation preventing them from doing so.[11]
As the presidential candidate for NERP, Lockwood's platform consisted of total "equal rights for all, equal marriage and divorce laws, temperance, and international peace", and she also wanted to establish more currency in the system and reorganize the banking system.[13] At NERP's May 16, 1887, Nation Convention in Des Moines, Iowa, members of the party discussed NERP's platform focused on suffrage, pensions for soldiers and sailors, protective tariffs, and free sugar and lumber. The party also sought to repeal the whisky and tobacco tax and oppose taxing unrestricted emigration.[14]
NERP's campaign garnered a great deal of media attention. National news outlets reported the nomination, and a widely circulated journal containing satiric cartoons featured Lockwood on its cover.[15] Lockwood received letters from across the country, many of which contained requests to speak to a public audience. She spoke before large crowds at civic associations and state fairs.[15]
Not all attention she received was favorable. On the whole, Lockwood received more criticism and mockery in the press than favorable sentiments.[10] Many letters she received contained "nasty bits of character assassination", according to historian Jill Norgren.[15] Her rallies, dubbed "Mother Hubbard parades", were met with resistance, as hecklers would arrive to such events with ribbons mocking Lockwood.[10] Lockwood was also featured as a caricature on a political card which implied a salacious relationship between Lockwood and Benjamin Butler, a Civil War general and progressive who had supported Lockwood's petition in Congress to allow women to be allowed into the Supreme Court bar.[10] Lockwood continued to be associated with an "unpopular cause", drawing more attention and intrigue than support to her campaign and the NERP as a whole.[15]
Alfred Love and the Des Moines Convention
editFor Lockwood's 1888 presidential campaign, Alfred H. Love, the President of the Universal Peace Union was nominated as NERP's Vice Presidential candidate, although he would turn down this nomination.[16]
Before the May 1887 Des Moines Convention, Nettie Sanford Chapin, the chairman of the party's National Committee, was aware that Love was favored as the Vice Presidential nominee. She sent him a letter urging him to accept the nomination, but Love did not receive the letter in time and instead found out about his nomination through multiple requests from the press asking him to comment on the nomination.[16]
The convention's delegates cast 310 votes for Belva Lockwood and Alfred H. Love, more than any other candidates running. Several other notable suffragists also received votes, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.[16] The May 1887 announcement of the nomination received great national and international press attention.[16]
Love rejected the nomination because he disagreed with a key responsibility of the Vice President-–overseeing the military.[16] However, Love expressed full support for Lockwood and NERP, wishing them success in their global efforts for equality. He credited Lockwood and NERP leaders for their accomplishments and emphasized that he adhered to the principles of Equal Rights and Peace, approaching these ideals with a strong moral conscience.[16] Ultimately, the party elected Charles Stuart Weld as Lockwood's running mate in place of Love.[17]
References
edit- ^ "Equal Rights Party". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
- ^ Trotman, C. James (2011). Frederick Douglass: A Biography. Penguin Books. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-313-35036-8.
- ^ a b Bystrom, Dianne G.; Burrell, Barbara C., eds. (2019). Women in the American political system. Volume 2: N-Z. Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-1-4408-4613-7.
- ^ Freeman, Jo (2008). We will be heard: women's struggles for political power in the United States. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5608-9.
- ^ Herringshaw, Thomas William (1888). The Biographical Review of Prominent Men & Women of the Day: With Biographical Sketches & Reminiscences. Live & Services of All the Presidential Candidates for 1888: with Platform & History of Each Party. W. H. Ives & Company.
- ^ "Victoria Woodhull | OSU eHistory". ehistory.osu.edu. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Ellen F.; Fitzpatrick, Ellen Frances (2016). The highest glass ceiling: women's quest for the American presidency. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08893-1.
- ^ a b Freeman, Jo (2008). We will be heard: women's struggles for political power in the United States. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5608-9.
- ^ Dinkin, Robert (1995). Before Equal Suffrage Women in Partisan Politics from Colonial Times to 1920. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-313-29482-2.
- ^ a b c d e Florey, Kenneth (2013). Women's Suffrage Memorabilia: An Illustrated Historical Study. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0150-2.
- ^ a b c d Freeman, Jo (2008). We will be heard: women's struggles for political power in the United States. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5608-9.
- ^ Paranick, Amber (September 28, 2020). "Belva Lockwood: Suffragist, Lawyer, and Presidential Candidate | Headlines & Heroes". The Library of Congress. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
- ^ Threlkeld, Megan (2023). "International Arbitration and the Roots of Women's Foreign Policy Activism". The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 22 (3): 278–295. doi:10.1017/S153778142300004X. ISSN 1537-7814. S2CID 259287800.
- ^ "American Advancement: The Vice-Presidency of the United States". The Peacemaker and Court of Arbitration by Universal Peace Union. VI: 220. 1887.
- ^ a b c d Norgren, Jill (2008). Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President. NYU Press.
- ^ a b c d e f "American Advancement: The Vice-Presidency of the United States". The Peacemaker and Court of Arbitration by Universal Peace Union. VI: 220. 1887.
- ^ Florey, Kenneth (2013). Women's Suffrage Memorabilia: An Illustrated Historical Study. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0150-2.
