List of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900)

This is a list of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900) AD, except for the leaders within British south Asia and its predecessor states, and those leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 19th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

Kasanje Kingdom (complete list) –

Kambolo ka Ngonga, King (1851–1856)
Kamweje ka Kalunga, King (1856–1857)
Mbumba a Kinguri, King (1857–1873)
Malenge a Kitumba, King (1873)
Kwango, King (1883–1885)
Kasanje ka Kalanyi, King (1888)
Kinguri kya Kiluanje, King (1896)

Kingdom of Kongo (complete list) –

Henrique III, King (1842–1857)
Álvaro XIII, King (1857–1859)
Peter V, King (1859–1891)

vassal to Portugal: 1888–1914

Álvaro XIV, King (1891–1896)
Henrique IV, King (1896–1901)

Portuguese Angola, (complete list) –

Colony, 1575–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

Fondom of Bafut (complete list) –

Achirimbi I, King (1799–1852)
Abumbi I, King (1852–1916)

Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

Ngouhouo, Mfon (1818–1865)
Ngoungoure, Mfon (1865)
Nsangou, Mfon (1865–1884)

Duala people (complete list) –

Doo a Priso, Chief (19th century)
Mbape a Bele, Chief (19th century)

Kamerun (complete list) –

German colony, 1884–1916

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Central African Republic

Chad

Sultanate of Bagirmi (complete list) –

'Abdul Qadir II al-Mahdi, Mbangi (1846–1858)
Abu-Sekkin Mohammed IV, Mbangi (1858–1870)
'Abd ar-Rahman II, Mbangi (1870–1871)
Abu-Sekkin Mohammed IV, Mbangi (1871–1884)
Burkomanda IV as-Saghir, Mbangi (1884–1885)
Ngarmane Ermanala, Regent (1885)
Gaourang II, Mbangi (1885–1897)

Wadai Empire (complete list) –

'Izz ad-Din Muhammad al-Sharif ibn Salih Derret, Kolak (1835–1858)
'Ali ibn Muhammad, Kolak (1858–1874)
Yusuf ibn 'Ali, Kolak (1874–1898)
Ibrahim ibn 'Ali, Kolak (1898–1900)
Ahmad Abu al-Ghazali ibn 'Ali, Kolak (1900–1901)

rule of Rabih az-Zubayr

Rabih az-Zubayr, warlord (1879–1900)

French Chad, part of French Equatorial Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1900–1960

For details see France under western Europe

Congo: Belgian; today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kuba Kingdom (complete list)^[1] –

Bope Mobinji, Nyim (1840–1885)
Mikope Mobinji, Nyim (1885–1890)
KotoMboke, Nyim (1890–1896)
Mishanga Pelenge, Nyim (1896–1900)

Kingdom of Luba (complete list) –

Ilunga Kabale, muLopwe (1837–1864)
Maloba Konkola, muLopwe (1864–1865)
Kitamba, muLopwe (1865–1869)
Kasongo a Kalombo, muLopwe (1869–1886)
Nday a Mande, muLopwe (1886–1889)

Lunda Empire (complete list) –

Nawej II Ditend, Mwaant Yaav (c.1800–1852)
Mulaj a Namwan, Mwaant Yaav (1852–1857)
Cakasekene Naweej, Mwaant Yaav (1857)
Muteba II a Cikombe, Mwaant Yaav (1857–1873)
Mbala II a Kamong Isot, Mwaant Yaav (1873–1874)
Mbumb I Muteba Kat, Mwaant Yaav (1874–1883)
Cimbindu a Kasang, Mwaant Yaav (1883–1884)
Kangapu Nawej, Mwaant Yaav (1884–1885)
Mudib, Mwaant Yaav (1885–1886)
Mutand Mukaz, Mwaant Yaav (1886–1887)
Mbala III a Kalong, Mwaant Yaav (1887)

Yeke Kingdom –

Msiri, King (1856–1891)

Congo Free State

Sovereign –

Leopold II of Belgium, Sovereign (1885–1908)

Governors general (complete list) –

Théophile Wahis, Governor general (1892–1908)

Congo: French; today, the Republic of the Congo

Anziku Kingdom –

Illoy Ier [fr], Makoko (?–c.1880)

Kingdom of Loango (complete list) –

N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso Ma N'Sangou, King (1840-c.1883)

French Congo part of French Equatorial Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1882–1910

For details see France under western Europe

Equatorial Guinea

Spanish Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1778–1968

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Gabon

Kingdom of Orungu (complete list) –

Ombango Rogombe "Ikinda" / King Pascal, Agamwinboni (1840–1862)
Ndebulia, Agamwinboni (1862–1865
Ntchènguè, Agamwinboni (1865–1882
Avonowanga, Agamwinboni (1882–?)

French Gabon, part of French Equatorial Africa (complete list) –

French Colony, 1882–1910

For details see France under western Europe

São Tomé and Príncipe

Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Burundi

Kingdom of Burundi (complete list) –

Mwezi IV, King (c.1850–1908)

Kenya

East Africa Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1895–1920

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Pate Sultanate (complete list) –

Nabahani dynasty

Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, Mfalume (1840–1856)
Ahmad Simba Balla ibn Fumo Luti, Mfalume (1856–1858)

unnamed dynasty

Shaykh Muhammad, Mfalume (1858–1870)

Wituland (complete list) –

Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, Mfalume (1858–1888)
Fumo Bakari ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1888–1890)
Bwana Shaykh ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1890–1891)
Fumo 'Umar ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1891–1893,1895–1923)

Rwanda

Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

Mutara II Rwogera, King (1802–1853)
Kigeli IV Rwabugiri, King (1853–1895)
Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, King (1895–1896)
Yuhi V Musinga, King (1896–1931)

South Sudan

Tanzania

German East Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1885–1919

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Kingdom of Unyanyembe –

Ifundikila, King (1840–1858)
Mnywasela, King (c.1858–1860)
Mkasiwa, King (1860–1875)
Isike, King (1875–?)^[2]

Kingdom of Urambo –

Mirambo, Ntemi (1860–1884)

Sultanate of Zanzibar (complete list) –

Majid, Sultan (1856–1870)
Barghash, Sultan (1870–1888)
Khalifa I, Sultan (1888–1890)
Ali I, Sultan (1890–1893)
Hamad, Sultan (1893–1896)
Khalid, Sultan (1896)
Hamoud, Sultan (1896–1902)

Uganda

Ankole (complete list) –

Mutambuka, Omugabe (1839–1873)
Ntare V Rugingiza, Omugabe (1873–1895)
Kahaya II, Omugabe (1895–1944)

Buganda (complete list) –

Suuna II, Kabaka (1832–1856)
Muteesa I, Kabaka (1856–1884)
Mwanga II, Kabaka (1884–1888, 1889–1897)
Kiweewa, Kabaka (1888–1888)
Kalema, Kabaka (1888–1889)
Daudi Chwa II, Kabaka (1897–1939)

Bunyoro (complete list) –

Olimi V, Omukama (1848–1852)
Kyebambe IV, Omukama (1852–1869)
Kabalega, Omukama (1869–1898)
Kitahimbwa, Omukama (1898–1902)

Uganda Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1894–1962

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Horn of Africa area

Djibouti

French Somaliland (complete list) –

Colony, 1896–1946

For details see France under western Europe

Eritrea

Italian Eritrea (complete list) –

Colony, 1890–1936

For details see Italy under southcentral Europe

Ethiopia

Ethiopian Empire (complete list) –

Yohannes III, Emperor (1850–1851)
Sahle Dengel, Emperor (1851–1855)
Tewodros II, Emperor (1855–1868)
Tekle Giyorgis II, Emperor (1868–1871)
Yohannes IV, Emperor (1871–1889)
Menelik II, Emperor (1889–1913)

Sultanate of Aussa (complete list) –

Hanfere ibn Aydahis, Amoyta (1832–1862)
Mahammad ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (1862–1902)

Kingdom of Garo (complete list) –

Ogata, Tato (1845–1865)
Dagoye, Tato (1865–1883)

Kingdom of Gera (complete list) –

Abba Rago I, Moti(c.1845–c.1860)
Abba Magal, Moti (c.1860–1870)
Abba Rago II, Moti (c.1870)
Genne Fa, Queen (c.1880)^[3]

Kingdom of Gomma (complete list)^[4] –

Abba Rebo, Moti (?–1856)
Abba Dula, Moti (?–1864)
Abba Jifar, Moti (late 19th century)
Abba Boka, Moti (?–1886)

Kingdom of Gumma (complete list)^[5] –

Jawe, Moti (c.1840–1854)
Abba Dula, Moti (1854–1879)
Abba Jubir, Moti (June 1879–c.1890)
Abba Fogi, Moti (c.1890–1899)
Firisa, Moti (1899–1902)

Emirate of Harar (complete list) –

Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan, Emīr (1834–1852)
Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr, Emīr (1852–1866)
Muhammad ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, Emīr (1866–1875)
'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, Emīr (1884–1887)

Kingdom of Janjero (complete list) –

Abba Bagibo, Koynab (?–1894)

Kingdom of Jimma (complete list) –

Abba Jifar I, Moti (c.1830–c.1855)
Abba Rebu, Moti (1855–1859)
Abba Bok'a, Moti (1859–1862)
Abba Gomol, Moti (1862–1878)
Abba Jifar II, Moti (1878–1932)

Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)^[6] –

Gawi Nechocho or Haji Ginoch, King (1845–1854)
Kaye Sherocho or Kamo, King (1854–1870)
Gali Sherocho, King (1870–1890)
Gaki Sherocho, King (1890–1897)

Leqa Neqemte (complete list) –

Bekere Godana, Moti (1841–1868)^[7]
Mereda Bekere, Moti (1871–1888)
Kumsa Mereda, Moti (1888–1923)

Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (complete list) –

Ibsa, Abba Bagibo, Supera (1825–1861)
Abba Bulgu, Supera (1861–1883)
Abba Gomoli II, Supera (1883–1891)

Welayta: Tigre dynasty (complete list)^[8] –

Gobe, Kawa (1845–1886)
Gaga, Kawa (1886–c.1890)
Tona, Kawa (1890–1895)

Somalia

Sultanate of the Geledi (complete list) –

Ahmed Yusuf, Sultan (1848–1878)^[9]
Osman Ahmed, Sultan (1878–1911)^[9]^[10]

Sultanate of Hobyo –

Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Sultan (1870s–early 20th century)

Majeerteen Sultanate (complete list) –

Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Maxamuud, King (1844–1860)
Osman Mahamuud, King (1860–c.1924)

Isaaq Sultanate (complete list) –

Hassan Farah, Sultan (1845-1870)
Deria Hassan, Sultan (1870-1939)

Italian Somaliland part of Italian East Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1890–1936

For details see Italy under southcentral Europe

British Somaliland (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Indian Ocean

Comoros

Sultanate of Mwali (complete list) –

Mohamed bin Saidi Hamadi Makadara, Sultan (1865–1874)
Djoumbé Fatima, Regent (1865–1868)
Joseph Lambert, Duc d'Imerina, Regent (1868–1871)
Djoumbé Fatima, Regent (1871–1878)
Abderremane bin Saidi Hamadi Makadara, Sultan (1878–1885)
Mohammed Shekhe, Sultan (1885–1886)
Marjani bin Abudu Shekhe, Sultan (1886–1888)
Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara Queen/Sultan (1888–1909)
Fadeli bin Othman, Balia Juma, Abudu Tsivandini, Regents (1888–1889)
Mahmudu bin Mohamed Makadara, Regent (1889–1897)
Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara Queen/Sultan (1888–1909)

Sultanate of Ndzuwani (complete list) –

Salim bin Alawi, Sultan (1837–1852)
Saidi Abdallah bin Salim, Sultan (1852–1891)
Salim bin Abdalla, Sultan (1891–1891)
Saidi Omar bin Saidi Hasan, Sultan (1891–1892)
Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar, Sultan (1892–1912)

French Comoros (complete list) –

French protectorate, 1887–1908

For details see France under western Europe

Madagascar

Merina Kingdom

Monarchs (complete list) –

Ranavalona I, Queen (1828–1861)
Radama II, King (1861–1863)
Rasoherina, Queen (1863–1868)
Ranavalona II, Queen (1868–1883)
Ranavalona III Queen (1883–1897)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Rainiharo, Prime minister (1833–1852)
Rainivoninahitriniony, Prime minister (1852–1864)
Rainilaiarivony, Prime minister (1864–1895)
Rainitsimbazafy, Prime minister (1895–1896)
Rasanjy, Prime minister (1896–1897)

Malagasy Protectorate (complete list) –

French protectorate, 1882–1897

French Madagascar (complete list) –

Colony, 1897–1958

For details see France under western Europe

Mauritius

British Mauritius (complete list) –

Colony, 1810–1968

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Seychelles

Colony of Seychelles

Part of British Mauritius, 1811–1903

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Africa: Northcentral

Libya

Tunisia

Beylik of Tunis

Beys (complete list) –

Ahmad I ibn Mustafa, Bey (1837–1855)
Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn, Bey (1855–1859)
Muhammad III as-Sadiq, Bey (1859–1882)
Ali III ibn al-Husayn, Bey (1882–1902)

Grand viziers (complete list) –

Mustapha Khaznadar, Grand vizier (1837–1873)
Hayreddin Pasha, Grand vizier (1873–1877)
Mohammed Khaznadar, Grand vizier (1877–1878, 1881–1882)
Mustapha Ben Ismaïl, Grand vizier (1878–1881)
Aziz Bouattour, Grand vizier (1882–1907)

French protectorate of Tunisia (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1881–1956

For details see France under western Europe

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

Khedivate of Egypt

Khedive (complete list) –

Abbas Helmi I, Khedive (1848–1854)
Sa'id, Khedive (1854–1863)
Isma'il Pasha, Khedive (1863–1879)
Tewfik Pasha, Khedive (1879–1892)
Abbas II, Khedive (1892–1914)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Nubar Pasha, Prime minister (1878–1879)
Tewfik Pasha, Prime minister (1879)
Mohamed Sherif Pasha, Prime minister (1879)
Tewfik Pasha, Prime minister (1879)
Riaz Pasha, Prime minister (1879–1881)
Mohamed Sherif Pasha, Prime minister (1881–1882)
Mahmoud Samy El Baroudy, Prime minister (1882)
Raghib Pasha, Prime minister (1882)
Mohamed Sherif Pasha, Prime minister (1882–1884)
Nubar Pasha, Prime minister (1884–1888)
Riaz Pasha, Prime minister (1888–1891)
Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Prime minister (1891–1893)
Hussein Fakhry Pasha, Prime minister (1893)
Riaz Pasha, Prime minister (1893–1894)
Nubar Pasha, Prime minister (1894–1895)
Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Prime minister (1895–1908)

Sudan

Sultanate of Darfur (complete list) –

Muhammad al-Husayn, Sultan (1838–1873)
Ibrahim, Sultan (1873–1874)
Ali Dinar, Sultan (1898–1916)

Mahdist State –

Muhammad Ahmad, Mahdi (1881–1885)
Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, Khalifa (1885–1899)

Taqali (complete list) –

Nasir, Mukūk (1843–c.1860)
Adam I, Mukūk (c.1860–1884)

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (complete list / complete list) –

Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956

For details see the United Kingdom and Egypt

Africa: Northwest

Algeria

French Algeria (complete list) –

French Départements, 1830–1962

For details see France under western Europe

Morocco and Western Sahara

Morocco: Alaouite dynasty (complete list) –

Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1822–1859)
Mohammed IV, Sultan (1859–1873)
Hassan I, Sultan (1873–1894)
Abdelaziz, Sultan (1894–1908)

Spanish Sahara, (complete list) –

Overseas territory, 1884–1975

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Africa: South

Botswana

Bechuanaland Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1885–1966

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Eswatini/ Swaziland

Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)

Kings (complete list) –

Mswati II, King (1840–1868)
Dlamini IV, King (1875–1889)
Ngwane V, King (1895–1899)

tiNdlovukati (complete list) –

Tsandzile Ndwandwe, Ndlovukati (1840–1875), Queen Regent (1868–1875)
Sisile Khumalo, Ndlovukati (1875)
Tibati Nkambule, Ndlovukati (1875–1894), Queen Regent (1889–1894)
Labotsibeni Mdluli, Ndlovukati (1894–1925), Queen Regent (1899–1903) Queen Regent under British rule (1903–1921)

Lesotho

Basutoland (complete list) –

Kingdom, 1822–1884

British colony, 1884–1966

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Paramount Chiefs (complete list) –

Moshoeshoe I, King or Paramount Chief (1822–1870)
Letsie I, Paramount Chief (1870–1891)
Lerotholi, Paramount Chief (1891–1905)

Malawi

British Central Africa Protectorate (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1893–1907

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Mozambique

Angoche Sultanate –

Hasani Usufu, Sultan (1849–1861)
Musa Mohammad Sahib Quanto, Sultan (?–1879)
Umar Farelay (also known as Mahamuieva), Sultan (c.1890–1910)

Gaza Empire (complete list) –

Soshangane, ruler (1825–1858)
Mzila, ruler (c.1864–c.1884)
Gungunhana, ruler (c.1884–1895)

Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Namibia

Gciriku (complete list) –

Shimwemwe (1785–1805)

German South West Africa (complete list) –

Colony, 1884–1915

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

South Africa

Griqualand East –

Adam Kok III, Kaptijn (c.1862–1875)

Griqualand West –

Andries Waterboer, Kaptijn (1820–1852)
Nicolaas Waterboer, Kaptijn (1852–1880)

Diggers Republic –

Stafford Parker, President (1870–1871)

Mthethwa Paramountcy –

Jobe kaKhayi, Chief (?–1806)
Dingiswayo, Chief (1806–1817)

Nieuwe Republiek –

Lucas Johannes Meijer, President (1884–1888)

Orange Free State (complete list) –

Jacobus Groenendaal, Acting State President (1854)
Josias Philip Hoffman, State President (1854–1855)
Jacobus Johannes Venter, Acting State President (1855)
Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff, State President (1855–1859)
Esaias Reynier Snijman, Acting State President (1859–1860)
Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, State President (1860–1863)
Jacobus Johannes Venter, Acting State President (1863–1864)
Johannes Henricus Brand, State President (1864–1888)
Executive Committee: W. Collins, F.P. Schnehage, G.J. du Toit (1888)
Pieter Jeremias Blignaut, Acting State President (1888–1889)
Francis William Reitz, State President (1889–1895)
Pieter Jeremias Blignaut, Acting State President (1895–1896)
Martinus Theunis Steyn, State President (1896–1902)

Cape Colony (complete list) –

British colony, 1795–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Colony of Natal (complete list) –

British colony, 1843–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

South African Republic (complete list) –

Schalk Willem Burger, Acting State President (1900–1902)

Transvaal Colony (complete list) –

British colony, 1877–1881, 1902–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Zambia

Barotseland (complete list) –

Sebetwane, Morêna (1838–1851)
Mamochisane, Morêna (1851)
Sekeletu, Morêna (1851–1863)
Mambili, Morêna (1863)
Liswaniso, Morêna in rebellion (1863)
Mbololo, Morêna (1863–1864)
Sipopa Lutangu, Mbumu wa Litunga (1864–1876)
Mowa Mamili, Regent (1876)
Mwanawina II, Mbumu wa Litunga (1876–1878)
Lubosi I, Mbumu wa Litunga (1878–1884)
Akufuna Tatila, Mbumu wa Litunga (1884–1885)
Sikufele (in rebellion) (1885)
Lubosi I, Mbumu wa Litunga (1885–1916)

Kazembe –

Kapumba Mwongo Mfwama, Mwata (1850–1854)
Chinyanta Munona, Mwata (1854–1862)
Mwonga Nsemba, Mwata (1862–1870)
Chinkonkole Kafuti, Mwata (1870–1872)
Lukwesa Mpanga, Mwata (1872–1883, 1885–1886)
Kanyembo Ntemena, Mwata (1883–1885, 1886–1904)

Ngoni (complete list) –

Mpezeni I, Paramount Chief (1848–1900)

Zimbabwe

Mthwakazi –

Mzilikazi (1820–1868)
Lobengula (1868–1894)

Company rule in Rhodesia by the British South Africa Company (complete list) –

Company rule, 1890–1924

James Hamilton, Chairman
Cecil Rhodes, Founder
Alfred Beit, Director

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Rozvi Empire (complete list) –

Changamire Tohwechipi Zharare, King (1831–1866)^[11]

Africa: West

Benin

Kingdom of Agwe –

Hanto Tona, King (1846–1858)
Soji Komin Agidi, King (1858–1873)
Atanle, King (1873–1889)
Ahrlonko Butiyi, King (1889–1894)
Kwasihela Diogo, King (1894–1895)

State annexed by France (1895)

Kingdom of Benin (complete list) –

Adolo, Oba (1848–1897)

Americas

Americas: Caribbean

Antigua

Colonial Antigua (complete list) –

British colony, 1632–1981

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

The Bahamas

Colony of the Bahamas (complete list) –

British colony, 1648–1973

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Barbados

Colonial Barbados (complete list) –

British colony, 1625–1966

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Cuba

Captaincy General of Cuba (complete list) –

Spanish Colony, 1607–1898

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Dominica

British Dominica (complete list) –

British Colony, 1763–1978

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Colonial Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (complete list) –

British Colony, 1763–1979

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Dominican Republic

First Dominican Republic (complete list) –

Buenaventura Báez, President (1849–1853)
Pedro Santana, President (1853–1856)
Manuel de Regla Mota, President (1856)
Buenaventura Báez, President (1856–1858)
José Desiderio Valverde, President (1858)
Pedro Santana, President (1858–1861)

Second Dominican Republic (complete list) –

Pedro Antonio Pimentel, President (1865)
José María Cabral, Supreme Chief (1865)
Pedro Guillermo, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1865)
Buenaventura Báez, President (1865–1866)

Pedro Antonio Pimentel, Gregorio Luperón, Federico de Jesús García, Triumvirate (1866)

José María Cabral, President (1866–1868)
Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, President (1868)

José Antonio Hungría, Francisco Antonio Gómez Báez, José Ramón Luciano y Franco, Junta of Generals (1868)

Buenaventura Báez, President (1868–1874)
Ignacio María González, Supreme Chief (1874)

Ignacio María González, Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, Generals-in-Chief (1874)

Ignacio María González, President (1874–1876)

Pedro Tomás Garrido, José de Jesús de Castro, Pedro Pablo de Bonilla, Juan Bautista Zafra, Pablo López Villanueva, Jacinto Peynado, Council of Secretaries of State (1876)

Ulises Francisco Espaillat, President (1876)

Pablo López Villanueva, José Caminero Matías, Juan Esteban Ariza Matos, Fidel Rodríguez Urdaneta, José de Jesús Eduardo de Castro Álvarez, Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda, Pedro Tomás Garrido Matos, Superior Governing Junta (1876)

Ignacio María González, Supreme Chief (1876)
Marcos Antonio Cabral, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1876)
Buenaventura Báez, President (1876–1878)

José María Cabral, Joaquín Montolío, Council of Secretaries of State (1878)

Cesareo Guillermo, President (1878)
Ignacio María González, President (1878)

Ulises Heureaux, Cesáreo Guillermo, People's Military Chiefs (1878)

Jacinto de Castro, Acting President (1878)

Cesáreo Guillermo, Alejandro Angulo Guridi, Pedro Maria Aristy, Council of Secretaries of State (1878–1879)

Cesareo Guillermo, President (1879)
Gregorio Luperón, President (1879–1880)
Fernando Arturo de Meriño, President (1880–1882)
Ulises Heureaux, President (1882–1884)
Francisco Gregorio Billini, President (1884–1885)
Alejandro Woss y Gil, President (1885–1887)
Ulises Heureaux, President (1887–1889)
Manuel María Gautier, Acting President (1889)
Ulises Heureaux, President (1889–1899)
Wenceslao Figuereo, President (1899)

Tomás Demetrio Morales, Arístides Patiño, Enrique Henríquez y Alfau, Jaime R. Vidal, Braulio Álvarez, Council of Secretaries of State (1899)
Mariano Cestero, Álvaro Logroño, Arístides Patiño, Pedro María Mejía, Council of Secretaries of State (1899)

Horacio Vásquez, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1899)
Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, President (1899–1902)

Haiti

Second Empire of Haiti (complete list) –

Faustin Soulouque, President (1847–1849), Emperor (1849–1859)

Second Haitian Republic (complete list) –

Fabre Geffrard, President (1859–1867)
Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget, Provisional President (1867)
Sylvain Salnave, President (1867–1869)
Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget, President (1869–1874)
Council of Secretaries of State (1874)
Michel Domingue, President (1874–1876)
Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1876), President (1876–1879)
Joseph Lamothe, Provisional President (1879)
Lysius Salomon, President (1879–1888)
Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1888)
François Denys Légitime, President (1888–1889)
Monpoint Jeune, Provisional President (1889)
Florvil Hyppolite, President (1889–1896)
Tirésias Simon Sam, President (1896–1902)

Netherlands

Curaçao and Dependencies (complete list) –

Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954

For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (complete list) –

British colony, 1882–1983

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Saint Lucia

Colonial Saint Lucia (complete list) –

British colony, 1802–1979

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Trinidad and Tobago

Colonial Trinidad and Tobago (complete list) –

British colony, 1797–1962

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Principality of Trinidad –

James I, Prince (1893–1895)

Americas: Central

Belize

Black River Settlements (complete list) –

British colony, 1749–1862

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

British Honduras/ Colonial Belize (complete list) –

British colony, 1862–1981

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Costa Rica

First Costa Rican Republic (complete list) –

Juan Mora Porras, President (1849–1859)
José María Montealegre Fernández, President (1859–1863)
Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President (1863–1866)
José Castro Madriz, President (1866–1868)
Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President (1868–1870)
Bruno Carranza Ramírez, President (1870)
Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President (1870–1876)
Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz, President (1876)
Vicente Herrera Zeledón, President (1876–1877)
Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President (1877–1882)
Saturnino Lizano Gutiérrez, President (1882)
Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, President (1882–1885)
Bernardo Soto Alfaro, President (1885–1890)
José Rodríguez Zeledón, President (1890–1894)
Rafael Yglesias Castro, President (1894–1902)

El Salvador

El Salvador (complete list) –

Doroteo Vasconcelos, President (1850–1851)
José Félix Quirós, Acting President (1851)
Francisco Dueñas, President (1851–1852)
José María San Martín, Acting President (1852)
Francisco Dueñas, President (1852–1854)
Vicente Gómez, Acting President (1854)
José María San Martín, President (1854–1856)
Francisco Dueñas, Acting President (1856)
Rafael Campo, President (1856–1858)
Lorenzo Zepeda, Acting President (1858)
Miguel Santín del Castillo, President (1858–1859)
Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, Acting President (1859)
José María Peralta, Acting President (1859)
Gerardo Barrios, President (1859–1863)
Francisco Dueñas, President (1863–1871)
Santiago González, President (1871–1876)
Andrés del Valle, President (1876)
Rafael Zaldívar, President (1876–1885)
Francisco Menéndez, President (1885–1890)
Carlos Ezeta, President (1890–1894)
Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez, President (1894–1898)
Tomás Regalado, President (1898–1903)

Guatemala

Republic of Guatemala (complete list) –

Mariano Peredes, Acting President (1849–1851)
Rafael Carrera, President (1851–1865)
Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol, Acting President (1865)
Vicente Cerna Sandoval, President (1865–1871)
Miguel García Granados, President (1871–1873)
Justo Rufino Barrios, President (1873–1885)
Alejandro M. Sinibaldi, Acting President (1885)
Manuel Barillas, President (1885–1892)
José María Reina Barrios, President (1892–1898)
Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President (1898–1920)

Honduras

Honduras (complete list) –

Juan Lindo, President (1847–1852)
Francisco Gómez, Acting President (1852)
José Trinidad Cabañas, President (1852–1855)
José Santiago Bueso, Acting President (1855)
Francisco de Aguilar, Acting President (1855–1856)
José Santos Guardiola, President (1856–1862)
José Francisco Montes, Acting President (1862)
Victoriano Castellanos, Acting President (1862)
José Francisco Montes, Acting President (1862–1863)
José María Medina, Acting President (1863)
Francisco Inestroza, Acting President (1863–1864)
Francisco Cruz Castro, Provisional President (1869–1870)
José María Medina, President (1864–1872)
Céleo Arias, Provisional President (1872–1874)
Ponciano Leiva, President (1874–1876)
Marcelino Mejía, Provisional President (1876)
Crescencio Gómez, Provisional President (1876)
José María Medina, Provisional President (1876)
Marco Aurelio Soto, President (1876–1883)
Council of Ministers, (1883)
Luis Bográn, President (1883–1891)
Ponciano Leiva, President (1891–1893)
Domingo Vásquez, President (1893–1894)
Policarpo Bonilla, President (1894–1899)
Terencio Sierra, President (1899–1903)

Nicaragua

Miskito Coast (complete list) –

George Augustus Frederic II, King (1842–1865)
William Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief (1865–1879)
George William Albert Hendy, Hereditary Chief (1879–1888)
Andrew Hendy, Hereditary Chief (1888–1889)
Jonathan Charles Frederick, Hereditary Chief (1889–1890)
Robert Henry Clarence, Hereditary Chief (1890–1894)

Nicaragua (complete list) –

Norberto Ramírez Áreas, Supreme Director (1849–1851)
Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de Avilés, Acting Supreme Director (1851)
José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director (1851)
Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de Avilés, Acting Supreme Director (1851)
José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director, in dissidence (1851)
José Francisco del Montenegro, Acting Supreme Director, in rebellion (1851)
José de Jesús Alfaro, Supreme Director, in rebellion (1851)
José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director, in dissidence (1851–1853)
Fruto Chamorro, Supreme Director (1853–1854)
Fruto Chamorro, President (1854–1855)
José María Estrada, Acting President (1855)
Patricio Rivas, Provisional President (1855–1857)
William Walker, Usurper (1856–1857)
Government Junta, President (1857)
Tomás Martínez, President (1857–1867)
Fernando Guzmán Solórzano, President (1867–1871)
José Vicente Cuadra, President (1871–1875)
Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro, President (1875–1879)
Joaquín Zavala, President (1879–1883)
Adán Cárdenas, President (1883–1887)
Evaristo Carazo, President (1887–1889)
Nicolás Osorno, Acting President (1889)
Roberto Sacasa, Acting President (1889–1891)
Ignacio Chaves López, President (1891)
Roberto Sacasa, President (1891–1893)
Salvador Machado, Acting President (1893)
Joaquín Zavala, Acting President (1893)
José Santos Zelaya, President (1893–1909)

Americas: North

Canada

Newfoundland Colony (complete list) –

British colony, 1610–1907

Province of Canada (complete list) –

British colony, 1841–1867

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Canada

Monarchs (complete list) –

Victoria, Queen (1867–1901)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

John A. Macdonald, Prime minister (1867–1873, 1878–1891)
Alexander Mackenzie, Prime minister (1873–1878)
John Abbott, Prime minister (1891–1892)
John Sparrow David Thompson, Prime minister (1892–1894)
Mackenzie Bowell, Prime minister (1894–1896)
Charles Tupper, Prime minister (1896)
Wilfrid Laurier, Prime minister (1896–1911)

Mexico

Second Federal Republic of Mexico (complete list) –

José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1848–1851)
Mariano Arista, President (1851–1853)
Juan Bautista Ceballos, President (1853)
Manuel María Lombardini, President (1853)
Santa Anna, Dictator-President (1853–1855)
Martín Carrera, President (1855)
Rómulo Díaz de la Vega, President (1855)
Juan Álvarez, President (1855)
Ignacio Comonfort, President (1855–1857)
Benito Juárez, President (1857–1872)
Ignacio Comonfort, President (1857–1858)
Félix María Zuloaga, Interim President (1858)
Manuel Robles Pezuela, Provisional President (1858–1859)
José Mariano Salas, Provisional President (1859)
Miguel Miramón, Substitute President (1859–1860)
José Ignacio Pavón, Substitute President (1860)
Miguel Miramón, Provisional President (1860)
Félix María Zuloaga, Provisional President (1860–1862)

Republic of Sonora –

William Walker, President (1853–1854)

Second Mexican Empire (complete list) –

Juan Almonte, José Mariano Salas, Pelagio Antonio de Labastida, Regents of the Mexican Empire (1863–1864)
Maximilian I, Emperor (1864–1867)

United Mexican States (complete list) –

Benito Juárez, President (1857–1872)
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, President (1872–1876)
José María Iglesias, President (1876)
Porfirio Díaz, President (1876)
Juan Nepomuceno Méndez, President (1876–1877)
Porfirio Díaz, President (1877–1880)
Manuel González Flores, President (1880–1884)
Porfirio Díaz, President (1884–1911)

United States

United States (complete list) –

Millard Fillmore, President (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce, President (1853–1857)
James Buchanan, President (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln, President (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson, President (1865–1869)
Ulysses S. Grant, President (1869–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes, President (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield, President (1881)
Chester A. Arthur, President (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland, President (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison, President (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland, President (1893–1897)
William McKinley, President (1897–1901)

Cherokee Nation (complete list) –

John Ross, Principal Chief (1828–1866)
Stand Watie, dissident Chief (1862–1866)
William P. Ross, Principal Chief (1866–1867, 1872–1875)
Lewis Downing, Principal Chief (1867–1872)
Charles Thompson, Principal Chief (1875–1879)
Dennis Bushyhead, Principal Chief (1879–1887)
Joel B. Mayes, Principal Chief (1887–1891)
Johnson Harris, Principal Chief (1891–1895)
Samuel Houston Mayes, Principal Chief (1895–1899)
Thomas Buffington, Principal Chief (1899–1903)

Confederate States of America –

Jefferson Davis, President (1862–1865)^[26]

Americas: South

Argentina

Argentine Confederation (complete list) –

Justo José de Urquiza, Provisional Director (1852–1854), President (1854–1860)
Santiago Derqui, President (1860–1861)
Juan Esteban Pedernera, President (1861)

Argentine Republic (complete list) –

Bartolomé Mitre, President (1862–1868)
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, President (1868–1874)
Nicolás Avellaneda, President (1874–1880)
Julio Argentino Roca, President (1880–1886)
Miguel Juárez Celman, President (1886–1890)
Carlos Pellegrini, President (1890–1892)
Luis Sáenz Peña, President (1892–1895)
José Evaristo Uriburu, President (1895–1898)
Julio Argentino Roca, President (1898–1904)

Bolivia

Republic of Bolivia (complete list) –

Manuel Isidoro Belzu, Provisional President (1848–1850), President (1850–1855)
Jorge Córdova, President (1855–1857)
José María Linares, Provisional President (1857–1858), Dictator for Life (1858–1861)
Government Junta, Members: Ruperto Fernández, José María Achá, Manuel Antonio Sánchez (1861)
José María Achá, Provisional President (1861–1862), President (1862–1864)
Mariano Melgarejo, Provisional President (1864–1870), President (1870–1871)
Agustín Morales, Supreme Chief of the Revolution (1871), Provisional President (1871–1872), President (1872)
Tomás Frías Ametller, President (1872–1873)
Adolfo Ballivián, President (1873–1874)
Tomás Frías Ametller, President (1874–1876)
Hilarión Daza, President (1876–1879)
Pedro José Domingo de Guerra, President (1879)
Narciso Campero, President (1880–1884)
Gregorio Pacheco, President (1884–1888)
Aniceto Arce, President (1888–1892)
Mariano Baptista, President (1892–1896)
Severo Fernández, President (1896–1899)
Government Junta, Members: José Manuel Pando, Serapio Reyes Ortiz, Macario Pinilla Vargas (1899)
José Manuel Pando, President (1899–1904)

Brazil

Empire of Brazil (complete list) –

Pedro II, Emperor (1831–1889)

First Brazilian Republic (complete list) –

Deodoro da Fonseca, President (1889–1891)
Floriano Peixoto, President (1891–1894)
Prudente de Morais, President (1894–1898)
Campos Sales, President (1898–1902)

Republic of Acre (pt:complete list) –

Luis Gálvez Rodrígues de Arias [pt], President (1899–1900, 1900)
Antônio de Sousa Braga [pt], President (1900)
Joaquim Vítor da Silva [pt], President (1900)

Chile

Conservative Republic of Chile (complete list) –

Manuel Bulnes, President (1841–1851)
Manuel Montt, President (1851–1861)

Liberal Republic of Chile (complete list) –

José Joaquín Pérez, President (1861–1871)
Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, President (1871–1876)
Aníbal Pinto, President (1876–1881)
Domingo Santa María, President (1881–1886)
José Manuel Balmaceda, President (1886–1891)

Parliamentary Era Chile (complete list) –

Jorge Montt, President (1891–1896)
Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, President (1896–1901)

Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia –

Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, King (1860–1862)

Colombia

Republic of New Granada (complete list) –

José Hilario López, President (1849–1853)
José María Obando, President (1853–1854)
José María Melo, President (1854)
Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, President (1857–1858)

Granadine Confederation (complete list) –

Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, President (1858/1868–1861)
Juan José Nieto Gil, President (1861)
Bartolomé Calvo, President (1861)
Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, President (1861–1863, 1863–1864)

United States of Colombia (complete list) –

Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, President (1861–1863, 1863–1864, 1866–1867)
Manuel Murillo Toro, President (1864–1866)
Joaquín Riascos, President (1867)
Santos Acosta, President (1867–1868)
Santos Gutiérrez, President (1868–1870)
Eustorgio Salgar, President (1870–1872)
Manuel Murillo Toro, President (1872–1874)
Santiago Pérez de Manosalbas, President (1874–1876)
Aquileo Parra, President (1876–1878)
Julián Trujillo Largacha, President (1878–1880)
Rafael Núñez, President (1880–1882, 1884–1886, 1886–1894)
Francisco Javier Zaldúa, President (1882)
Clímaco Calderón, President (1882)
José Eusebio Otalora, President (1882–1884)
Ezequiel Hurtado, President (1884)

Republic of Colombia (complete list) –

Rafael Núñez, President (1880–1882, 1884–1886, 1886–1894)
Miguel Antonio Caro, President (1894–1898)
Manuel Antonio Sanclemente, President (1898–1900)
José Manuel Marroquín, President (1900–1904)

Ecuador

Republic of Ecuador (complete list) –

Diego Noboa, Interim President (1850–1851), President (1851)
José María Urvina, Jéfe Supremo (1851–1852), President (1852–1856)
Francisco Robles, President (1856–1859)
Provisional Government of Quito, Members: Gabriel García Moreno, Jerónimo Carrión, Plácido Chiriboga, Rafael Carvajal (1859–1861)
Government of Cuenca, Leaders: Jerónimo Carrión, Francisco Robles, Guillermo Franco, Ramón Borrero (1859)
Supreme Leadership of Guayas, Leader: Guillermo Franco (1859–1860)
Federal Government of Loja, Leader: Manuel Carrión Pinzano (1859–1860)
Gabriel García Moreno, Interim President (1861), President (1861–1865)
Rafael Carvajal, Acting President (1865)
Jerónimo Carrión, President (1865–1867)
Pedro José de Arteta, Acting President (1867–1868)
Javier Espinosa, President (1868–1869)
Gabriel García Moreno, Interim President (1869)
Manuel de Ascásubi, Interim President (1869)
Gabriel García Moreno, President (1869–1875)
Francisco Xavier León, Interim President (1875)
José Javier Eguiguren, Interim President (1875)
Antonio Borrero, President (1875–1876)
Ignacio de Veintemilla, Jéfe Supremo (1876–1878), President (1878–1882), Jéfe Supremo (1882–1883)
Pentevirato Quiteño, Members: José María Plácido Caamaño, Luis Cordero, Agustín Guerrero, Pedro Lizarzaburu, Rafael Pérez Pareja (1883)
Supreme Leadership of Manabí and Esmeraldas, Leader: Eloy Alfaro (1883)
Supreme Leadership of Guayas, Leader: Pedro Carbo (1883)
José Plácido Caamaño, Interim President (1883–1884), President (1884–1888)
Pedro José Cevallos, Acting President (1888)
Antonio Flores Jijón, President (1888–1892)
Luis Cordero Crespo, President (1892–1895)
Vicente Lucio Salazar, Acting President (1895)
Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1895–1896), Interim President (1896–1897), President (1897–1901)

Guyana

British Guiana (complete list) –

British colony, 1814–1966

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Paraguay

Republic of Paraguay (complete list) –

Carlos Antonio López, President (1844–1862)
Francisco Solano López, President (1862–1869)
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola, President (1869–1870)
Facundo Machaín, Acting President (1870)
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola, President (1870–1871)
Salvador Jovellanos, President (1871–1874)
Juan Bautista Gill, President (1874–1877)
Higinio Uriarte, President (1877–1878)
Cándido Bareiro, President (1878–1880)
Bernardino Caballero, President (1880–1886)
Patricio Escobar, President (1886–1890)
Juan Gualberto González, President (1890–1894)
Marcos Morínigo, President (1894)
Juan Bautista Egusquiza, President (1894–1898)
Emilio Aceval, President (1898–1902)

Peru

Republic of Peru (complete list) –

Ramón Castilla, President (1845–1851)
José Rufino Echenique, President (1851–1855)
Ramón Castilla, President (1855–1862)
Miguel de San Román, President (1862–1863)
Ramón Castilla, President (1863)
Pedro Diez Canseco, President (1863)
Juan Antonio Pezet, President (1863–1865)
Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1865)
Juan Antonio Pezet, President (1865)
Pedro Diez Canseco, President (1865)
Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1865–1868)
Pedro Diez Canseco, Interim caretaker (1868)
José Balta, President (1868–1872)
Tomás Gutiérrez, Supreme Leader of the Nation (1872)
Francisco Diez Canseco, President (1872)
Mariano Herencia Zevallos, President (1872)
Manuel Pardo, President (1872–1876)
Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1876–1879)
Nicolás de Piérola, Commander in Chief of the State (1879–1881)
Francisco García Calderón, Provisional President of the Republic (1881)
Lizardo Montero Flores, Provisional President of the Republic (1881)
Miguel Iglesias, Regenerator President of the Republic (1881–1885)
Antonio Arenas, President of the Government Junta (1885–1886)
Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Constitutional President (1886–1890)
Remigio Morales Bermúdez, Constitutional President (1890–1894)
Justiniano Borgoño, President of the Government Junta (1894)
Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Constitutional President (1894–1895)
Manuel Candamo, President of the Government Junta (1895)
Nicolás de Piérola, Constitutional President (1895–1899)
Eduardo López de Romaña, Constitutional President (1899–1903)

Suriname

Dutch Surinam (complete list) –

Dutch colony 1667–1954

For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Uruguay

Oriental Republic of Uruguay (complete list) –

Manuel Oribe, Disputed with Joaquín Suárez (1843–1851)
Joaquín Suárez, Acting, Disputed with Manuel Oribe (1841–1852)
Bernardo Berro, Acting (1852)
Juan Francisco Giró, President (1852–1853)
Juan Antonio Lavalleja, Triumvir, President (1853) (1853)
Fructuoso Rivera, Triumvir (1853–1859), President (1853–1854) (1853–1859)
Venancio Flores, Triumvir, President, disputed (1854–1855) (1853–1854)
Luis María Lamas, Acting President, disputed (1855)
Manuel Basilio Bustamante, Acting President (1855–1856)
José María Piá, Acting President (1856)
Gabriel Antonio Pereira, President (1856–1860)
Bernardo Berro, President (1860–1864)
Atanasio Aguirre, Acting President (1864–1865)
Tomás Villalba, Acting President (1865)
Venancio Flores, Acting President (1865–1868)
Pedro Varela, Acting President (1868)
Lorenzo Batlle y Grau, President (1868–1872)
Tomás Gomensoro Albín, Acting President (1872–1873)
José Eugenio Ellauri, President (1873–1875)
Pedro Varela, President (1875–1876)
Lorenzo Latorre, President (1876–1880)
Francisco Antonino Vidal, President (1880–1882)
Máximo Santos, President (1882–1886)
Francisco Antonino Vidal, President (1886)
Máximo Santos, President (1886)
Máximo Tajes, President (1886–1890)
Julio Herrera y Obes, President (1890–1894)
Duncan Stewart, Acting President (1894)
Juan Idiarte Borda, President (1894–1897)
Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, Acting President (1897–1899)
José Batlle y Ordóñez, Acting President (1899)
Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President (1899–1903)

Venezuela

State of Venezuela (complete list) –

José Tadeo Monagas, President (1847–1851)
José Gregorio Monagas, President (1851–1855)
José Tadeo Monagas, President (1855–1858)
Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1858)
Julián Castro, President (1858–1859)
Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1859)
Manuel Felipe de Tovar, President (1859–1861)
Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1861)
José Antonio Páez, President (1861–1863)
Juan Crisóstomo Falcón, President (1863–1868)

United States of Venezuela (complete list) –

Juan Crisóstomo Falcón, President (1863–1868)
Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual, Interim President (1868)
Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1868–1869)
José Ruperto Monagas, President (1869–1870)
Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1870)
Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1870–1877)
Francisco Linares Alcántara, President (1877–1878)
José Gregorio Valera, Interim President (1878–1879)
Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1879–1884)
Joaquín Crespo, President (1884–1886)
Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1886–1887)
Hermógenes López, Interim President (1887–1888)
Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl, President (1888–1890)
Raimundo Andueza Palacio, President (1890–1892)
Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1892)
Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido, Interim President (1892)
Joaquín Crespo, President (1892–1898)
Ignacio Andrade, President (1898–1899)
Cipriano Castro, President (1899–1908)

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

Tibet

Tibet under Qing rule (Qing emperors / Dalai Lamas) –

Manchu overlordship, 1720–1912

For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia

Uzbekistan

Khanate of Kokand –

Muhammad Khudayar, Khan (1845–1858)
Muhammad Mallya Beg, Khan (1858–1862)
Shah Murad, Khan (1862)
Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1862–1865)
Muhammad Sultan, Khan (1863–1865)
Bil Bahchi, Khan (1865)
Muhammad Sultah, Khan (1865–1866)
Muhammad Khudayar, Khan (1866–1875)
Nasir ad-Din Abdul Karin, Khan (1875)
Muhammad Pulad Beg, Khan (1875–1875)
Nasir ad-Din Abdul Karim, Khan (1875–1883)

Khanate of Khiva (complete list) –

Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur, Khan (1846–1855)
Abdullah, Khan (1855)
Qutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur, Khan (1855–1856)
Mahmud, Khan (1856)
Sayyid Muhammad, Khan (1856–1864)
Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II., Khan (Feruz Khan), Khan (1864–1910)

Emirate of Bukhara –

Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora, Amir (1827–1860)

Russian protectorate, 1873–1917

Muzaffar al-Din bin Nasr-Allah, Amir (1860–1885)
Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din, Amir (1885–1910)

Russian Turkestan (complete list) –

Russian Krai, 1867–1918

For details see the Russian Empire under Eastern Europe

Asia: East

China: Mainland

Qing dynasty (complete list) –

Xianfeng, Emperor (1850–1861)
Tongzhi, Emperor (1861–1875)
Guangxu, Emperor (1875–1908)

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom –

Hong Xiuquan, Heavenly King (1851–1864)
Hong Tianguifu, Heavenly King (1864)

China: Taiwan

Republic of Formosa –

Tang Jingsong, President (1895)
Liu Yongfu, de facto President (1895)

Japan

Tokugawa shogunate of Japan

Emperors (complete list) –

Kōmei, Emperor (1846–1867)
Meiji, Emperor (1867–1912)

Shōgun (complete list) –

Tokugawa Ieyoshi, Shōgun (1837–1853)
Tokugawa Iesada, Shōgun (1853–1858)
Tokugawa Iemochi, Shōgun (1858–1866)
Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Shōgun (1867–1868)

Empire of Japan

Emperors (complete list) –

Meiji, Emperor (1867–1912)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1885–1888)
Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime minister (1888–1889)
Sanjō Sanetomi, Acting Prime minister (1889–1889)
Yamagata Aritomo, Prime minister (1889–1891)
Matsukata Masayoshi, Prime minister (1891–1892)
Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1892–1896)
Kuroda Kiyotaka, Acting Prime minister (1896–1896)
Matsukata Masayoshi, Prime minister (1896–1898)
Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1898–1898)
Ōkuma Shigenobu, Prime minister (1898–1898)
Yamagata Aritomo, Prime minister (1898–1900)
Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1900–1901)

Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō dynasty –

Vassal state of Satsuma Domain, 1609–1872

Vassal state of the Empire of Japan, 1872–1879

Shō Tai, King (1848–1879)

Republic of Ezo –

Enomoto Takeaki, President (1869)

Korea

Joseon (complete list) –

Gojong, King (1863–1897), Emperor (1897–1907)

Korean Empire (complete list) –

Gojong, King (1863–1897), Emperor (1897–1907)

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

Omar Ali Saifuddin II, Sultan (1828–1852)
Abdul Momin, Sultan (1852–1885)
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, Sultan (1885–1906)

Protectorate of Brunei (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1888–1984

Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, Sultan (1885–1906)

Cambodia

Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

Ang Duong, King (1841–1860)
Norodom, King (1860–1904)

French Protectorate of Cambodia (complete list) –

Protectorate, 1863–1984, part of French Indochina 1887–1953

Norodom, King (1860–1904)

Indonesia

Dutch East Indies (complete list) –

Dutch colony 1800–1811, 1816–1949

For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Indonesia: Java

Sultanate of Cirebon: Kraton Kacirebonan (complete list) –

Cirebon IV, Sultan (1808–1810)^[27]

Bangkalan –

Cakraningrat IX, Sultan (1847–1862)
Cakraningrat X, Sultan (1862–1882)
Cakraningrat XI, Sultan (1882–1885)

Sumenep –

Paku Nataningrat, Sultan (1811–1854)
Natakusuma, Sultan (1854–1879)
Pangeran Pakunataningrat, Regent (1883–1901)

Pamekasan –

Pangeran Aria Suriokusumo, Sultan (1842–1853)

Surakarta Sunanate (complete list) –

Pakubuwono VII, Sultan (1830–1858)
Pakubuwono VIII, Sultan (1858–1861)
Pakubuwono IX, Sultan (1861–1893)
Pakubuwono X, Sultan (1893–1939)

Yogyakarta Sultanate (complete list) –

Hamengkubuwono V, Sultan (1822–1826, 1828–1855)
Hamengkubuwono VI, Sultan (1855–1877)
Hamengkubuwono VII, Sultan (1877–1921)

Mangkunegaran (complete list) –

Mangkunegara III, Sultan (1835–1853)
Mangkunegara IV, Sultan (1853–1881)
Mangkunegara V, Sultan (1881–1896)
Mangkunegara VI, Sultan (1896–1916)

Kalibawang –

Pangeran Adipati Natapraja, Sultan (1831–1853)

Pakualaman (complete list) –

Pakualam II, Sultan (1829–1858)
Pakualam III, Sultan (1858–1864)
Pakualam IV, Sultan (1864–1878)
Pakualam V, Sultan (1878–1900)

Indonesia: Sumatra

Aceh Sultanate (complete list) –

Alauddin Sulaiman Ali Iskandar Syah, Sultan (1838–1857)
Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah, Sultan (1857–1870)
Alauddin Mahmud Syah II, Sultan (1870–1874)
Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II, Sultan (1874–1903)

Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

Ali, Sultan (1835–1855)

Sultanate of Deli (complete list) –

Amaluddin Mangendar, Sultan (1805–1850)
Osman Perkasa Alam Shah, Sultan (1850–1858)
Mahmud Al Rashid Perkasa Alamsyah, Sultan (1858–1873)
Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah, Sultan (1873–1924)

Sultanate of Langkat –

Haji Musa al-Khalid al-Mahadiah Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1840–1893)
Abdul Aziz Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1893–1927)

Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura (complete list) –

al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ismail Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin, Sultan (1815–1854)
al-Sayyid al-Sharif Qasim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin I, Sultan (Syarif Qasim I, 1864–1889)
al-Sayyid al-Sharif Hashim Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1889–1908)

Sultanate of Serdang (complete list) –

Al-Marhum Besar, Sultan (1822–1851)
Al-Marhum Kota Batu, Sultan (1851–1879)
Al-Marhum Perbaungan, Sultan (1879–1946)^{[citation needed]}

Riau-Lingga Sultanate

Sultans –

Mahmud IV Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1842–1858)
Sulaiman II Badrul Alam Shah, Sultan (1858–1883)
Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1883–1911)

Yang di-Pertuan Muda –

Ali bin Raja Jaafar, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1844–1857)
Haji Abdullah, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1857–1858)
Muhammad Yusuf, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1858–1899)

Jambi Sultanate –
Abdul Rahman Nazaruddin, Sultan (1841–1855)

Thaha Safiuddin, Sultan (1855–1858, 1900–1904)

Ahmad Nazaruddin, Sultan (1858–1881)

Muhammad Muhieddin, Sultan (1881–1885)

Ahmad Zainul Abidin, Sultan (1885–1899)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

Sultanate of Banjar (complete list) –

Adam Al-Watsiq Billah, Sultan (1825–1857)
Tamjidullah II al-Watsiqu Billah, Sultan (1857–1859)
Hidayatullah II, Sultan (1859–1860)

Sultanate of Bulungan –

Muhammad Alimuddin Amirul Muminin Kahharuddin I, Sultan (1817–1861, 1866–1873)
Muhammad Jalaluddin, Sultan (1861–1866)
Muhammad Khalifatul Adil, Sultan (1873–1875)
Muhammad Kahharuddin II, Sultan (1875–1889)
Azimuddin, Sultan (1889–1899)
Pengian Kesuma, Queen (1899–1901)

Lanfang Republic –

Liu Asheng, President (1848–1876)

Pontianak Sultanate (complete list) –

Syarif Osman Alkadrie, Sultan (1819–1855)
Syarif Hamid Alkadrie, Sultan (1855–1872)
Syarif Yusuf Alkadrie, Sultan (1872–1895)
Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie, Sultan (1895–1944)

Sultanate of Sambas (complete list) –

Abu Bakar Taj ud-din II, Sultan (1846–1854)
Umar Kamal ud-din, Sultan (1854–1866)
Muhammad Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1866–1924)

Sultanate of Sintang –

Sri Paduka Muhammad Qamar ud-din ibni al-Marhum Sultan 'Abdu'l Rashid Muhammad Jamal ud-din, Sultan (1796–1851)
Sri Paduka Sultan Muhammad Jamal ud-din II ibni al-Marhum Sultan Muhammad Qamar ud-din Sultan (1851–1855)
Panembahan Kusuma Negara I, Panembahan (1855–1889)
Panembahan Kusuma Negara II, Panembahan (1889–1905)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

Sultanate of Gowa –

Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid, Sultan (1826–1893)
Idris, Sultan (1893–1895)
Husain, Sultan (1895–1906)

Luwu –

La Oddang Pero, Datu (1825–1854)
Patipatau, Datu (1854–1880)
We Addi Luwu, Datu (1880–1883)
Iskandar Opu Daeng Pali', Datu (1883–1901)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

Kingdom of Larantuka –

Lorenzo II, Raja (c.1886–1904)

Bima Sultanate (complete list) –

Ismail Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1817–1854)
Abdullah, Sultan (1854–1868)
Abdul Aziz, Sultan (1868–1881)
Ibrahim, Sultan (1881–1915)

Indonesia: West Timor

Amanatun (complete list) –

Loit Banu Naek, Raja (?–c.1899)
Muti Banu Naek, Raja (c.1899–1915)

Amarasi (complete list) –

Koroh Kefi, Raja (pre-1832–1853)
Obe Koroh, Raja (1853–1871)
Rasi Koroh, Raja (1872–1887, 1892–1914)
Taku Obe, Raja (1888–1891)

Amabi (complete list) –

Osu II, Raja (1834–1859)
Mano, Raja (1859–1883)
Lelo, Raja (1884–1894)
Kusa, Raja (1895–1901)

Sonbai Besar (complete list) –

Nai Sobe Sonbai II, Emperor (1808–1867))^[28]
Nai Bau Sonbai, Emperor (1867–c.1885)
Nai Nasu Mollo, co-Emperor (1870–1885)
Nai Sobe Sonbai III, Emperor (1885–1906)

Sonbai Kecil (complete list) –

Meis Babkas Nisnoni, Raja (1839–1860)
Pieter Messi Nisnoni, Raja (1860–1874)
Isu Nisnoni, Raja (1875–1889)
Said Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1890–1902)

Amanuban (complete list) –

Baki, Raja (c.1824–1862)
Sanu, Raja (1862–c.1870)
Bil Nope, Raja (c.1870–1910)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate, 1667–1942

Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabé, Sultan (1826–1861)
Muhammad Sadik, Sultan (1862–1889)
Muhammad Usman, Sultan (1900–1935)

Sultanate of Jailolo –

Dano Baba Hasan, Sultan (1875–1878)

Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate, 1657–1905

Al-Mansur Sirajuddin, Sultan (1822–1856)
Ahmad Saifuddin Alting, Sultan (1856–1865)
Said Ahmad Fathuddin Syah, Sultan (1867–1892)
Iskandar Sahajuhan, Sultan (1893–1905)

Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate, 1683–1915

Muhammad Zain, Sultan (1823–1859)
Muhammad Arsyad, Sultan (1859–1876)
Ayanhar, Sultan (1879–1900)
Muhammad Ilham/ Kolano Ara Rimoi, Sultan (1900–1902)

Laos

Muang Phuan (complete list) –

Po, King (1848–1865), vassal to Siam and Vietnam
Ung, King (1866–1876)
Khanti, King (1876–1880), vassal to Siam
Kham Ngon, King (1880–1899)

Kingdom of Champasak (complete list) –

Nark, King (1841–1851)
Kham Nai, King (1856–1858)
Kham Souk, King (1863–1899)
Ratsadanay, King (1900–1904), Regional Governor (1904–1934)

Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (complete list) –

Soukhaseum, King (1838–1851)
Chantharath, King (1851–1870)
Oun Kham, King (1865–1893), King under Protectorate (1893–1895)

French Protectorate of Luang Phrabang (complete list) –

Protectorate and constituent of French Indochina (1893–1953)

Oun Kham, King (1865–1895)
Zakarine, King (1895–1904)

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

Zainal Rashid Al-Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan, (1845–1854)
Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah, Sultan, (1854–1879)
Zainal Rashid Mu'adzam Shah II, Sultan, (1879–1881)
Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll, Sultan, (1881–1943)

Kelantan Sultanate: Patani dynasty (complete list) –

Muhammad II, Sultan (1835–1886)
Ahmad, Sultan (1886–1890)
Muhammad III Ibni Sultan Ahmad, Sultan (1890–1891)
Mansur Ibni Sultan Ahmad, Sultan (1891–1900)
Muhammad IV Ibni Sultan Muhammad III, Sultan (1900–1920)

Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty (complete list) –

Shahabuddin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1830–1851)
Abdullah Muhammad Shah I, Sultan (1851–1857)
Ja’afar Safiuddin Mu’azzam Shah, Sultan (1857–1865)
Ali Al-Mukammal Inayat Shah, Sultan (1865–1871)
Ismail Mu’abidin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1871–1874)
Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, Sultan (1874–1876)
Yusuf Sharifuddin Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1886–1887), Regent (1877–1886)
Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah, Sultan (1887–1916)

Terengganu Sultanate (complete list) –

Omar Riayat Shah, co-Sultan (1831), Sultan (1839–1876)
Mahmud Mustafa Shah, Sultan (1876–1877)
Ahmad Muadzam Shah II, Sultan (1876–1881)
Zainal Abidin III, Sultan (1881–1918)

Selangor Sultanate (complete list) –

Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1826–1857)
Abdul Samad, Sultan (1857–1896)
Sulaiman, Sultan (1896–1937)

Negeri Sembilan (complete list) –

Radin, Yamtuan (1824–1861)
Imam, Yamtuan (1861–1869)
Tengku Ampuan Intan, Regent (1869–1872)
Antah, Yamtuan (1875–1888)
Muhammad, Yamtuan (1888–1933)

Perlis (complete list) –

Syed Hussein Jamalullail, Penghulu (1825–1843), Raja (1843–1873)
Syed Ahmad Jamalullail, Raja (1873–1887)
Syed Saffi Jamalullail, Raja (1887–1905)

Federated Malay States (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1895–1942, 1945–1946

Unfederated Malay States (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946

Straits Settlements (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Malaysian Borneo

Kingdom of Sarawak (complete list) –

James Brooke, Rajah (1842–1868)
Charles Brooke, Rajah (1868–1917)

Crown Colony of Labuan (complete list) –

British colony, 1848–1890, 1904–1906, 1907–1941, 1945–1946

North Borneo (complete list) –

British colony, 1888–1941, 1945–1946; Crown colony, 1946–1963

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Myanmar / Burma

Konbaung dynasty (complete list) –

Pagan, King (1846–1853)
Mindon, King (1853–1878)
Thibaw, King (1878–1885)

Philippines

Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

Mohammad Pulalun Kiram, Sultan (1844–1862)
Jamal ul-Azam, Sultan (1862–1881)
Badar ud-Din II, Sultan (1881–1884)
Harun Ar-Rashid, Sultan (1886–1894)
Jamalul Kiram II, Sultan (1894–1915)

Sultanate of Maguindanao (complete list) –

Untong, Sultan (c.1830–c.1854)
Muhammad Makakwa, Sultan (c.1854–1884)
Wata, Sultan (?–c.1888)
Mangigin, Sultan (1896–1926)

Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (complete list) –

Colony, 1565–1901

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Tagalog Republic Nation –

Andrés Bonifacio, President (1896–1897)

Republic of Biak-na-Bato –

Emilio Aguinaldo, President (1897)

Dictatorial Government of the Philippines –

Emilio Aguinaldo, Dictator (1898)

Republic of Negros –

Aniceto Lacson, President (1898–1899)

Republic of Zamboanga –

Vicente Álvarez, President (1899)

Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899) (complete list) –

Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government (1898–1899), President of the First Republic (1899–1901)

First Philippine Republic

Presidents (complete list) –

Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government (1898–1899), President of the First Republic (1899–1901)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Apolinario Mabini, Prime minister (1899)
Pedro Paterno, Prime minister (1899)

Singapore

Colony of Singapore (complete list) –

British colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1819–1867

British crown colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1867–1963

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Thailand

Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (complete list) –

Rama III, King (1824–1851)
Mongkut, King (1851–1868)
Chulalongkorn, King (1868–1910)

Kingdom of Chiang Mai (complete list) –

Mahotaraprathet, King (1847–1854 )
Kawilorot Suriyawong, King (1856–1870)
Inthawichayanon, King (1870–1897)

Pattani Kingdom (complete list) –

Second Kelantanese dynasty

Phraya Long Muhammad Ibni Raja Muda Kelantan/Raja Kampong Laut Tuan Besar Long Ismail Ibni Raja Long Yunus, Sultan (1842–1856)
Tuan Long Puteh Bin Phraya Long Muhammad, ruler (1856–1881)
Tuan Besar Bin Tuan Long Puteh, ruler (1881–1890)
Tuan Long Bongsu Bin Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad, ruler (1890–1898)
Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah, Sultan (?–1902)

Timor

Portuguese Timor (complete list) –

Colony, 1702–1975

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Vietnam

Đại Việt

Tây Sơn dynasty (complete list) –

Nguyễn dynasty (complete list) –

Việt Nam: Nguyễn dynasty (complete list) –

Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)
Dục Đức, Emperor (1883)
Hiệp Hòa, Emperor (1883–1883)
Kiến Phúc, Emperor (1883–1884)
Hàm Nghi, Emperor (1884–1885)
Đồng Khánh, Emperor (1885–1889)
Thành Thái, Emperor (1889–1907)

French Indochina (complete list) –

Colony, 1887–1946

Vietnamese constituents are below; for details see France under western Europe

Cochinchina

French Colony, 1862–1949

Annam Protectorate

French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948

Tonkin Protectorate

French Protectorate, 1884–1949

For details see France under western Europe

Asia: South

Afghanistan

Durrani Empire (complete list) –

Ali Shah Durrani, Emir (1818–1819)
Ayub Shah Durrani, Emir (1819–1823)

Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynasty (complete list) –

Dost Mohammad Khan, Emir (1826–1839, 1845–1863)
Sher Ali Khan, Emir (1863–1866, 1867–1879)
Mohammad Afzal Khan, Emir (1865–1867)
Mohammad Azam Khan, Emir (1867–1868)
Mohammad Yaqub Khan, Emir (1879)
Ayub Khan, Emir (1879–1880)
Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir (1880–1901)

Asia: West

Bahrain

Hakims of Bahrain (complete list) –

Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971

Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1843–1868)
Ali ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1868–1869)
Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869)
Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869)
Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869–1923)

Cyprus

British Cyprus (complete list) –

Colony, 1878–1960

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Iran

Persia: Qajar dynasty (complete list) –

Naser al-Din, Shah (1848–1896)
Mozaffar al-Din, Shah (1896–1907)

Iraq

Kuwait

Sheikhdom of Kuwait (complete list) –

Jaber I, Sheikh (1814–1859)
Sabah II, Sheikh (1859–1866)
Abdullah II, Sheikh (1866–1893)
Muhammad I, Sheikh (1893–1896)
Mubarak I, Sheikh (1896–1915)

Oman

Omani Empire and Imamate of Oman: Al Busaidi dynasty (complete list) –

Said bin Sultan, Sultan (1804–1856)

Sultanate of Muscat and Oman: Al Busaidi dynasty (complete list) –

Thuwaini, Sultan (1856–1866)
Salim II, Sultan (1866–1868)
Azzan, Sultan (1868–1871)
Turki, Sultan (1871–1888)
Faisal, Sultan (1888–1913)

Qatar

Qatar (complete list) –

Mohammed bin Thani, Emir (1847–1876)
Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, Emir (1878–1913)

Saudi Arabia

Emirate of Nejd (complete list) –

Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud, Imam (1834–1838, 1843–1865)
Abdallah ibn Faisal ibn Turki, Imam (1865–1871, 1871–1873, 1876–1889)
Saud ibn Faisal, Imam (1871–1871, 1873–1875)
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Imam (1875–1876, 1889–1891)

Emirate of Jabal Shammar –

Ṭalāl bin ʿAbdullah, Emir (1848–1868)
Mutʿib bin ʿAbdullah, Emir (1868–1869)
Bandar ben Talal al-Rachid, Emir (1869)
Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullah, Emir (1869–1897)
Abdul-Aziz bin Mitab, Emir (1897–1906)

Turkey

Ottoman Empire

Sultans –

Abdülmecid I, Sultan (1839–1861)
Abdülaziz, Sultan (1861–1876)
Murad V, Sultan (1876)
Abdul Hamid II, Sultan (1876–1909)

Grand Viziers –

Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1848–1852)
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852)
Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1852–1853)
Mustafa Naili Pasha, Grand Vizier (1853–1854)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1854)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1854–1855)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Grand Vizier (1855–1856)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1856–1857)
Mustafa Naili Pasha, Grand Vizier (1857)
Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1857–1858)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Grand Vizier (1858–1859)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1859)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1859–1860)
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1860–1861)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Grand Vizier (1861)
Mehmed Fuad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1861–1866)
Yusuf Kamil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1863)
Mehmed Fuad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1863–1866)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1866–1867)
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Grand Vizier (1866–1871)
Mahmud Nedim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1871–1872)
Midhat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1872)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1872–1873)
Ahmed Esad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1873)
Şirvanlızade Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1873–1874)
Hüseyin Avni Pasha, Grand Vizier (1874–1875)
Ahmed Esad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1875)
Mahmud Nedim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1875–1876)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1876–1876)
Midhat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1876–1877)
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1877–1878)
Ahmed Hamdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
Mehmed Sadık Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
Saffet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878)
Hayreddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1878–1879)
Ahmed Arifi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1879)
Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1879–1880)
Kadri Pasha, Grand Vizier (1880)
Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1880–1882)
Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882)
Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882)
Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882)
Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1882–1885)
Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1885–1891)
Ahmed Cevad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1891–1895)
Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895)
Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895)
Halil Rifat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895–1901)

United Arab Emirates: Trucial States

Sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi –

Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan, ruler (1845–1855)
Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, ruler (1855–1909)

Sheikhdom of Dubai –

Maktoum bin Butti bin Suhail, ruler (1833–1852)
Saeed bin Butti, ruler (1852–1859)
Hasher bin Maktoum, ruler (1859–1886)
Rashid bin Maktoum, ruler (1886–1894)
Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum, ruler (1894–1906)

Sheikhdom of Sharjah –

Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi, ruler (1803–1866)
Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1866–1868)
Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1868–1883)
Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi, ruler (1883–1914)

Sheikhdom of Ajman –

Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1848–1864)
Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi II, ruler (1864–1891)
Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi II, ruler (1891–1900)
Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1900–1910)

Sheikhdom of Umm Al Quwain –

Rashid bin Majid Al Mualla, ruler (1768–1820)
Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla, ruler (1820–1853)
Ali bin Abdullah Al Mualla, ruler (1853–1873)
Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mualla, ruler (1873–1904)

Sheikhdom of Fujairah –

Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi, ruler (1879–1936)^[29]

Sheikhdom of Ras Al Khaimah –

Ibrahim bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1866–1867)
Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1867–1868)
Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi, ruler (1868–1869)
Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi, ruler (1869–1900)
Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi, ruler (1900–1914)

Yemen

Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (complete list) –

'Amm Dayb ibn 'Ali al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (?)
Ruways ibn 'Amm Dayb al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (?)
Nasir ibn Ruways al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (?)
Farid ibn Nasir al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (c.1871–1883)
Ruways ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (1883–1890)
'Amm Rassas ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-'Awlaqi, Amir (1890–1902)

Upper Aulaqi Sultanate (complete list) –

'Abd Allah ibn Farid, Sultan (?–1862)
'Awad ibn 'Abd Allah, Sultan (1862–1879)
'Abd Allah ibn 'Awad, Sultan (1879–1887)
Salih ibn 'Abd Allah, Sultan (1887–1935)

Emirate of Beihan (complete list) –

Thaifallah, Amir (?)
Mubarak, Amir (?)
Muhsin, Amir (?–1903)

Emirate of Dhala (complete list) –

Shafa`ul ibn 'Abd al-Hadi al-'Amiri, Emir (?–1872)
'Ali ibn Muqbil al-'Amiri, Emir (1872–1873, 1874, 1878–1886)
Muhammad ibn Musa`id al-'Amiri, Emir (1873–1873)
'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-'Amiri, Emir (1874–1878)
Sha´if ibn Sayf al-'Amiri, Emir (1886–1911)

Kathiri (complete list) –

Ghalib ibn Muhsin al-Kathir, Sultan (1830–1880)
al-Mansur ibn Ghalib al-Kathir, Sultan (1880–1929)

Sultanate of Lahej –

'Ali I ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1849–1863)
al-Fadl III ibn 'Ali al-'Abdali, Sultan (1863–1863, 1874–1898)
al-Fadl IV ibn Muhsin al-'Abdali, Sultan (1863–1874)
Ahmad III ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1898–1914)

Mahra Sultanate –

Ahmad ibn Sa`d Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-19th century)
'Abd Allah ibn Sa`d Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-19th century)
'Abd Allah ibn Salim Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-19th century)
'Ali ibn 'Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (late-19th century–1907)

Wahidi Balhaf of Ba´l Haf (complete list) –

al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allah, Sultan (?)
'Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn, Sultan (?)
Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (?–1877)
Salih ibn Ahmad, Sultan (1877–1881)
'Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1881–1881)

Wahidi Balhaf of 'Azzan (complete list) –

Muhsin ibn 'Ali al-Wahidi, Sultan (1850–1870)
'Abd Allah ibn 'Umar al-Wahidi, Sultan (1870–1881)

Wahidi Balhaf of Ba´l Haf and 'Azzan (complete list) –

'Abd Allah ibn 'Umar, Sultan (1881–1885)
al-Hadi ibn Salih al-Wahidi, Sultan (1885–1892)
Muhsin ibn Salih al-Wahidi, Sultan (1892–1893)
Salih ibn 'Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1893–1904)

Wahidi Haban (complete list) –

'Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1850–1870)
Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1870–1877)
Salih ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi, Sultan (1877–1881)
Nasir ibn Salih al-Wahidi, Sultan (1885–1919)

Lower Yafa –

Ahmad ibn Ali al-Afifi, ruler (1841–1873, 1891–1893)
Ali II ibn Ahmad al-Afifi, ruler (1873–1885)
Muhsin I ibn Ahmad al-Afifi, ruler (1885–1891)
Abu Bakr ibn Sha'if al-Afifi, ruler (1893–1899)
Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1899–1916)

Upper Yafa –

'Abd Allah ibn Nasir ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sultan (c.1840–1866)
al-Husayn ibn Abi Bakr ibn Qahtan Al Harhara, Sultan (1866–1875)
Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Salih ibn Ahmad Al Harhara, Sultan (1875–1895)
Qahtan ibn 'Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1895–1903)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Bulgaria

Principality of Bulgaria (complete list) –

Alexander I, Prince (1878–1887)
Ferdinand I, Prince (1887–1908), Tsar (1908–1918)

Croatia

Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)

part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown

Kings (complete list) –

Franz Joseph, King (1848–1916)

Bans (complete list) –

Josip Jelačić, Ban (1848–1859)
Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg, Ban (1859–1860)
Josip Šokčević, Ban (1860–1867)
Levin Rauch, Ban (1867–1871)

Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia

part of the Austrian Empire

Kings (complete list) –

Franz Joseph, King (1848–1916)

Bans (complete list) –

Levin Rauch, Ban (1867–1871)
Koloman Bedeković, Ban (1871–1872)
Antun Vakanović, Ban (1872–1873)
Ivan Mažuranić, Ban (1873–1880)
Ladislav Pejačević, Ban (1880–1883)
Hermann Ramberg, Ban (1883)
Karoly Khuen-Héderváry, Ban (1883–1903)

Greece

Kingdom of Greece

Monarchs (complete list) –

Otto, King (1832–1862)
Regency Council (1863)
George I, King (1863–1913)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Antonios Kriezis, Prime minister (1849–1854)
Alexandros Mavrokordatos, Prime minister (1854–1855)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1855–1857)
Athanasios Miaoulis, Prime minister (1857–1862)
Gennaios Kolokotronis, Prime minister (1862)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1862–1863)
Aristeidis Moraitinis, Prime minister (1863)
Zinovios Valvis, Prime minister (1863)
Diomidis Kyriakos, Prime minister (1863)
Benizelos Roufos, Prime minister (1863)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1863–1864)
Konstantinos Kanaris, Prime minister (1864)
Zinovios Valvis, Prime minister (1864)
Konstantinos Kanaris, Prime minister (1864–1865)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1865)
Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1865)
Benizelos Roufos, Prime minister (1865)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1865)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1865)
Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1865)
Benizelos Roufos, Prime minister (1865–1866)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1866)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1866–1867)
Aristeidis Moraitinis, Prime minister (1867–1868)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1868–1869)
Thrasyvoulos Zaimis, Prime minister (1869–1870)
Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1870)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1870–1871)
Thrasyvoulos Zaimis, Prime minister (1871–1872)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1872)
Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1872–1874)
Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime minister (1874–1875)
Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1875)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1875–1876)
Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1876)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1876–1877)
Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime minister (1877)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1877)
Konstantinos Kanaris, Prime minister (1877)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1877–1878)
Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1878)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1878–1880)
Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1880)
Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime minister (1880–1882)
Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1882–1885)
Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1885–1886)
Dimitrios Valvis, Prime minister (1886)
Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1886–1890)
Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1890–1892)
Konstantinos Konstantopoulos, Prime minister (1892)
Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1892–1893)
Sotirios Sotiropoulos, Prime minister (1893)
Charilaos Trikoupis, Prime minister (1893–1895)
Nikolaos Deligiannis, Prime minister (1895)
Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1895–1897)
Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1897)
Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1897–1899)
Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1899–1901)

Cretan State –

Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire, establishment by the Great Powers, 1898–1913

Prince George of Greece, High Commissioner, (1898–1906)

United States of the Ionian Islands (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1815–1864

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Kosovo

Kosovo Vilayet (complete list) –

administrative division of the Ottoman Empire, under Austro-Hungarian occupation 1878–1913

Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, Governor (1877–1878)
Hafiz Mehmed Pasha, Governor (1894–1899)
Reshad Bey Pasha, Governor (1900–1902)

Montenegro

Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (complete list) –

Petar II, Prince-bishop (1830–1851)
Danilo II, Prince-Bishop (1851–1852), Prince (1852–1860)

Principality of Montenegro

Monarchs (complete list) –

Danilo II, Prince-Bishop (1851–1852), Prince (1852–1860)
Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918)

Presidents of the ministerial council (complete list) –

Božo Petrović-Njegoš, President (1879–1905)

Serbia

Principality of Serbia

Monarchs (complete list) –

Alexander Karađorđević, Prince (1842–1858)
Miloš Obrenović, Prince (1858–1860)
Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince (1860–1868)
Milan IV / I, Prince (1868–1882), King (1882–1889)

Heads of government (complete list) –

Avram Petronijević, Prime minister (1844–1852)
Ilija Garašanin, Prime minister (1852–1853)
Aleksa Simić, Prime minister (1853–1855)
Aleksa Janković, Prime minister (1855–1856)
Stevan Marković, Prime minister (1856)
Aleksa Simić, Prime minister (1856–1857)
Stevan Marković, Prime minister (1857–1858)
Stevan Magazinović, Prime minister (1858–1859)
Cvetko Rajović, Prime minister (1859–1860)
Filip Hristić, Prime minister (1860–1861)
Ilija Garašanin, President of the ministry (1861–1867)
Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1867)
Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1867–1868)
Đorđe Cenić, President of the ministry (1868–1869)
Radivoje Milojković, President of the ministry (1869–1872)
Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac, President of the ministry (1872–1873)
Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1873)
Jovan Marinović, President of the ministry (1873–1874)
Aćim Čumić, President of the ministry (1874–1875)
Danilo Stefanović, President of the ministry (1875)
Stevča Mihailović, President of the ministry (1875)
Ljubomir Kaljević, President of the ministry (1875–1876)
Stevča Mihailović, President of the ministry (1876–1878)
Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1878–1880)
Milan Piroćanac, President of the ministry (1880–1882)

Kingdom of Serbia

Monarchs (complete list) –

Milan I, Prince (1868–1882), King (1882–1889)
Alexander, King (1889–1918)

Presidents of the ministry (complete list) –

Milan Piroćanac, President of the ministry (1882–1883)
Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1883–1884)
Milutin Garašanin, President of the ministry (1884–1887)
Jovan Ristić, President of the ministry (1887–1888)
Sava Grujić, President of the ministry (1888)
Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1888–1889)
Kosta Protić, President of the ministry (1889)
Sava Grujić, President of the ministry (1889–1891)
Nikola Pašić, President of the ministry (1891–1892)
Jovan Avakumović, President of the ministry (1892–1893)
Lazar Dokić, President of the ministry (1893)
Sava Grujić, President of the ministry (1893–1894)
Đorđe Simić, President of the ministry (1894)
Svetomir Nikolajević, President of the ministry (1894)
Nikola Hristić, President of the ministry (1894–1895)
Stojan Novaković, President of the ministry (1895–1896)
Đorđe Simić, President of the ministry (1896–1897)
Vladan Đorđević, President of the ministry (1897–1900)
Aleksa Jovanović, President of the ministry (1900–1901)

Slovenia

Europe: British Isles

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Monarchs (complete list) –

Victoria, Queen (1837–1901)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

John Russell, Prime minister (1846–1852)
Edward Smith-Stanley, Prime minister (1852)
George Hamilton-Gordon, Prime minister (1852–1855)
Henry John Temple, Prime minister (1855–1858)
Edward Smith-Stanley, Prime minister (1858–1859)
Henry John Temple, Prime minister (1859–1865)
John Russell, Prime minister (1865–1866)
Edward Smith-Stanley, Prime minister (1866–1868)
Benjamin Disraeli, Prime minister (1868)
William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1868–1874)
Benjamin Disraeli, Prime minister (1874–1880)
William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1880–1885)
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime minister (1885–1886)
William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1886)
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime minister (1886–1892)
William Ewart Gladstone, Prime minister (1892–1894)
Archibald Primrose, Prime minister (1894–1895)
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime minister (1895–1902)

Europe: Central

Germany Empire

German Empire

Emperor (complete list) –

William I, Emperor (1861–1888)
Frederick III, Emperor (1888)
Wilhelm II, Emperor (1888–1918)

Chancellors (complete list) –

Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor (1871–1890)
Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor (1890–1894)
Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor (1894–1900)
Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor (1900–1909)

Electorate of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia (complete list, complete list) –

Frederick William IV, King (1840–1861)
William I, Emperor (1871–1888), King (1861–1888)
Frederick III, Emperor (1888), King (1888)
William II, Emperor (1888–1918), King (1888–1918)

North German Confederation –

William I, Bundespräsidium (1867–1871)
Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor (1867–1871)

Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary: Archduchy/ Austrian Empire/ Kingdom of Hungary

Archdukes/Emperors/ Kings (complete list, complete list) –

Franz Joseph I, Emperor and King(1848–1916)

Heads of government (complete list) –

Felix of Schwarzenberg, Minister-President (1848–1852)
Karl Ferdinand von Buol, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1852–1859)
Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1859–1861)
Rainer Ferdinand, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1861–1865)
Alexander von Mensdorff-Pouilly, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1865)
Richard Belcredi, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1865–1867)
Friedrich von Beust, Chairmen of the ministers' conference (1867)

Habsburg monarchy (complete list) –

Habsburg-Lorraine ruled under numerous simultaneous titles

Francis Joseph I, (1848–1916)

Bohemia

Kingdom of Bohemia (complete list) –

Francis Joseph, King (1848–1916)

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein (complete list) –

Aloys II, Prince (1836–1858)
Johann II, Prince (1858–1929)

Switzerland

Switzerland (complete list) –

Josef Munzinger, President of the Confederation (1851)
Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1852)
Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, President of the Confederation (1853)
Friedrich Frey-Herosé, President of the Confederation (1854)
Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1855)
Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1856)
Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1857)
Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1858)
Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1859)
Friedrich Frey-Herosé, President of the Confederation (1860)
Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel, President of the Confederation (1861)
Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1862)
Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1863)
Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1864)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1865)
Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel, President of the Confederation (1866)
Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1867)
Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1868)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1869)
Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1870)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1871)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1872)
Paul Cérésole, President of the Confederation (1873)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1874)
Johann Jakob Scherer, President of the Confederation (1875)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1876)
Joachim Heer, President of the Confederation (1877)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1878)
Bernhard Hammer, President of the Confederation (1879)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1880)
Numa Droz, President of the Confederation (1881)
Simeon Bavier, President of the Confederation (1882)
Louis Ruchonnet, President of the Confederation (1883)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1884)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1885)
Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1886)
Numa Droz, President of the Confederation (1887)
Wilhelm Hertenstein, President of the Confederation (1888)
Bernhard Hammer, President of the Confederation (1888–1889)
Louis Ruchonnet, President of the Confederation (1890)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1891)
Walter Hauser, President of the Confederation (1892)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1893)
Emil Frey, President of the Confederation (1894)
Josef Zemp, President of the Confederation (1895)
Adrien Lachenal, President of the Confederation (1896)
Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1897)
Eugène Ruffy, President of the Confederation (1898)
Eduard Müller, President of the Confederation (1899)
Walter Hauser, President of the Confederation (1900)

Constituent states of the Confederation of the Rhine and German Confederation

These are leaders of constituent states from the German mediatisation in 1806 until the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866. Leaders of constituent states within the Holy Roman Empire are excluded up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806).

Anhalt-Bernburg (complete list) –

Alexander Karl, Duke (1834–1863)

re-united to Anhalt

Anhalt-Dessau (complete list) –

Leopold III, Prince (1751–1758), Duke (1758–1817), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1812–1817)
Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1863), of Anhalt-Köthen (1847–1863), of Anhalt (1863–1871), Regent of Anhalt-Köthen (1817–1818)

Grand Duchy of Baden (complete list) –

Leopold, Grand Duke (1830–1852)
Louis II, Grand Duke (1852–1856)
Frederick I, Regent (1852–1856), Grand Duke (1856–1907)

Kingdom of Bavaria (complete list) –

Maximilian II, King (1848–1864)
Ludwig II, King (1864–1886)

Duchy of Brunswick (complete list) –

William, Duke (1830–1884)

Free City of Frankfurt (de:complete list) –

Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm Freiherr von Günderrode, Senior Mayor (1851)
Johann Georg Neuburg [de], Senior Mayor (1852)
Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden, Senior Mayor (1853)
Johann Georg Neuburg, Senior Mayor (1854)
Eduard Ludwig von Harnier [de], Senior Mayor (1855)
Johann Georg Neuburg, Senior Mayor (1856)
Eduard Ludwig von Harnier, Senior Mayor (1857)
Johann Georg Neuburg, Senior Mayor (1858)
Eduard Ludwig von Harnier, Senior Mayor (1859)
Samuel Gottlieb Müller, Senior Mayor (1860)
Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm Freiherr von Günderrode, Senior Mayor (1861)
Johann Georg Neuburg, Senior Mayor (1862)
Samuel Gottlieb Müller, Senior Mayor (1863)
Anton Heinrich Emil von Oven [de], Senior Mayor (1864)
Philipp Friedrich Gwinner [de], Senior Mayor (1865)
Karl Konstanz Viktor Fellner [de], Senior Mayor (1866)

Kingdom of Hanover (complete list) –

Ernest Augustus, King (1837–1851)
George V, King (1851–1866)

Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (complete list) –

Louis III, Grand Duke (1848–1877)

Hesse-Homburg (complete list) –

Ferdinand, Landgrave (1848–1866)

Electorate of Hesse (complete list) –

Frederick William, Elector (1847–1866)

Hesse-Philippsthal (complete list) –

Charles II, Landgrave (1849–1866)

Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (complete list) –

Charles, Landgrave (1803–1854)
Alexis, Landgrave (1854–1866)

Duchy of Holstein

Dukes (complete list) –

Frederik VII, Duke (1848–1863)
Christian IX, Duke (1863–1864)

Statholders (complete list) –

Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Statholder (1842–1851)

Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein (complete list) –

Wolfgang Ernest III, Prince (1820–1866)

Principality of Lippe (complete list) –

Leopold II, Prince (1802–1851)
Leopold III, Prince (1851–1875)

Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867) (complete list) –

William III, Duke (1849–1866)

Free City of Lübeck (complete list) –

Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl [de], Mayor (1851–1852)
Johann Hermann Eschenburg [de], Mayor (1851–1852)
Bernhard Heinrich Frister [de], Mayor (1853–1854)
Karl Ludwig Roeck [de], Mayor (1855–1856)
Johann Hermann Eschenburg [de], Mayor (1857–1858)
Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl [de], Mayor (1857–1858)
Karl Ludwig Roeck [de], Mayor (1859–1860)
Heinrich Brehmer [de], Mayor (1861–1862)
Karl Ludwig Roeck [de], Mayor (1863–1864)
Heinrich Brehmer [de], Mayor (1865–1866)

Duchy/ Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (complete list) –

Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke (1842–1883)

Duchy/ Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (complete list) –

George I, Grand Duke (1816–1860)
Frederick William II, Grand Duke (1860–1904)

Duchy of Nassau (complete list) –

Adolphe, Duke (1839–1866)

Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (complete list) –

Augustus I, Grand Duke (1829–1853)
Peter II, Grand Duke (1853–1900)

Reuss-Gera (complete list) –

Heinrich LXII, Prince (1818–1854)
Heinrich LXVII, Prince (1854–1867)

Reuss-Greiz (complete list) –

Heinrich XX, Prince (1836–1859)
Heinrich XXII, Prince (1859–1902)

Salm-Horstmar (complete list) –

Wilhelm Friedrich, Prince (1816–1865)
Otto I, Prince (1865–1892)

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (complete list) –

Ernest II, Duke (1844–1893)

Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Hildburghausen (complete list) –

Georg, Duke (1848–1853)
Ernst I, Duke (1853–1908)

Saxe-Meiningen (complete list) –

Bernhard II, Duke (1803–1866)

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (complete list) –

Charles Frederick, Grand Duke (1828–1853)
Charles Alexander, Grand Duke (1853–1901)

Kingdom of Saxony (complete list) –

Frederick Augustus II, King (1836–1854)
John, King (1854–1873)

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (complete list) –

Frederick Günther, Prince (1807–1867)

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (complete list) –

Günther Friedrich Carl II [de], Prince (1835–1880)

Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (complete list) –

George Victor, Prince (1845–1893)

Kingdom of Württemberg (complete list) –

Frederick I, Duke (1797–1803), Elector (1803–1805), King (1805–1816)
William I, King (1816–1864)
Charles I, King (1864–1891)

Ysenburg and Büdingen (complete list) –

Ernest Casimir II, Prince (1848–1861)
Bruno, Prince (1861–1906)

Europe: East

Romania

Moldavia (complete list) –

Grigore Alexandru Ghica, Prince (1849–1853, 1854–1856)
Russian occupation (1853–1854)
Protectorate established by the Treaty of Paris (1856–1859)
Extraordinary Administrative Council–1856)
Teodor Balș, Kaymakam (1856–1857)
Nicolae Vogoride, Kaymakam (1857–1858)
Kaymakams (1858–1859)
Alexander John Cuza, Prince (1859–1862)

Principality of Wallachia (complete list) –

Provisional Government (1848)
Locotenența domnească, Regency of three (1848)
Omar Pasha and Alexander von Lüders, military commanders (1848–1851)
Constantin Cantacuzino, Kaymakam (1848)
Barbu Știrbei, Prince (1848–1853, 854–1856)
Russian occupation (1853–1854)
Ottoman occupation (1854)
Johann Coronini-Cronberg, military commander (1854–1856)
Protectorate established by the Treaty of Paris (1856–1859)
Alexandru II Ghica, Kaymakam (1856–1858)
Ioan Manu, Emanoil Băleanu, Ioan A. Filipescu, Caimacam of three (1858–1859)
Alexander John Cuza, Prince (1859–1862)

United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia/ Romanian United Principalities/ Romania

Domnitors (complete list) –

Alexander John Cuza, Domnitor (1862–1866)
Lascăr Catargiu, Nicolae Golescu, Nicolae Haralambie, Princely Lieutenancy [ro] (1866)
Carol I, Domnitor (1866–1881)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Barbu Catargiu, Prime minister (1862)
Apostol Arsache, acting Prime minister (1862)
Nicolae Crețulescu, Prime minister (1862–1863, 1865–1866)
Mihail Kogălniceanu, Prime minister (1863–1865)
Constantin Bosianu, Prime minister (1865)
Ion Ghica, Prime minister (1866, 1866–1867, 1870–1871)
Lascăr Catargiu, Prime minister (1866, 1871–1876, 1889, 1891–1895)
Constantin A. Crețulescu, Prime minister (1867)
Ștefan Golescu, Prime minister (1867–1868)
Nicolae Golescu, Prime minister (1868)
Dimitrie Ghica, Prime minister (1868–1870)
Alexandru G. Golescu, Prime minister (1870)
Manolache Costache Epureanu, Prime minister (1870, 1876)
Ion Emanuel Florescu, Prime minister (1876, 1891)
Ion C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1876–1881, 1881–1888)

Kingdom of Romania

Kings (complete list) –

Charles I, King (1881–1914)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Ion C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1881, 1881–1888)
Dimitrie Brătianu, Prime minister (1881)
Theodor Rosetti, Prime minister (1881–1888)
Lascăr Catargiu, Prime minister (1866, 1871–1876, 1889, 1891–1895)
Ion Emanuel Florescu, Prime minister (1876, 1891)
Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1895–1896, 1897–1899)
Petre S. Aurelian, Prime minister (1896–1897)
Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Prime minister (1899–1900)
Petre P. Carp, Prime minister (1900–1901)

Russia

Russian Empire

Monarchs (complete list) –

Nicholas I, Emperor (1825–1855)
Alexander II, Emperor (1855–1881)
Alexander III, Emperor (1881–1894)
Nicholas II, Emperor (1894–1917)

Heads of government (complete list) –

Alexander Chernyshyov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1848–1856)
Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1856–1861)
Dmitry Bludov, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1861–1864)
Pavel Gagarin, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1865–1872)
Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1872–1879)
Pyotr Valuyev, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1879–1881)
Mikhail Reitern, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1881–1887)
Nikolai Bunge, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1887–1895)
Ivan Durnovo, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1895–1903)

Caucasian Imamate –

Shamil, Imam (1834–1859)

Ukraine

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (complete list) –

1804–1918, crownland of the Austrian Empire

Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1916)

Europe: Nordic

Denmark

Denmark

Monarchs (complete list) –

Frederik VII, King (1848–1863)
Christian IX, King (1863–1906)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Adam Wilhelm Moltke, Prime minister (1848–1852)
Christian Albrecht Bluhme, Prime minister (1852–1853)
Anders Sandøe Ørsted, Prime minister (1853–1854)
Peter Georg Bang, Prime minister (1854–1855), Council president (1855–1856)
Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ, Council president (1856–1857)
Carl Christian Hall, Council president (1857–1859)
Carl Edvard Rotwitt, Council president (1859–1860)
Carl Christian Hall, Council president (1860–1863)
Ditlev Gothard Monrad, Council president (1863–1864)
Christian Albrecht Bluhme, Council president (1864–1865)
Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, Council president (1865–1870)
Ludvig Holstein-Holsteinborg, Council president (1870–1874)
Christen Andreas Fonnesbech, Council president (1874–1875)
Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup, Council president (1875–1894)
Tage Reedtz-Thott, Council president (1894–1897)
Hugo Egmont Hørring, Council president (1897–1900)
Hannibal Sehested, Council president (1900–1901)

Duchy of Schleswig (complete list) –

Frederik VII, Duke (1848–1863)
Christian IX, Duke (1863–1864)

Finland

Grand Duchy of Finland (complete list) –

Nicholas I, Grand Prince (1825–1855)
Alexander II, Grand Prince (1855–1881)
Alexander III, Grand Prince (1881–1894)
Nicholas II, Grand Prince (1894–1917)

Sweden–Norway

Sweden–Norway

Monarchs (complete list, complete list) –

Oscar I, King (1844–1859)
Charles XV/IV, King (1859–1872)
Oscar II, King (1872–1905)

Prime ministers: Sweden (complete list) –

Louis Gerhard De Geer, Prime minister (1876–1880)
Arvid Posse, Prime minister (1880–1883)
Carl Johan Thyselius, Prime minister (1883–1884)
Robert Themptander, Prime minister (1884–1888)
Gillis Bildt, Prime minister (1888–1889)
Gustaf Åkerhielm, Prime minister (1889–1891)
Erik Gustaf Boström, Prime minister (1891–1900)
Fredrik von Otter, Prime minister (1900–1902)

Norwegian prime ministers in Stockholm (complete list) –

Otto Richard Kierulf, Prime minister (1873–1884)
Wolfgang Wenzel von Haffner, Acting Prime minister (1884)
Carl Otto Løvenskiold, Prime minister (1884)
Ole Richter, Prime minister (1884–1888)
Hans Georg Jacob Stang, Prime minister (1888–1889)
Gregers Gram, Prime minister (1889–1891)
Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1891–1893)
Gregers Gram, Prime minister (1893–1898)
Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1898–1902)

Heads of government in Norway (complete list) –

First ministers in Christiania, Norway

Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog, First Minister (1836–1855)
Jørgen Herman Vogt, First Minister (1855–1858)
Hans Christian Petersen, First Minister (1858–1861)
Frederik Stang, First Minister (1861–1873)

Prime ministers in Christiania, Norway

Frederik Stang, Prime minister (1873–1880)
Christian August Selmer, Prime minister (1880–1884)
Christian Homann Schweigaard, Prime minister (1884)
Johan Sverdrup, Prime minister (1884–1889)
Emil Stang, Prime minister (1889–1891)
Johannes Steen, Prime minister (1891–1893)
Emil Stang, Prime minister (1893–1895)
Francis Hagerup, Prime minister (1895–1898)
Johannes Steen, Prime minister (1898–1902)

Europe: Southcentral

Italy

Kingdom of Italy

Monarchs (complete list) –

Victor Emmanuel II, King (1861–1878)
Umberto I, King (1878–1900)
Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Camillo Benso, Prime minister (1861)
Bettino Ricasoli, Prime minister (1861–1862)
Urbano Rattazzi, Prime minister (1862)
Luigi Carlo Farini, Prime minister (1862–1863)
Marco Minghetti, Prime minister (1863–1864)
Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, Prime minister (1864–1866)
Bettino Ricasoli, Prime minister (1866–1867)
Urbano Rattazzi, Prime minister (1867)
Luigi Federico Menabrea, Prime minister (1867–1869)
Giovanni Lanza, Prime minister (1869–1873)
Marco Minghetti, Prime minister (1873–1876)
Agostino Depretis, Prime minister (1876–1878)
Benedetto Cairoli, Prime minister (1878)
Agostino Depretis, Prime minister (1878–1879)
Benedetto Cairoli, Prime minister (1879–1881)
Agostino Depretis, Prime minister (1881–1887)
Francesco Crispi, Prime minister (1887–1891)
Antonio Starabba, Prime minister (1891–1892)
Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1892–1893)
Francesco Crispi, Prime minister (1893–1896)
Antonio Starabba, Prime minister (1896–1898)
Luigi Pelloux, Prime minister (1898–1900)
Giuseppe Saracco, Prime minister (1900–1901)

Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (complete list) –

Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1866)

Duchy of Modena (complete list) –

Francesco V, Duke (1846–1859)

Duchy of Parma (complete list) –

Charles III, Duke (1849–1854)
Robert I, Duke (1854–1859)

Kingdom of Sardinia, Duchy of Savoy (complete list, complete list) –

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy (1849–1861)

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (complete list) –

Ferdinand II, King (1830–1859)
Francis II, King (1859–1861)

Grand Duchy of Tuscany (complete list) –

Leopoldo II, Grand Duke (1824–1849, 1849–1859)
Ferdinando IV, Grand Duke (1859)

Malta

Crown Colony of Malta (complete list) –

British colony, 1813–1964

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

San Marino

San Marino

Captains Regent (1700–1900) –

Giambattista Bonelli, Marino Berti, Captains Regent (1850–1851)
Francesco Guidi Giangi, Marco Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1851)
Domenic' Antonio Bartolotti, Antonio Para, Captains Regent (1851–1852)
Melchiorre Filippi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1852)
Filippo Belluzzi, Gaetano Simoncini, Captains Regent (1852–1853)
Domenico Maria Belzoppi, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1853)
Giambattista Braschi, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1853–1854)
Girolamo Gozi, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1854)
Francesco Guidi Giangi, Pietro Barbieri, Captains Regent (1854–1855)
Gaetano Belluzzi (represented by Filippo Belluzzi), Francesco Rossini, Captains Regent (1855)
Giovanni Benedetto Belluzzi, Marino Masi, Captains Regent (1855–1856)
Giuseppe Filippi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1856)
Melchiorre Filippi, Gaetano Simoncini, Captains Regent (1856–1857)
Innocenzo Bonelli, Domenico Fattori, Captains Regent (1857)
Settimio Belluzzi, Giacomo Berti, Captains Regent (1857–1858)
Francesco Guidi Giangi, Marino Malpeli, Captains Regent (1858)
Filippo Belluzzi, Pasquale Marcucci, Captains Regent (1858–1859)
Giuliano Belluzzi, Michele Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1859)
Palamede Malpeli, Pier Matteo Berti, Captains Regent (1859–1860)
Giuseppe Filippi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1860)
Gaetano Belluzzi, Costanzo Damiani, Captains Regent (1860–1861)
Settimio Belluzzi, Giacomo Berti, Captains Regent (1861)
Melchiorre Filippi, Domenico Fattori, Captains Regent (1861–1862)
Innocenzo Bonelli, Gaetano Simoncini, Captains Regent (1862)
Francesco Guidi Giangi, Pietro Tonnini, Captains Regent (1862–1863)
Giuliano Belluzzi, Michele Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1863)
Giuseppe Filippi, Francesco Casali, Captains Regent (1863–1864)
Gaetano Belluzzi, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1864)
Palamede Malpeli, Pasquale Marcucci, Captains Regent (1864–1865)
Settimio Belluzzi, Giacomo Berti, Captains Regent (1865)
Filippo Belluzzi, Silvestro Masi, Captains Regent (1865–1866)
Innocenzo Bonelli, Michele Vita, Captains Regent (1866)
Melchiorre Filippi, Domenico Fattori, Captains Regent (1866–1867)
Giuliano Belluzzi, Michele Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1867)
Gaetano Simoncini, Pietro Righi, Captains Regent (1867–1868)
Palamede Malpeli, Giuseppe Vagnini, Captains Regent (1868)
Pietro Tonnini, Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1868–1869)
Filippo Belluzzi, Francesco Malpeli, Captains Regent (1869)
Settimio Belluzzi, Giacomo Berti, Captains Regent (1869–1870)
Innocenzo Bonelli, Ortollero Grazia, Captains Regent (1870)
Melchiorre Filippi, Domenico Fattori, Captains Regent (1870–1871)
Gaetano Simoncini, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1871)
Palamede Malpeli, Luigi Pasquali, Captains Regent (1871–1872)
Giuliano Belluzzi, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1872)
Federico Gozi, Francesco Malpeli, Captains Regent (1872–1873)
Settimio Belluzzi, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1873)
Giuseppe Filippi, Marino Fattori, Captains Regent (1873–1874)
Filippo Belluzzi, Marino Babboni, Captains Regent (1874)
Gaetano Simoncini, Domenico Fattori, Captains Regent (1874–1875)
Palamede Malpeli, Luigi Pasquali, Captains Regent (1875)
Pietro Tonnini, Giuseppe Giacomini, Captains Regent (1875–1876)
Gaetano Belluzzi, Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1876)
Settimio Belluzzi, Michele Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1876–1877)
Innocenzo Bonelli, Andrea Barbieri, Captains Regent (1877)
Giuliano Belluzzi, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1877–1878)
Domenico Fattori, Marino Babboni, Captains Regent (1878)
Camillo Bonelli, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1878–1879)
Gaetano Simoncini, Marino Nicolini, Captains Regent (1879)
Federico Gozi, Francesco Malpeli, Captains Regent (1879–1880)
Luigi Pasquali, Giuseppe Giacomini, Captains Regent (1880)
Settimio Belluzzi, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1880–1881)
Antonio Belluzzi, Marino Martelli, Captains Regent (1881)
Domenico Fattori, Teodoro Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1881–1882)
Marino Fattori, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1882)
Giuliano Belluzzi, Michele Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1882–1883)
Pietro Tonnini, Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1883)
Pietro Filippi, Pietro Berti, Captains Regent (1883–1884)
Settimio Belluzzi, Francesco Malpeli, Captains Regent (1884)
Federico Gozi, Antonio Righi, Captains Regent (1884–1885)
Luigi Pasquali, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1885)
Antonio Michetti, Marino Nicolini, Captains Regent (1885–1886)
Domenico Fattori, Teodoro Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1886)
Gaetano Simoncini, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1886–1887)
Marino Fattori, Settimio Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1887)
Pietro Filippi, Federico Martelli, Captains Regent (1887–1888)
Settimio Belluzzi, Marino Marcucci, Captains Regent (1888)
Federico Gozi, Antonio Righi, Captains Regent (1888–1889)
Menetto Bonelli, Marino Babboni, Captains Regent (1889)
Domenico Fattori, Marino Nicolini, Captains Regent (1889–1890)
Pietro Tonnini, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1890)
Giuliano Belluzzi, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1890–1891)
Pietro Filippi, Federico Martelli, Captains Regent (1891)
Antonio Michetti, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1891–1892)
Federico Gozi, Silvestro Vita, Captains Regent (1892)
Gemino Gozi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1892–1893)
Menetto Bonelli, Marino Babboni, Captains Regent (1893)
Marino Fattori, Pietro Francini, Captains Regent (1893–1894)
Pietro Tonnini/ Giuliano Belluzzi, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1894)
Settimio Belluzzi, Marino Borbiconi, Captains Regent (1894–1895)
Domenico Fattori, Antonio Righi, Captains Regent (1895)
Federico Gozi, Vincenzo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1895–1896)
Giovanni Bonelli, Settimio Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1896)
Menetto Bonelli, Marino Babboni, Captains Regent (1896–1897)
Luigi Tonnini, Teodoro Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1897)
Antonio Belluzzi, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1897–1898)
Pietro Filippi, Onofrio Fattori, Captains Regent (1898)
Marino Borbiconi, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1898–1899)
Gemino Gozi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1899)
Federico Gozi, Silvestro Vita, Captains Regent (1899–1900)
Domenico Fattori, Antonio Righi, Captains Regent (1900)
Giovanni Bonelli, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1900–1901)

Vatican City

Papal States (complete list) –

Pius IX, Pope (1846–1878)
Leo XII, Pope (1878–1903)

Europe: Southwest

Andorra

Andorra

Episcopal Co-Princes (complete list) –

Simó de Guardiola i Hortoneda, Episcopal Co-Prince (1827–1851)
Josep Caixal i Estradé, Episcopal Co-Prince (1853–1879)
Salvador Casañas y Pagés, Episcopal Co-Prince (1879–1901)

French Co-Princes (complete list) –

Napoléon III, French Co-Prince (1848–1870)
Adolphe Thiers, French Co-Prince (1871–1873)
Patrice de Mac-Mahon, French Co-Prince (1873–1879)
Jules Armand Dufaure, Acting French Co-Prince (1879)
Jules Grévy, French Co-Prince (1879–1887)
Maurice Rouvier, Acting French Co-Prince (1887)
Marie François Sadi Carnot, French Co-Prince (1887–1894)
Charles Dupuy, Acting French Co-Prince (1894)
Jean Casimir-Perier, French Co-Prince (1894–1895)
Charles Dupuy, Acting French Co-Prince (1895)
Félix Faure, French Co-Prince (1895–1899)
Charles Dupuy, Acting French Co-Prince (1899)
Émile Loubet, French Co-Prince (1899–1906)

Portugal

Kingdom of Portugal

Monarchs (complete list) –

Maria II, Queen (1826–1828, 1834–1853)
Ferdinand II, King (1837–1853)
Pedro V, King (1853–1861)
Luís I, King (1861–1889)
Carlos I, King (1889–1908)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

António Bernardo da Costa Cabral, Prime minister (1849–1851)
António Severim de Noronha, Prime minister (1851)
João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira e Daun, Prime minister (1851–1856)
Nuno José de Moura Barreto, Prime minister (1856–1859)
António Severim de Noronha, Prime minister (1859–1860)
Joaquim António de Aguiar, Prime minister (1860)
Nuno José de Moura Barreto, Prime minister (1860–1865)
Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Prime minister (1865)
Joaquim António de Aguiar, Prime minister (1865–1868)
António José de Ávila, Prime minister (1868)
Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Prime minister (1868–1869)
Nuno José de Moura Barreto, Prime minister (1869–1870)
João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun, Prime minister (1870)
Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, Prime minister (1870)
António José de Ávila, Prime minister (1870–1871)
Fontes Pereira de Melo, Prime minister (1871–1877)
António José de Ávila, Prime minister (1877–1878)
Fontes Pereira de Melo, Prime minister (1878–1879)
Anselmo José Braamcamp, Prime minister (1879–1881)
António Rodrigues Sampaio, Prime minister (1881)
Fontes Pereira de Melo, Prime minister (1881–1886)
José Luciano de Castro, Prime minister (1886–1890)
António de Serpa Pimentel, Prime minister (1890)
João Crisóstomo, Prime minister (1890–1892)
José Dias Ferreira, Prime minister (1892–1893)
Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, Prime minister (1893–1897)
José Luciano de Castro, Prime minister (1897–1900)
Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, Prime minister (1900–1904)

Spain

Kingdom of Spain (1810–1873) (complete list) –

Isabella II, Queen (1833–1868)
Amadeo I, King (1870–1873)

First Spanish Republic

Presidents (complete list) –

Estanislao Figueras, President (1873)
Francisco Pi y Margall, President (1873)
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, President (1873)
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, President (1873–1874)
Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, President (1874)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Juan de Zavala, Prime minister (1874)
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Prime minister (1874)

Bourbon Restoration of Spain

Monarchs (complete list) –

Alfonso XII, King (1874–1885)
Alfonso XIII, King (1886–1931)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime minister (1874–1875)
Joaquín Jovellar y Soler, Prime minister (1875)
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime minister (1875–1879)
Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón, Prime minister (1879)
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime minister (1879–1881)
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Prime minister (1881–1883)
José Posada Herrera, Prime minister (1883–1884)
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime minister (1884–1885)
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Prime minister (1885–1890)
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime minister (1890–1892)
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Prime minister (1892–1895)
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Prime minister (1895–1897)
Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, Prime minister (1897)
Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Prime minister (1897–1899)
Francisco Silvela, Prime minister (1899–1900)
Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, Prime minister (1900–1901)

Europe: West

Belgium

Belgium

Monarchs (complete list) –

Leopold I, King (1831–1865)
Leopold II, King (1865–1909)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Charles Rogier, Prime minister (1847–1852)
Henri de Brouckère, Prime minister (1852–1855)
Pierre de Decker, Prime minister (1855–1857)
Charles Rogier, Prime minister (1857–1868)
Walthère Frère-Orban, Prime minister (1868–1870)
Jules d'Anethan, Prime minister (1870–1871)
Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt, Prime minister (1871–1874)
Jules Malou, Prime minister (1874–1878)
Walthère Frère-Orban, Prime minister (1878–1884)
Jules Malou, Prime minister (1884)
Auguste Beernaert, Prime minister (1884–1894)
Jules de Burlet, Prime minister (1894–1896)
Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Prime minister (1896–1899)
Jules Vandenpeereboom, Prime minister (1899)
Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Prime minister (1899–1907)

France

French Second Republic

Presidents (complete list) –

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, President (1848–1852)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Alphonse Henri, comte d'Hautpoul, Prime minister (1849–1851)
Léon Faucher, Prime minister (1851)

Second French Empire

Emperors (complete list) –

Napoleon III, Emperor (1852–1870)

Cabinet Chiefs (complete list) –

Émile Ollivier, Cabinet chief (1869–1870)
Charles Cousin-Montauban, Cabinet chief (1870)

French Third Republic

Presidents (complete list) –

Louis Jules Trochu, Interim Head of state (1870–1871)
Adolphe Thiers, President (1871–1873)
Patrice de Mac-Mahon, President (1873–1879)
Jules Armand Dufaure, Acting President (1879)
Jules Grévy, President (1879–1887)
Maurice Rouvier, Acting President (1887)
Marie François Sadi Carnot, President (1887–1894)
Charles Dupuy, Acting President (1894)
Jean Casimir-Perier, President (1894–1895)
Charles Dupuy, Acting President (1895)
Félix Faure, President (1895–1899)
Charles Dupuy, Acting President (1899)
Émile Loubet, President (1899–1906)

President of the Council of ministers (complete list) –

Louis-Jules Trochu, President of the Council of ministers (1870–1871)
Jules Armand Dufaure, President of the Council of ministers (1871–1873)
Albert, duc de Broglie, President of the Council of ministers (1873–1874)
Ernest Courtot de Cissey, President of the Council of ministers (1874–1875)
Louis Buffet, President of the Council of ministers (1875–1876)
Jules Armand Dufaure, President of the Council of ministers (1876)
Jules Simon, President of the Council of ministers (1876–1877)
Albert, duc de Broglie, President of the Council of ministers (1877)
Gaëtan de Rochebouët, President of the Council of ministers (1877)
Jules Armand Dufaure, President of the Council of ministers (1877–1879)
William Waddington, President of the Council of ministers (1879)
Charles de Freycinet, President of the Council of ministers (1879–1880)
Jules Ferry, President of the Council of ministers (1880–1881)
Léon Gambetta, President of the Council of ministers (1881–1882)
Charles de Freycinet, President of the Council of ministers (1882)
Charles Duclerc, President of the Council of ministers (1882–1883)
Armand Fallières, President of the Council of ministers (1883)
Jules Ferry, President of the Council of ministers (1883–1885)
Henri Brisson, President of the Council of ministers (1885–1886)
Charles de Freycinet, President of the Council of ministers (1886)
René Goblet, President of the Council of ministers (1886–1887)
Maurice Rouvier, President of the Council of ministers (1887)
Pierre Tirard, President of the Council of ministers (1887–1888)
Charles Floquet, President of the Council of ministers (1888–1889)
Pierre Tirard, President of the Council of ministers (1889–1890)
Charles de Freycinet, President of the Council of ministers (1890–1892)
Émile Loubet, President of the Council of ministers (1892)
Alexandre Ribot, President of the Council of ministers (1892–1893)
Charles Dupuy, President of the Council of ministers (1893)
Jean Casimir-Perier, President of the Council of ministers (1893–1894)
Charles Dupuy, President of the Council of ministers (1894–1895)
Alexandre Ribot, President of the Council of ministers (1895)
Léon Bourgeois, President of the Council of ministers (1895–1896)
Jules Méline, President of the Council of ministers (1896–1898)
Henri Brisson, President of the Council of ministers (1898)
Charles Dupuy, President of the Council of ministers (1898–1899)
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, President of the Council of ministers (1899–1902)

Luxembourg

Luxembourg

Monarchs (complete list) –

William III, Grand Duke (1849–1890)
Adolphe, Grand Duke (1890–1905)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Jean-Jacques Willmar, Prime minister (1848–1853)
Charles-Mathias Simons, Prime minister (1853–1860)
Victor de Tornaco, Prime minister (1860–1867)
Emmanuel Servais, Prime minister (1867–1874)
Félix de Blochausen, Prime minister (1874–1885)
Édouard Thilges, Prime minister (1885–1888)
Paul Eyschen, Prime minister (1888–1915)

Monaco

Monaco (complete list) –

Florestan I, Prince (1841–1856)
Charles III, Prince (1856–1889)
Albert I, Prince (1889–1922)

Netherlands

Kingdom of the Netherlands

Monarchs (complete list) –

William III, King (1849–1890)
Wilhelmina, Queen (1890–1948)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Prime minister (1849–1853)
Floris Adriaan van Hall, Prime minister (1853–1856)
Justinus van der Brugghen, Prime minister (1856–1858)
Jan Jacob Rochussen, Prime minister (1858–1860)
Floris Adriaan van Hall, Prime minister (1860–1861)
Jacob van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Prime minister (1861)
Schelto van Heemstra, Prime minister (1861–1862)
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Prime minister (1862–1866)
Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte, Prime minister (1866)
Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Prime minister (1866–1868)
Pieter Philip van Bosse, Prime minister (1868–1871)
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Prime minister (1871–1872)
Gerrit de Vries, Prime minister (1872–1874)
Jan Heemskerk, Prime minister (1874–1877)
Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello, Prime minister (1877–1879)
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg, Prime minister (1879–1883)
Jan Heemskerk, Prime minister (1883–1888)
Æneas Mackay, Prime minister (1888–1891)
Gijsbert van Tienhoven, Prime minister (1891–1894)
Joan Röell, Prime minister (1894–1897)
Nicolaas Pierson, Prime minister (1897–1901)

Eurasia: Caucasus

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Principality of Abkhazia (complete list) –

Mikhail, Prince (1822–1864)

Russia: Dagestan

Gazikumukh Khanate (complete list) –

Aglar ibn Umar, Khan (1847–1859)
Jafar ibn Aglar, Khan (1877–1877)

Oceania

Australia and Papua New Guinea

Australia

Colony of New South Wales (complete list) –

British colony, 1788–1900

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Papua New Guinea

German New Guinea (complete list) –

German colony, 1884–1919

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Territory of Papua (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1884–1888

British colony, 1888–1902

For details see the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe

Pacific

Chile

Easter Island (complete list) –

Nga'ara, King (c.1835–pre-1860)
Maurata, King (1859–1862)
Kai Mako'i 'Iti, King (?–1863)
Tepito,^[30] King (?)
Gregorio,^[30] King (?)
Atamu Tekena, King (?–pre-1892)^[31]

Fiji

Kingdom of Fiji (complete list) –

Seru Epenisa Cakobau, King (1871–1874)

Colony of Fiji (complete list) –

British colony, 1874–1970

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

French Polynesia

Kings of Alo –

Filipo Meitala, King (1844–1862)
Alia Segi, King (1862–?)
Soane Malia Musulamu, King (c.1887–1929)

Kingdom of Bora Bora (complete list) –

Tapoa II, King (1831–1860)
Teriʻimaevarua II, Queen (1860–1873)
Teriʻimaevarua III, Queen (1873–1888)

Kingdom of Huahine (complete list) –

Teriʻitaria II, Queen (1815–1852)
Ariʻmate, King (1852–1868)
Tehaʻapapa II, Queen (1868–1893), under French protectorate from 1885–1890
Marama, Regent (1884–1895)
Teuhe, King (1888–1890)
Tehaʻapapa III, Queen (1893–1895)

Mangareva (complete list) –

Te Maputeoa, Gregorio I, King (1830–1857)^[32]
Joseph Gregorio II, King (1857–1868)^[33]
Elia Teoa, Regent (c.1857)^[34]^[35])
Maria Eutokia Toaputeitou, Regent (1857–1869)^[36]
Akakio Tematereikura, Regent (1869)^[37]^[36]
Arone Teikatoara, Regent (1869–1873)^[38]^[39]
Bernardo Putairi, Regent (1873–1881)^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]

Kingdom of Raiatea (complete list) –

Tamatoa IV, King (1831–1857)
Tamatoa V, King (1857–1871)
Tahitoe, King (1871–1881)
Tehauroa,^[44] Queen (1881–1884)
Tamatoa VI, King (1885–1888)
Tuarii, Queen (1888–1896)

Kings of Sigave –

Petelo Keletaona, King (1842–1851)
Alefosio Tamole, King (1851–?)
Anise Tamole, King (c.1887)

Kingdom of Tahiti –

Pōmare I (1791–1803)

Kings of Uvea (Wallis) –

Soane-Patita Vaimua Lavelua, King (1830–1858)
Falakika Seilala, Queen (1858–1869)
Amelia Tokagahahau Aliki, Queen (1869–1895)

Wallis and Futuna

Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959

New Zealand

Cook Islands Federation (complete list) –

British colony, 1891–1901

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Colony of New Zealand (complete list) –

British colony, 1841–1907

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Monarchy of Niue (complete list) –

Galiga, Patu-iki (?)
Foki-mata, Patu-iki (?–c.1874)
Pakieto, Patu-iki (c.1874–c.1875)
Tui-toga, Patu-iki (1885–1887)
Fata-a-iki, Patu-iki (1887–1896)
Togia-Pulu-toaki, Patu-iki (1898–1900)

British protectorate of Niue (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1900–1907

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Kingdom of Rarotonga (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1888–1901

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Makea Te Vaerua Ariki, Queen Regnant (1845–1857)
Makea Daniela Ariki, High Chief (1857–1866)
Makea Apera Ariki, High Chief (1866–1871)
Makea Takau Ariki, Queen Regnant (1871–1911)

Samoa and American Samoa

German Samoa (complete list) –

German colony, 1900–1914

For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Malietoa dynasty –

Malietoa Natuitasina, Malietoa (1841–1858)
Moli, Malietoa (1858–1860)
Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe'a, Malietoa (1869–1880)
Malietoa Laupepa, Malietoa (1875–1887, 1889–1898)
Malietoa Tanumafili I, Malietoa (1898–1939)

Manuʻa Islands (complete list) –

Tauveve, Manu’a (?)
Visala, Manu’a (?)
Alalamua, Manu’a (?)
Matelita, Manu’a (1891–1895)
Elisala, Manu’a (1899–1909)

Solomon Islands

British Solomon Islands (complete list) –

British protectorate, 1893–1978

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Tonga

Tuʻi Kanokupolu of Tonga

Monarchs (complete list) –

George Tupou I/ Tāufaʻāhau, King (1845–1893)
George Tupou II, King (1893–1918)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Tēvita ʻUnga, Prime minister (1872–1879)
Shirley Waldemar Baker, Prime minister (1881–1890)
Siaosi U. Tuku'aho, Prime minister (1890–1893)
Siosateki Veikune, Prime minister (1893–1905)

Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)

Monarchs (complete list) –

George Tupou II, King (1893–1918)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Siosateki Veikune, Prime minister (1893–1905)

Tuvalu

Gilbert and Ellice Islands (complete list) –

British colony, 1892–1976

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

United States: Hawaii

Hawaiian Kingdom

Monarchs (complete list) –

Kamehameha III, King (1825–1854)
Kamehameha IV, King (1855–1863)
Kamehameha V, King (1863–1872)
Lunalilo, King (1873–1874)
Kalākaua, King (1874–1891)
Liliʻuokalani, Queen (1891–1893)

Kuhina Nui (complete list) –
Keoni Ana, Kuhina Nui (1845–1855)
Kaʻahumanu IV, Kuhina Nui (1855–1863)
Mataio Kekūanaōʻa, Kuhina Nui (1863–1864)

Provisional Government of Hawaii –

Committee of Safety (1893–1894)

Republic of Hawaii –

Sanford B. Dole, President (1894–1898)

Vanuatu

Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission (complete list) –

British-French Protectorate, 1887–1889, 1890–1906

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe

Franceville, New Hebrides –

Ferdinand Chevillard, President (1889)
R. D. Polk, President (c.1890)^[45]

References

^ Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910; page 17–19
^ Dictionary of African Biography, p. 225
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxxxivf
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxix
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxvif
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
^ [Ta'a, Tesema. "The Process of Urbanization in Wollega, Western Ethiopia: The Case of Neqemte". Journal of Ethiopian Studies 26, no. 1 (1993): 59–72. Accessed 29 April 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/41966012. p. 63]
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.
^ ^a ^b Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. p. 26. ISBN 9780810866041. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ The social structure of southern Somali tribes, Virginia Luling, pg. 204
^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 226. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.
^ Madiéga, Y. Georges (1982). Contribution à L'Histoire Précoloniale du Gulma (Haute Volta). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 123. ISBN 978-3-515-03222-3.
^ Madiéga 1982, p. 123.
^ Madiéga 1982, p. 123–124.
^ Madiéga 1982, p. 123,133.
^ Hughes, Arnold and David Perfect. Historical Dictionary of the Gambia. p. 113
^ "Nigeria: Traditional polities". Rulers.Org. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b Adewunmi Elegbede. "Kingdoms of Nigeria, The Nigerian Database of Rulers, Kings, Kingdoms, Political and Traditional Leaders". kingdomsofnigeria.com.
^ Slavery and the Birth of an African City. p. 46.
^ Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean. p. 95.
^ Slavery and the Birth of an African City.
^ Sylvanus John Sodienye Cookey King Jaja of the Niger Delta: His Life and Times 1821–1891, p. 117
^ (in French) Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, volume 38, 1976, p. 493
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV
^ Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du Waalo": le Sénégal avant la conquête, Karthala, 1985, p 317, ISBN 2865371417
^ "Civil War BIOGRAPHY Jefferson Davis". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ Stokvis (1888); Sulendraningrat (1985); Sunardjo (1996), p. 81.
^ "Sonbai Article". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
^ Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition. London: Motivate. p. 73. ISBN 1860631673. OCLC 64689681.
^ ^a ^b Englert, Sebastián (2004). La tierra de Hotu Matu'a: historia y etnología de la Isla de Pascua : gramática y diccionario del antiguo idioma de Isla de Pascua. Editorial Universitaria. p. 65. ISBN 978-956-11-1704-4.
^ RAPA NUI: INDIGENOUS STRUGGLES FOR THE NAVEL OF THE WORLD^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Laval, Honoré; Newbury, C. W.; O'Reilly, Patrick (1968). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Mangareva: ère chrétienne, 1834-1871. Paris: Musée de l'Homme. p. 578.
^ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 578.
^ Cuzent, Gilbert (1872). Voyage aux îles Gambier (Archipel de Mangarèva). Paris: V. Masson et Fils. pp. 117–118.
^ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 318.
^ ^a ^b Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, pp. 610–611.
^ Cuzent 1872, p. 144.
^ Deschanel, Paul Eugene Louis (1888). Les intérêts français dans l'océan Pacifique. Paris: Berger-Levrault et cie. pp. 27–30.
^ Deschanel 1888, pp. 59, 71.
^ Deschanel 1888, pp. 59–60.
^ Rabou, Albert (1882). "La France En Océanie". La Nouvelle Revue Quatrieme Annee. Paris. pp. 799–807.
^ "Partie Officielle" (PDF). Journal Officiel des Etablissements Français de l'Océanie. 2 May 1889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
^ "The Sunny South Seas Gambier Archipelago. A Little-Known Group". Te Aroha News, Volume VII, Issue 379, 22 June 1889, Page 6.
^ "Women in Power 1870–1900". Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^ "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", Hawaiian Gazette, 1 November 1895, p. 1

[1] Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910; page 17–19

[2] Dictionary of African Biography, p. 225

[3] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxxxivf

[4] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxix

[5] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxvif

[6] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.

[7] [Ta'a, Tesema. "The Process of Urbanization in Wollega, Western Ethiopia: The Case of Neqemte". Journal of Ethiopian Studies 26, no. 1 (1993): 59–72. Accessed 29 April 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/41966012. p. 63]

[8] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.

[Dic_26-9] Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. p. 26. ISBN 9780810866041. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[10] The social structure of southern Somali tribes, Virginia Luling, pg. 204

[Stewart-11] Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 226. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.

[12] Madiéga, Y. Georges (1982). Contribution à L'Histoire Précoloniale du Gulma (Haute Volta). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 123. ISBN 978-3-515-03222-3.

[FOOTNOTEMadiéga1982123-13] Madiéga 1982, p. 123.

[FOOTNOTEMadiéga1982123–124-14] Madiéga 1982, p. 123–124.

[FOOTNOTEMadiéga1982123,133-15] Madiéga 1982, p. 123,133.

[16] Hughes, Arnold and David Perfect. Historical Dictionary of the Gambia. p. 113

[17] "Nigeria: Traditional polities". Rulers.Org. Retrieved 2 September 2010.

[adewunmielegbede-18] Adewunmi Elegbede. "Kingdoms of Nigeria, The Nigerian Database of Rulers, Kings, Kingdoms, Political and Traditional Leaders". kingdomsofnigeria.com.

[google.com.br-19] Slavery and the Birth of an African City. p. 46.

[google.com.br1-20] Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean. p. 95.

[google.com.br3-21] Slavery and the Birth of an African City.

[22] Sylvanus John Sodienye Cookey King Jaja of the Niger Delta: His Life and Times 1821–1891, p. 117

[23] (in French) Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, volume 38, 1976, p. 493

[Klein,_Martin_A-24] Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV

[25] Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du Waalo": le Sénégal avant la conquête, Karthala, 1985, p 317, ISBN 2865371417

[26] "Civil War BIOGRAPHY Jefferson Davis". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved 3 June 2019.

[27] Stokvis (1888); Sulendraningrat (1985); Sunardjo (1996), p. 81.

[royaltimor1-28] "Sonbai Article". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2008.

[29] Heard-Bey, Frauke (2005). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition. London: Motivate. p. 73. ISBN 1860631673. OCLC 64689681.

[Englert2004-30] Englert, Sebastián (2004). La tierra de Hotu Matu'a: historia y etnología de la Isla de Pascua : gramática y diccionario del antiguo idioma de Isla de Pascua. Editorial Universitaria. p. 65. ISBN 978-956-11-1704-4.

[31] RAPA NUI: INDIGENOUS STRUGGLES FOR THE NAVEL OF THE WORLD^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[32] Laval, Honoré; Newbury, C. W.; O'Reilly, Patrick (1968). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Mangareva: ère chrétienne, 1834-1871. Paris: Musée de l'Homme. p. 578.

[FOOTNOTELavalNewburyO'Reilly1968578-33] Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 578.

[34] Cuzent, Gilbert (1872). Voyage aux îles Gambier (Archipel de Mangarèva). Paris: V. Masson et Fils. pp. 117–118.

[FOOTNOTELavalNewburyO'Reilly1968318-35] Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 318.

[FOOTNOTELavalNewburyO'Reilly1968610–611-36] Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, pp. 610–611.

[FOOTNOTECuzent1872144-37] Cuzent 1872, p. 144.

[38] Deschanel, Paul Eugene Louis (1888). Les intérêts français dans l'océan Pacifique. Paris: Berger-Levrault et cie. pp. 27–30.

[FOOTNOTEDeschanel188859,_71-39] Deschanel 1888, pp. 59, 71.

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[41] Rabou, Albert (1882). "La France En Océanie". La Nouvelle Revue Quatrieme Annee. Paris. pp. 799–807.

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[TeArohaNews1889-43] "The Sunny South Seas Gambier Archipelago. A Little-Known Group". Te Aroha News, Volume VII, Issue 379, 22 June 1889, Page 6.

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List of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900)

Contents

Africa

Africa: Central

Africa: East

Africa: Northcentral

Africa: Northeast

Africa: Northwest

Africa: South

Africa: West

Americas

Americas: Caribbean

Americas: Central

Americas: North

Americas: South

Asia

Asia: Central

Asia: East

Asia: Southeast

Asia: South

Asia: West

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Europe: British Isles

Europe: Central

Constituent states of the Confederation of the Rhine and German Confederation

Europe: East

Europe: Nordic

Europe: Southcentral

Europe: Southwest

Europe: West

Eurasia: Caucasus

Oceania

Australia and Papua New Guinea

Pacific

See also

References