Following are lists of notable Arabic dictionaries.
Explanatory dictionaries
edit| Title | Author | Date | Vocabulary | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kitab al-'Ayn[n 1] (Arabic: كتاب العين) |
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (Arabic: الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي) (b. 718 - d. 791) |
8th century | Kitab al-Ayn was the first dictionary for the Arabic language.[1] | |
| Kitab al-Jim[n 2] (Arabic: كتاب الجيم) a.k.a. Kitab al-Lughat or Kitab al-Huruf |
Abu Amr al-Shaybani (Arabic: أبو عمرو الشيباني) (b. ca. 738 - d. 828) |
8-9th century | The only copy is in the El Escorial Library.[2] | |
| Al-Jamhara al-Lugha[n 3] (Arabic: جمهرة اللغة) a.k.a. Al-Jamhara fi al-Lugha (The all-embracing in language)[3] |
Ibn Duraid[4] (Arabic: ابن دريد) (b. 838 - d. 933) |
9-10th century | The dictionary was inspired in part by the earlier dictionary Kitab al-Ayn of al-Farahidi.[5] | |
| Tahdhib al-Lugha[n 4] (Arabic: تهذيب اللغة) |
Abu Manshur al-Azhari al-Harawi (Arabic: أبو منصور الأزهري الهروي) (b. 895 - d. 981) |
10th century | The dictionary is important as a source of the Lisan al-Arab.[6] | |
| Al-Muhit fi al-Lugha[n 5] (Arabic: المحيط في اللغة) |
Al-Sahib ibn Abbad (Arabic: الصاحب بن عبّاد) (b. 938 - d. 995) |
10th century | ||
| Taj al-Lugha wa Sihah al-Arabiyya[n 6] (Arabic: تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية) shorter title: Taj al-Lugha or al-Sihah |
Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (Arabic: إسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري) (b. ? - d. 1009) |
10-11th century | It contains about 40,000 dictionary entries.[7] | The author died at Nishapur while attempting flight.[8] |
| Mu`jam Maqayis al-Lugha[9](Arabic: معجم مقاييس اللغة; "Language Standards Compendium) | Ahmad Ibn Zakariyya al-Qazwini Ibn Faris | 11th century | ||
| Al-Muhkam wa al-Muhit al-A'zam[n 7] (Arabic: المحكم والمحيط الأعظم) shorter title: Al-Muhkam |
Ibn Sidah (Arabic: ابن سيده) (b. 1007 - d. 1066) |
11th century | The author was a blind man.[10] | |
| Lisan al-Arab[n 8] (Arabic: لسان العرب) |
Ibn Manzur (Arabic: ابن منظور) (b. 1233 - d. 1312) |
The dictionary was completed in 1290.[11] | It contains about 80,000 dictionary entries.[12] |
|
| Al-Misbah al-munir[9](Arabic: المصباح المنير ; "The Enlightening Lamp") | Ahmed Al Maqri Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Ali Al Maqri Al Fayoumi | The dictionary dates to 1368 | ||
| Al-Qamus al-Muhit wa al-Qabus al-Wasit[n 9] [n 10] (Arabic: القاموس المحيط، والقابوس الوسيط; "The Encompassing Ocean/Lexicon") shorter title: Al-Qamus al-Muhit |
Al-Firuzabadi (Arabic: الفيروزآبادي) (b. 1329 - d. 1414) |
The dictionary was completed in 1410.[13] | It contains about 60,000 dictionary entries.[14] | The dictionary served as the basis of later European dictionaries of Arabic.[15] |
| Ahkam Bab al-I`rab `n Lughat al-A`rab (Arabic: أحكام باب الإعراب عن لغة الأعراب)[citation needed] | Germanus Farhat (1670–1732) | Printed by Rashid Dahdah (1813–1889) | A revision of Fairuzabadi’s Al-Qamus Al-Muheet. Arranged by word ending. | |
| Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus[n 11] (Arabic: تاج العروس) shorter title: Taj al-Arus |
Abu al-Fayd Mohammad Murtada al-Zabidi[9] (Arabic: أبو الفيض محمد مرتضى الزبيدي b. 1731 - d. 1790) |
The dictionary was completed in 1774.[16] | It contains about 120,000 dictionary entries.[16] | |
| Muhit al-Muhit[n 12] (Arabic: محيط المحيط) a.k.a. Qutr al-Muhit (The Diameter of the Ocean)[17] |
Butrus al-Bustani (Arabic: بطرس البستاني) (b. 1819 - d. 1883) |
The dictionary was completed in 1870.[17] | The author had dedicated the work to the Sultan Abdulaziz. The sultan awarded him with a higher medal and 250 golden liras.[18] | |
| Al-Faraed Al-Hissan Min Qalaed Al-Lisan (Arabic: الفرائد الحسان من قلائد اللسان) | Ibrahim al-Yaziji (Arabic: إبراهيم اليازجي; b. 1847 - d. 1907) | 1870 | ||
| Matn al-Lugha (Corpus of the language)[19] | Ahmad Rida (Arabic: أحمد رضا) (b. 1872 - d. 1953) |
1958 | ||
| Lexicon of the Modern Arabic Language (Arabic: معجم اللغة العربية المعاصرة) |
Ahmad Mukhtar Omar | 2008 |
Bilingual dictionaries
editInfluential Arabic dictionaries in Europe:
- Pedro de Alcalá, Vocabulista, 1505. A Spanish-Arabic glossary in transcription only.[20]
- Valentin Schindler, Lexicon Pentaglotton: Hebraicum, Chaldicum, Syriacum, Talmudico-Rabbinicum, et Arabicum, 1612. Arabic lemmas were printed in Hebrew characters.[20]
- Franciscus Raphelengius, Lexicon Arabicum, Leiden 1613. The first printed dictionary of the Arabic language in Arabic characters.[20]
- Jacobus Golius, Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, Leiden 1653. The dominant Arabic dictionary in Europe for almost two centuries.[20]
- Georg Freytag, Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzubadiique et aliorum libris confectum I–IV, Halle 1830–1837[20]
- Edward William Lane, Arabic–English Lexicon, 8 vols, London-Edinburgh 1863–1893. Highly influential, but incomplete (stops at Kaf)[20]
- Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein, Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, Tome 1 (1846) & 2 (1850), G.-P. Maisonneuve (Paris).
Influential Arabic dictionaries in modern usage:
- English: Collins Dictionaries, Collins Essential - Arabic Essential Dictionary, Collins, Glasgow 2018.[21]
- English: Lahlali, El Mustapha & Tajul Islam, A Dictionary of Arabic Idioms and Expressions: Arabic-English Translation, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2024.[22]
- English: Oxford Languages, Oxford Arabic Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.[23]
- French: R. Blachère, C. Pellat, M. Chouémi, and C. Denizeau, Dictionnaire arabe-français-anglais (langues classique et moderne), Paris 1967 ff.[20]
- French: D. Reig, As-Sabil, Dictionnaire arabe- français, français-arabe, Larousse, Paris, 1984.
- German (Classical Arabic): M. Ullmann, Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache I, kāf, Wiesbaden 1970; II/1-4, lām, Wiesbaden 1984–2009. Missing mīm, nūn, hā’, wāw, and yā’.[20]
- German (Modern Standard Arabic): Hans Wehr, Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart. Arabisch-Deutsch, Wiesbaden 1952; 5th ed., 1985.[20]
- English (translation of Hans Wehr): J Milton Cowan: Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Arabic-English, Wiesbaden 1971; 4th ed., 1979.[20]
- Greek: G. Endress (ed.), A Greek and Arabic Lexicon, Leiden 1992 ff.[20]
- Polish: J. Kozłowska and J. Danecki, Słownik arabsko-polski, Warszawa 1996 and J. Łacina, Słownik arabsko-polski, Poznań 1997.[20]
- Russian: Х.К. Баранов, Арабско-русский словарь, Moscow 1957; 6th ed., 1985.[20]
Online dictionaries
editSee also
edit- Dictionary
- List of Dutch dictionaries
- List of French dictionaries
- List of German dictionaries
- Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English/German dictionary)
- List of Arabic encyclopedias
Notes
edit- ^ The name means "Book of the Ayn (Letter)".
- ^ The name means "Book of the Jim (Letter)".
- ^ The name means "Collection of Language".
- ^ The name means "Refinement of Language".
- ^ The name means "Surrounding of The Language".
- ^ The name means "The crown of Language and the authentic of Arabic".
- ^ The name means "The arbitrator and the Great Ocean".
- ^ The name means "The tongue of the Arabs".
- ^ Al-Qamus al-Muhit means "The surrounding Ocean".
- ^ The Qamus - which may be derived from Greek okeanos became, and has remained, the commonest Arabic word for dictionary.
- ^ The name means "The bride's crown from the pearls of the Qamus (Ocean)".
- ^ The name means "Circumference of the Ocean".
References
edit- ^ "Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad" Encyclopædia Britannica Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" PDF "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam". Retrieved 31 January 2015
- ^ Hausmann, F. J. Dictionnaires, P.2441
- ^ "Ibn Durayd" Encyclopædia Britannica Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "Ibn Durayd" Encyclopædia Britannica Retrieved 30 May 2015
- ^ Arabic Lexicography: Its History, and Its Place in the General History of Lexicography, John A. Haywood, p. 53.
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" PDF "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam". Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" PDF "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam". Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ a b c al-Musawi, Muhsin J. (2015-04-15). The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters: Arabic Knowledge Construction. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-268-15801-9.
- ^ Arabic Lexicography: Its History, and Its Place in the General History of Lexicography, John A. Haywood, p. 65.
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" PDF "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam". Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" PDF "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam". Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" PDF "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam". Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" PDF "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam". Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "Al-Fīrūzābādī" Encyclopædia Britannica Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, Vol.2, Julie Scott Meisami and Paul Starkey, p.817.
- ^ a b al-hakawati Butros Bustani Retrieved 02 February 2015
- ^ "İslâm Ansiklopedisi Online (in Turkish)" Muhitü'l-Muhit article PDF. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. Retrieved 05 June 2015
- ^ Rida, Ahmad (1958). معجم متن اللغة : موسوعة لغوية حديثة [The language corpus dictionary: a modern linguistic encyclopedia] (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar Maktabat al-Hayat. Archived from the original on 2022-05-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Edward Lipiński, 2012, Arabic Linguistics: A Historiographic Overview, pages 32-33
- ^ "Collins Essential - Arabic Essential Dictionary: All the words you need, every day (Second edition)". Collins. Collins. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "A Dictionary of Arabic Idioms and Expressions". Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Oxford Arabic Dictionary". Oxford University Press Academic. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 February 2024.