Konstantin Theodor (from 1917 to 1919, Graf von) Dumba (17 June 1856 – 6 January 1947), was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat serving as its last accredited Ambassador to the United States and famous for having been expelled during World War I following accusations of espionage.[1]
Konstantin (Graf von) Dumba | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Austro-Hungarian Minister to Serbia | |
| In office 7 January 1903 – 27 June 1905 | |
| Preceded by | Karl Freiherr Heidler von Egeregg und Syrgenstein |
| Succeeded by | Moritz Freiherr Czikann von Wahlborn |
| Austro-Hungarian Minister to Sweden | |
| In office 21 March 1909 – 16 October 1912 | |
| Preceded by | Albert Freiherr Eperjesy von Szászváros und Tóti |
| Succeeded by | Maximilian Graf Hadik von Futak |
| Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to the United States | |
| In office 4 March 1913 – 4 November 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Ladislaus Freiherr Hengelmüller von Hengervár |
| Succeeded by | Adam Graf Tarnowski von Tarnów |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 17 June 1856 Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now Austria) |
| Died | 6 January 1947 (aged 90) Bodensdorf am Ochiacher See, Austria |
Life
editKonstantin Dumba was born in Vienna on 17 June 1856 as the son of Nikolaus Dumba (1830–1900), a wealthy Austrian entrepreneur. The Dumba, where of Aromanian[2][3] or Greek[4][5] descent, originally from the village of Vlasti in the Ottoman province of Rumelia, had emigrated and settled in Vienna in 1817.[6] After completing his legal studies and obtaining a doctorate in law, he joined the Austro-Hungarian foreign service in 1879. He subsequently served at the Austro-Hungarian Embassy at London from 1881 to 1886 and then at St. Petersburg, Rome, Bucharest and Paris.
From 1903 to 1905, Dr. Dumba served as Minister at Belgrade in the Kingdom of Serbia. Then followed four years of service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Vienna, whereupon he was appointed Minister at Stockholm in 1909 where he stayed until 1912.[7] He was known for being Austria-Hungary's only bourgeois ambassador at the time although he was from a very wealthy family.[8]
On 4 March 1913, Dr. Dumba was appointed as the successor of Baron Hengelmüller von Hengervár, the long time ambassador to Washington D.C. and dean of the diplomatic corps. He presented his letter of credentials to President Wilson on 24 April 1913.[9] Although the first months in office were calm, the outbreak of World War I would quickly put him in the spotlight.
A first controversy concerned the Austro-Hungarian government's offer of 'rehabilitation' to those of its citizens living abroad and who had fled to escape compulsory military service provided they returned home and served in the army. This scheme ran counter to the U.S. official policy of neutrality forbidding its citizens from actively taking sides in the war. However, a much more serious incident erupted in early September 1915 when media reported that Dr. Dumba had been involved in schemes to sabotage the U.S. munitions industry. On 5 September, the news broke that he had admitted to giving James Francis Jewell Archibald, an American news correspondent, a letter for delivery to Foreign Minister Baron Burián von Rajecz in Vienna. In the letter, he proposed certain measures to hamper the manufacture of munitions for the Allies in the US.[10] The so-called 'Dumba Affair' quickly became a scandal. On 9 September 1915, Secretary of State Lansing declared him no longer acceptable and requested the Austro-Hungarian government to recall its ambassador. In the note, Lansing charged the ambassador with espionage for having advocated that his government back 'plans to instigate strikes in American manufacturing plants engaged in the production of munitions of war'.[11] On 27 September, the Austro-Hungarian government eventually agreed to recall Dr. Dumba.[12] He left the United States on 5 October and was allowed to pass unhindered through the Entente blockade of the European continent and return to Vienna.[13]
Following his departure, the Austro-Hungarian embassy was led by a chargé d'affaires (Erich Freiherr Zwiedinek von Südenhorst). Count Tarnowski von Tarnów was named as his successor in November 1916 but never presented his credentials to President Wilson, thus making Dr. Dumba the last official ambassador of Austria-Hungary to the United States.
Upon his return to Vienna, Dr. Dumba retired from the diplomatic service.[14] In May 1917, he was ennobled and appointed to the Upper House (Herrenhaus), but he would play no further prominent role in public life.[15] With the abolition of nobility in Austria in 1919, Graf von Dumba lost his nobiliary title and particle.[16] In his later years, he became a pacifist and wrote several books, including his memoirs which were published in 1932 and in which he defended his action during World War I.
Although much publicised at the time, Dr. Dumba was not the first foreign diplomat to be declared persona non grata by the U.S. government. In 1888, the British envoy Lord Sackville-West had been sacked following the publication of the so-called Murchison letter during the presidential campaign. It could also be noted that the Dumba Affair also included the military attaché at the German Embassy, Captain Franz von Papen, who was declared persona non grata in December 1915 and who would later play a prominent role in German politics in the 1930s.
Dr. Dumba died in Bodensdorf am Ossiacher See on 6 January 1947. He was the last surviving former ambassador of Austria-Hungary.
Notes
editRegarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
Works
edit- Austria-Hungary and the War (together with Albert Graf Apponyi von Nagy-Appony, Ladislaus Freiherr Hengelmüller von Hengervár and Alexander Nuber von Pereked), New York, Austro-Hungarian Consulate-general, 1915.
- Zehn Jahre Völkerbund, 1930.
- Dreibund und Ententepolitik in der Alten und Neuen Welt, Zurich, Amalthea verlag, 1931 (Memoirs of a diplomat, translated by Ian Morrow, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1932.)
References
edit- ^ "The Recall of Ambassador Dumba". American Journal of International Law. 9 (4): 935–939. 1915. doi:10.2307/2187004. ISSN 0002-9300.
- ^ Ransmayr, Anna (2017). Presence in Habsburg Vienna: Heyday and Decline. "...Nikolaus Dumba, himself descendant of an Aromanian family who had ties to both Romania and Greece".
- ^ Motta, Giuseppe (2011). "The Fight for Balkan Latinity. The Aromanians until World War I" (PDF). Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 2 (3): 252–260. doi:10.5901/mjss.2011.v2n3p252. ISSN 2039-2117.
- ^ John Tzafettas, Elvira Konecny. Nikolaus Dumba (1830-1900): A dazzling figure in imperial Vienna. ISBN 978-1910714201
- ^ "Dumba Nikolaus". In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Vol. 1, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1957, p. 203.
- ^ William D. Godsey, Aristocratic Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War, West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1999, p. 86.
- ^ Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950, vol. I, p. 203
- ^ Godsey, op. cit., 1999, p. 30.
- ^ 'Praises Wilson's politics', New York Times, 25 April 1913.
- ^ See for example 'Dumba admits plot to cripple munition plants', 'Ambassador Dumba's plan', 'Action on Dumba's offense in doubt', 'Awaiting Dumba letter', New York Times, 6 September 1915.
- ^ 'American Note to Austria-Hungary Requesting Recall of Ambassador Dumba', op. cit., 10 September 1915)
- ^ 'Austria agrees to recall Dumba, op. cit., 28 September 1915
- ^ 'Dumba sails, op. cit., 6 October 1915.
- ^ 'Dr. Dumba is retired, op. cit., 5 November 1915.
- ^ 'Emperor honors Dumba', op. cit., 24 May 1917
- ^ 'Austrian Nobility - Abolition of Nobility in 1919', Austrian nobility#Abolition of nobility in 1919
External links
edit
Bibliography
edit- Gerald H. Davis, The Fall of Ambassador Dumba, Atlanta, Georgia State College, 1965.