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The Keita dynasty ruled pre-imperial and imperial Mali from the 11th century into the early 17th century.[1] It was a Muslim dynasty, and its rulers claimed descent from Bilal ibn Rabah. The early history is entirely unknown, outside of legends and myths. The first Keita mansa was Sundiata Keita. This is when Mari Jata is crowned and Keita becomes a clan name.[citation needed] A couple of generations after him, his great-nephew, Mansa Musa Keita I of Mali, made a celebrated pilgrimage to Mecca.[2]
The dynasty remained a major power in West Africa from the early 13th century until the breakup of the Mali Empire around 1610. Rivals from within the clan founded smaller kingdoms within contemporary Mali and Guinea. Of the members of these modern "daughter dynasties", the late politician Modibo Keita and the musician Salif Keita are arguably the most famous.[citation needed]
Legendary Ancestors
editAccording to the Quran, Bilal ibn Rabah was a freed slave, possibly of Abyssinian descent,[3] who accepted Islam and became one of the Sahabahs of Muhammad. Bilal Keita bears the distinction of being the first muezzin in Islam. According to Mandinka/Bambara legends dating to the period after the conversion to Islam and passed down by djelis, Bilal had seven sons, one of whom settled in the Manding region. This son, Lawalo Keita, had a son named Latal Kalabi Keita, who later sired Damul Kalabi Keita. Damul Kalabi Keita's son was Lahilatoul Keita and the first faama of the city of Niani. It is through Lahilatoul that the Keita clan becomes a ruling dynasty, though only over the small area around Niani.[citation needed]
It was common practice for griots in West Africa to invent Islamic ancestors for their royal clients, to enhance their prestige and legitimacy, and this is certainly the case for the Keita. The earliest ancestors have Islamic names, while later ones have clearly non-Islamic names, but it's impossible now to determine which of these are inventions and which may have a basis in historical reality.[4]
| Time period | Person | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| b. 580—d. 640 | Bilal ibn Rabah | Ancestor of the Keitas, сompanion (sahabah) of Muhammad |
| Lawalo Keita | Son of Bilali Bounama and Hala Bint Awf (sister of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf richest man in Mecca). Left Mecca and emigrated to Manden (Mali). | |
| Latal Kalabi | Son of Lawalo Keita | |
| Damul Kalabi | Son of Latal Kalabi | |
| Lahilatoul Kalabi | Son of Damul Kalabi. First sub-Saharan African prince to perform a hajj; robbed in the desert, returned after 7 years. | |
| Kalabi Bomba | Son of Lahilatoul Kalabi | |
| Kalabi Dauman | Younger son of Lahilatoul Kalabi. Preferred fortune, ancestor of traders. | |
| c. 1050 | Mamadi Kani | Son of Kalabi Bomba. Hunter king, inventor of the hunter‘s whistle, communicated with the jinn of the bush, loved by Kondolon Ni Sané. |
| Sané Kani Simbon, Kamignogo Simbon, Kabala Simbon and Bamari Tagnogokelin Simbon together | The four sons of Mamadi Kani. | |
| Bamari Tagnogokelin | ||
| 1175—? | M’Bali Nene | Son of Bamari Tagnogokelin |
| Bello | Son of Bamari Tagnogokelin | |
| ?—1200s | Bello Bakon | Son of Bello |
| 1200s—1218 | Maghan Kon Fatta | Son of Bello Bakon |
| 1218—c.1230 | Dankaran Touman | Son of Maghan Kon Fatta. Niani conquered by the Sosso Empire under king Soumaoro Kanté. |
List of imperial mansas of Mali
editThe name 'Keita', meaning 'heritage taker', post-dates the rise of the empire. Sundiata was likely a Konate, and is praised as such in oral histories. It is unclear when the name shifted.[5]
Most of the names of the imperial mansas of Mali are known through the works of Ibn Khaldun. Historian Francois-Xavier Fauvelle has postulated a long-running dynastic competition between two branches of the dynasty, which he terms the Maridjatids and the Abubakrids after their founders. The Maridjatids (descendants of Sundiata by the male line) are best remembered in oral tradition, while written accounts by Arab sources focus on the Abubakrids.[6]
| Reign | Incumbent | Notes | Branch |
|---|---|---|---|
| c. 1235—1255 | Mari Djata I (Sundiata) | Son of Manghan Kon Fatta | Maridjatids (founder) |
| c. 1255—1270 | Uli Keita | Son of Mari Djata I | Maridjatids |
| c. 1270—1274 | Wati Keita | Son of Mari Djata I | Maridjatids |
| c. 1274—1275 | Khalifa Keita | Son of Mari Djata I | Maridjatids |
| c. 1275—1285 | Abubakari Keita I | Son of Mari Djata's daughter | Abubakrids (founder) |
| c. 1285—1300 | Sakura | Usurper | |
| c. 1300—1305 | Gao Keita | Maridjatids | |
| c. 1305—1312 | Mohammed ibn Gao Keita | Maridjatids | |
| 1312—1337 | Mansa Musa Keita I | Abubakrids | |
| 1337—1341 | Maghan Keita I | Abubakrids | |
| 1341—1360 | Souleyman Keita | Co-ruler: Kassi | Abubakrids |
| 1360 | Camba Keita | Abubakrids | |
| 1360—1374 | Mari Djata Keita II | Abubakrids | |
| 1374—1387 | Musa Keita II | Abubakrids | |
| 1387—1389 | Maghan Keita II | Abubakrids | |
| 1389—1390 | Sandaki | Usurper | |
| 1390—1404 | Maghan Keita III
(also known as Mahmud Keita I) |
Maridjatids | |
| 1404—c. 1440 | Musa Keita III | ||
| c.1460—1480/1481 | Uli Keita II | ||
| 1480/1481—1496 | Mahmud Keita II
(also known as Mamadou Keita) |
||
| 1496—1559 | Mahmud Keita III | ||
| 1559—c.1590 | Unknown mansa or vacancy | ||
| c.1590—c.1610 | Mahmud Keita IV | Empire collapses after death of Mahmud Keita IV. |
List of post-imperial mansas of Mali
edit| Reign | Incumbent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| c.1610—c.1660 | Unknown number of mansas | |
| c.1660—c.1670 | Mama Maghan | Capital moved from Niani to Kangaba after botched attack on Segou. |
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Ibn Khaldun (1958). F. Rosenthal (ed.). The Muqaddimah (K. Ta'rikh - "History"). Vol. 1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. 264–268. OCLC 956182402. (on the Kings of Mali)
- Ibn Battuta (2005). Noel King; Said Hamdun (eds.). Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. Princeton: Markus Wiener. pp. 45–46. OCLC 1073731577.
References
edit- ^ Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (2008-04-25). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6402-3.
- ^ Cooley, William Desborough (1841). The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained: Or, An Inquiry Into the Early History and Geography of Central Africa. London: J. Arrowsmith. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Stadler, Nurit (2020). Voices of the Ritual: Devotion to Female Saints and Shrines in the Holy Land. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-750130-6.
- ^ Conrad DC. Islam in the Oral Traditions of Mali: Bilali and Surakata. The Journal of African History. 1985;26(1):33-49. doi:10.1017/S0021853700023070
- ^ Jansen, Jan. “In Defense of Mali’s Gold: The Political and Military Organization of the Northern Upper Niger, c. 1650–c. 1850.” Journal of West African History, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 1–36. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.14321/jwestafrihist.1.1.0001. Accessed 20 Oct. 2024.
- ^ Fauvelle, Francois-Xavier (2022). Les masques et la mosquée - L’empire du Mâli XIIIe XIVe siècle. Paris: CNRS Editions. ISBN 2271143713.
Sources
edit- Cooley, William Desborough (1966). The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained. London: Routledge. p. 143 Pages. ISBN 0-7146-1799-7.
- Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial, and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. p. 395 Pages. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.