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Francesco Zurolo

Francesco Zurolo also called Francesco Zurulo (in some historical documents of the time) or more commonly Francesco Zurlo (first half of the 15th century – 11 August 1480) was an Italian feudal lord, baron and leader.

Francesco Zurolo
Francesco Zurolo
Leadership
CaptainOtranto garrison
Related articles
HistoryFrancesco Zurolo (or Zurlo) was an Italian feudal lord, baron and Italian leader. He descended from one of the most important Neapolitan families from which he owned various lands/feuds in the Kingdom of Naples, the Zurolo (or Zurlo). He fought as a captain and was a leader until his death, which occurred during the early stages of the war of the Ottoman conquest of Otranto, of the same. Founder (posthumously – after his death in 1480 and by his will, when he was still alive, he appointed his daughter Caterina Zurolo executor) of the religious complex, consisting of the Convent of Santa Maria del Gesù known as Sant'Antonio ad Oppido Lucano, in 1482.
RanksRank of captain

He defended the city of Otrantina from the siege of the Ottoman Turks during the early stages of Ottoman conquest of Otranto, he died heroically in Otranto with his soldiers during the early stages of the siege.

By his will, he was the posthumous founder of the convent complex of Santa Maria del Gesù known as Sant'Antonino in Oppido Lucano and also thanks and by will of one of his daughters, Caterina Zurolo, who fulfilled the wishes of her father who died in battle. The complex saw its construction in 1482.

Biography

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Francesco Zurolo was the son of Giacomo Zurolo and Francesca Brancaccio. He had brothers and sisters, among whom we remember: Caterina, Ettore, Beatrice, Pietro, Elisabetta and Lucrezia.[1]

He married Cassandra Caracciolo with whom he had daughters: Lucrezia, Caterina and Ughetta.[2]

Francesco Zurolo (or Zurlo) feudal lord and baron of Pietragalla, Casalaspro and Oppido Lucano, descended from one of the most important Neapolitan families from which he owned various lands/feuds in the Kingdom of Naples. The chronicle of the family has been recorded since the earliest times and has enjoyed, with varying fortunes, nobility in the Kingdom and in particular in Campania, Apulia, Salento (Apulia), Basilicata, and Molise.[3]

The Battle of Otranto

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The Turkish invasion

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In anticipation of the Turkish invasion of Apulia, Zurolo was appointed by Ferrante of Aragon (commonly called Ferdinand I of Naples) as commander of the square (or of the garrison) of Otranto city, together with another captain, Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi, with whom he led the heroic but desperate defense of the city. It was attacked by about 18000 Turks, led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha, with some ninety galleys, fifteen maones, and forty schooners, supported by the aga of the janissaries, the bailiff of Negroponte, and the berjebei of Thrace.[4] He thus became one of the two leaders of the city, remaining to defend it with only 400 armed men. There were also some horses with them. [citation needed]

Ahmet Pasha demanded surrender from the defenders of Otranto once an emissary was sent to the city, the commander Zurlo rejected the proposal of all the citizens, the emissary was sent away, and the captain replied that he would fight to the death for the defense of the city. Another intermediary was sent by Pascia to make the inhabitants surrender without a fight but the latter was killed, after which the Turks began to bombard the city walls with their naval artillery for 14 days.[citation needed]

 
The Aragonese castle of Otranto, XV Century, theater of the Turkish invasion and war of Otranto.

On Friday 11 July the Turks destroyed the remaining walls with their battery and opened a passage through them and on the day of the last battle, when the invaders managed to open a breach in the walls, despite having been seriously wounded in the arm during an assault the previous day, Francis rushed armed together with his son and other brave men in an attempt to repel the invaders, dying in a short time.[5] Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi died the following day, still in defense of the city.[6][7]

 
Inside the church of Santa Caterina a Formiello in Naples, in the chapel on the left, the remains of the two captains who commanded the garrison of Otranto during the Turkish invasion of August 1480 are preserved.

The fate of the city

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In August 1480 archbishop Stefano Pendinelli, the priests and 800 citizens of Otranto, when the Turks arrived, did not surrender and did not renounce their faith in Christ, for this reason they were taken to the Minerva hill and killed. In the year 1721 they were proclaimed Patrons of the City and Archdiocese of Otranto and canonized by Pope Francis on Sunday 12 May 2013 in St. Peter's Square in Rome.[8][9]

According to another version, the archbishop, knowing that the resistance of the two captains had failed against the invaders, died of a heart attack after hearing this news.

Various versions about his death and that of his son

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There are several versions of hisdeath:in one, he was captured by the Turks and sawn in two;[10][11] he dies fighting in the defense of the walls probably mutilated, a fact that would have given rise to the first version.[12][13]

According to another version, in Otranto the commander of the city, Francesco Zurolo, instead of surrendering in the face of the overwhelming force of the Turks (18000 soldiers were against 6000 citizens), began to hang some of their emissaries, impale some of their prisoners and even to fire a bombard at Gedik himself, who had approached the port with a boat to parley.[14][15][16]

The reprisal was particularly bloody: 813 people were beheaded after 15 days of resistance: commander Zurlo fell almost immediately after opening a breach in the city, on the bastions of the walls during the enemy's last assault.[17]

Even on the fate of the son the sources disagree: according to some he fell heroically together with his father,[18] according to others he was taken prisoner to Turkey, where they made him deny Christ.[19]

 
Fresco depicting Francesco Zurolo which is preserved in the Convent of Santa Maria del Gesù known as Sant'Antonio in Oppido Lucano (PZ). Work by the artist Giovanni Todisco.

Posthumous sponsor

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He was founder, posthumously – after his death in 1480, who when he was still alive made a will and, among other things, issued a testamentary disposition, naming his daughter Caterina Zurolo (baroness of Oppido Lucano and lady of other lands), to execute after his death the construction work in Oppido Lucano, currently in Tolve, a hamlet of the town, of a religious complex, consisting of a convent (now known as Santa Maria del Gesù, then of Sant'Antonio) with the annexed church of Sant' Antonio to Oppido Lucano;[20][21] the aforementioned works began in 1482 as denoted by the foundation stone: "MCCCCLXXXII | FRANCISCO ZVRVLO | FECIT".[22]

Burial

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In the church of Santa Caterina a Formiello in Naples there are two display cases containing some mortal remains-skulls of the heroic defenders of Otranto, including those of the two brave captains who were recovered and transferred (from Otranto to Naples) by will of Alfonso II d'Aragon.

 
Road sign Capitano Francesco Zurlo or (Zurolo)-capitano 1480, in Otranto (LE).

Dedications

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  • There is a fresco created by the Italian artist Giovanni Todisco, in around 1611, in one of the internal rooms of the convent of Santa Maria del Gesù known as Sant'Antonio, in Oppido Lucano, representing the baron and knight Francesco Zurolo with the halberd held in the right hand and with a scroll in the left, wearing late medieval plate-type armor and helmet.[23]
  • In the historic center of Otranto, near the Romanesque cathedral, the streets are almost all dedicated to the heroes of the Battle of Otranto. Among these there is also one dedicated to "Francesco Zurlo – captain 1480".[24]

Quotes

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  • Francesco Tateo (1984), "il Turco mandò ambasciatori al signor Giovanne Antonio Delli Falconi e al segnor Francesco Zurulo con proposta che si volessero rendere, e da loro li fu risposto, che volessero combattere di fuora, che loro si difenderanno da valorosi da dentro in servizio di Dio e del serenissimo loro signore e che morranno tutti." [the Turk sent ambassadors to Signor Giovanne Antonio Delli Falconi and to Signor Francesco Zurulo with a proposal that they wanted to surrender, and they replied to him that they wanted to fight outside, that they will defend themselves from brave men from within in the service of God and the Most Serene their lord and that they will all die.], Chierici e feudatari del Mezzogiorno (Clerics and feudal lords of the South), Biblioteca di Cultura Moderna (in Italian), p. 899, ISBN 8842023949
  • Rosa Lucia Gualdo, Francesco Zurulo si è trovato poi tutto armato, sotto certi muri et repari ruinati, morto; et questa è la verità, licet che de lui variamente se sia dicto. [Francesco Zurulo then found himself all armed, under certain ruined walls and shelters, dead; and this is the truth, since it is said variously about him.], p. 256

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Gennaro Zurolo (December 2021). L'Assedio di Otranto del 1480 e i suoi prodi capitani: Francesco Zurolo detto Zurlo e Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi [The Siege of Otranto in 1480 and its brave captains: Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo and Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi] (in Italian). p. 53. See the cited family tree represented by the author in his text.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  2. ^ Gennaro Zurolo (December 2021). L'Assedio di Otranto del 1480 e i suoi prodi capitani: Francesco Zurolo detto Zurlo e Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi [The Siege of Otranto in 1480 and its brave captains: Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo and Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi] (in Italian). Nola (NA). pp. 53, 55 and 56. The geanology of Francesco Zurolo (extrapolated from 3 pages of text).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Conte Berardo Candida Gonzaga (1875). Memorie delle famiglie nobili delle province meridionali d'Italia, volume secondo [Memoirs of the noble families of the southern provinces of Italy, second volume] (in Italian). Factory typ. of the Cav. G. de Angelis and son. pp. 219 and 220. (pages 219 and 220) The author mentions all the fiefdoms owned by the Zurolo family in southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples) at the time of their dominion.
  4. ^ Staff of historiaregni (14 April 2020). "SUD-I turchi ad Otranto" [SOUTH-The Turks in Otranto]. historiaregni (in Italian). Retrieved 11 April 2024. The Turk set up a powerful fleet of 90 galleys, 15 maones and 40 schooners with 18,000 men placed under the command of Agomat Keduti Pasha, supported by the agà of the Janissaries, the bailiff of Negroponte and the berjebei of Thrace. They had set sail from Vlora and the Aragonese, as soon as he learned of it, had a thousand soldiers and four hundred infantry brought to Otranto, entrusting them to the command of Francesco Zurlo and Giovanni Antonio Falconi.
  5. ^ Count Berardo Candida Gonzaga (1875). Memorie delle famiglie nobili delle province meridionali d'Italia, volume secondo [Memoirs of the noble families of the southern provinces of Italy, second volume] (in Italian). Vol. second. Francis was sent by King Ferdinand I of Aragon to Otranto together with the other captain Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi, to preside over the city, knowing that Muhammad II was sending an army to invade the Kingdom of Naples. When the first Turkish emissary arrived to establish the surrender, Captain Zurlo refused it and told him that he would fight until his death. With the arrival of the second emissary he had him arrested and killed, then immediately afterwards the Turks used their battery of warships to hit the walls of Otranto, for 14 days the city of Otranto was besieged by warships, on the 11th on a Friday in August, the walls were largely destroyed and the invaders opened a breach. From there the enemy soldiers entered and quickly faced Captain Francesco who died almost immediately fighting together with his son. Factory typ. of the Cav. G. de Angelis and son. p. 223.
  6. ^ Grazio Gianfreda (1973). Editrice salentina (ed.). Otranto nella storia [Otranto in history] (in Italian). With a handful of brave men, Captain Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi arrived at the Turks and faced them and found his death along with his companions. pp. 256 and 257.
  7. ^ L. Gualdo Rosa; Isabella Nuovo; Lucia Gualdo Rosa (1982). Edizioni Dedalo (ed.). Gli umanisti e la guerra otrantina-testi dei secoli XV e XVI [The humanists and the Otranto war - texts from the 15th and 16th centuries] (in Italian). Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi with 400 armed men or soldiers had to preside over the garrison of Otranto, then finding himself during a possible invasion facing an enemy of overwhelming numerical superiority, who could have attacked at any time. Edizioni Dedalo. p. 176. ISBN 9788822060051.
  8. ^ "CONCISTORO. Canonizzazione degli 800 martiri di Otranto" [CONSISTORY. Canonization of the 800 martyrs of Otranto]. Avvenire.it (in Italian). 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2024. According to tradition, his decapitated body remained standing in front of Gedik Ahamed Pasha. About five hundred years later, with the public consistory that the Pope will hold this morning, the canonization of Antonio Primaldo and his 800 companions, the martyrs of Otranto, killed on 14 August 1480 by the Ottomans for having refused to deny one's God.
  9. ^ Staff of the site (26 April 2019). "All'apostolo Pietro si deve la nascita della comunità cristiana a Otranto. L'Arcidiocesi di Otranto" [The birth of the Christian community in Otranto is due to the apostle Peter. The Archdiocese of Otranto]. www.diocesiotranto.it. Retrieved 11 April 2024. In August 1480 Archbishop Stefano Pendinelli (1451–1480) was massacred by the Turks in the cathedral together with priests and religious, while eight hundred people from Otranto faced martyrdom for Christ on the Minerva hill. The Martyrs, who have always and uninterruptedly been venerated by the Church of Otranto, in the year 1721 were proclaimed Patrons of the City and of the Archdiocese of Otranto and canonized by Pope Francis on Sunday 12 May 2013 in St. Peter's Square in Rome.
  10. ^ Jakov Lukarević (Luccari) (1605). Ad instantia di Antonio Leonardi (ed.). Copioso ristretto de gli annali di Ravsa [Copious summary of the annals of Ravsa] (in Italian). Vol. 3. ... cut Francesco Zurlo, the governor of the garrison, into pieces... National Library of the Czech Republic. p. 111.
  11. ^ Matteo di Giovanni; Cecilia Alessi; Alessandro Bagnoli (2006). "Siena: La memoria di Pio 11" [Siena: The memory of Pius 11]. In Alessandro Bagnoli, Cecilia Alessi (ed.). Cronaca di una strage dipinta [Chronicle of a painted massacre] (in Italian). Ali. ISBN 9788888769134. After being captured and disarmed, it was cut into two parts.
  12. ^ Lucia Gualdo Rosa, Isabella Nuovo and Domenico Defilippis, Francesco Tateo (1682). Gli umanisti e la guerra otrantina-testi dei secoli XV e XVI [The humanists and the Otranto war - texts from the 15th and 16th centuries] (in Italian). Bari (BA). p. 35. ISBN 9788822060051. Francesco Zurlo after being captured by the Ottoman invaders was cut into two parts.
  13. ^ Rosa, L. Gualdo; Nuovo, I.; Defilippis, D. (1982). Gli umanisti e la guerra otrantina. Testi dei secoli XV e XVI [The humanists and the Otranto war. Texts from the 15th and 16th centuries] (in Italian). Edizioni Dedalo (editor).
  14. ^ Momčilo Spremić (1987). "RAGUSA TRA GLI ARAGONESI DI NAPOLI E I TURCHI" [RAGUSA AMONG THE ARAGONIANS OF NAPLES AND THE TURKS]. Dubrovnik e gli Aragonesi (1442–1495) [Ragusa between the Aragonese of Naples and the Turks] (in Cree). Francesco Zurlo was killed almost immediately after a breach was opened in the walls of Otranto. p. 193.
  15. ^ Staff of STORIA MODERNA (14 December 2014). "I MARTIRI DI OTRANTO" [THE MARTYRS OF OTRANTO]. I MARTIRI DI OTRANTO-Un'operazione storiografica strumentale. Retrieved 6 March 2024. Meanwhile, however, in Otranto the commander of the city, Francesco Zurlo, instead of surrendering in the face of the overwhelming force of the Turks (18,000 soldiers against 6,000 citizens), began hanging some of their emissaries, impaling some of their prisoners and even shooting a bombardment against Gedik himself, who had approached the port with a vessel to speak.
  16. ^ Marco Ottanelli (June 2014). "Buon compleanno Galileo!" [Happy birthday Galileo!]. L'Ateo (in Italian). 97. UAAR: 11. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  17. ^ Grasso, Francesco (1994). La poesia delle Calabrie (The poetry of Calabria) (in Italian). Vol. 1. Vibo Valentia (VV): QUALECULTURA-Jaca Book. p. 133. ISBN 8816900512.
  18. ^ Quintino Gianfreda (2015). EDIZIONI GRIFO (ed.). I santi martiri di Otranto [The holy martyrs of Otranto] (in Italian) (12nd ed.). Lecce (LE). p. 45. ISBN 9788869940019. Retrieved 27 March 2024. Francesco Zurlo, with his son at his side and at the head of his brave men, fought like a lion and massacred the enemy, repeating Leonidas' gesture at the Pass of Thermopylae. The resistance was tenacious: the ground was ceded inch by inch, until, overwhelmed by the pressing storm, he fell heroically together with his son and all his warriors.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ L. Gualdo Rosa; I. Nuovo; D. Defilippis (1982). Gli umanisti e la guerra otrantina. Testi dei secoli XV e XVI [The humanists and the Otranto war. Texts from the 15th and 16th centuries]. Dedalo Edizioni (editor).
  20. ^ "IL CONVENTO DI S. MARIA DEL GESU' (detto di S. ANTONIO)" [THE CONVENT OF S. MARIA DEL GESU' (known as S. ANTONIO)] (in Italian). Retrieved 28 March 2024. The founders of the convent were Francesco Zurlo and Caterina Zurlo, lords of Oppido Lucano.
  21. ^ "Oppido – Convento di Sant' Antonio" [Oppido – Convent of Sant 'Antonio] (in Italian). Retrieved 28 March 2024. The founders of the convent were Francesco Zurlo and Caterina Zurlo, lords of Oppido Lucano.
  22. ^ Gennaro Zurolo (December 2021). L'Assedio di Otranto del 1480 e i suoi prodi capitani: Francesco Zurolo detto Zurlo e Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi [The Siege of Otranto in 1480 and its brave captains: Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo and Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi] (in Italian). Nola (NA). pp. 55 to 61. Religious complex located near the inhabited center, it stands in its entirety equipped with large entrance portals (see infra), one of which bears: the oblong plaque or stone of foundation and consecration of the temple with epigraph-FRANCESCO ZVRVLO I FECIT below is the religious emblem of the Conventual Order of Santa Maria del Gesù with a sculpted monogram depicting a radiant disc charged by the cross in the center and by two letters VM placed at the bottom on either side; the other portal, on the other hand, bears the date of foundation – MCCCCLXXXII carved with the coat of arms of the family – Zurulo seu Zurolo, as can be seen above all from both this inscription and the archival documents and the oldest armorial bearings of the founder. This large convent structure was erected by virtue of a testamentary disposition of Francesco Zurolo – who died two years before the aforementioned date of erection – to whom he presumably appointed his only daughter Caterina as heir and executor.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Gennaro Zurolo (2024). "Capitolo V, parte I" [Chapter V, part I]. Casata Zurolo. Origini e sviluppo di una famiglia feudale del Meridione d'Italia [Zurolo House. Origins and development of a feudal family from Southern Italy] (in Italian). p. 174. The fresco representing Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo, wearing early medieval armour, present in one of the internal rooms of the convent of Oppido Lucano.
  24. ^ Gennaro Zurolo (2021). "Il capitano Francesco Zurolo detto Zurlo" [Captain Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo]. L'Assedio di Otranto del 1480 e i suoi prodi capitani: Francesco Zurolo detto Zurlo e Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi [The Siege of Otranto in 1480 and its brave captains: Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo and Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi] (in Italian). Nola (NA). p. 62. The road plaque in memory of Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo, retranscribed by the municipality of Otranto as Francesco Zurlo, located in a similar street and near the cathedral.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliography

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Historical sources

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  • Ibn Kemal. Osman Han'ın Hikâyeleri [Stories of the House of Osman] (in Turkmen).
  • Grazio Gianfreda (1973). Editrice salentina (ed.). Otranto nella storia [Otranto in history] (in Italian). Editrice salentina. pp. 256–257.
  • Lucia Gualdo Rosa; Isabella Nuovo; Domenico Defilippis (1982). Dedalo editions (ed.). Gli umanisti e la guerra otrantina-testi dei secoli XV e XVI [The humanists and the Otranto war - texts from the 15th and 16th centuries] (in Italian). Introduction: Francesco Tateo. Bari (BA): Dedalo editors. pp. 35 and 176. ISBN 9788822060051. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  • Francesco Tateo (1984). Laterza (ed.). Chierici e feudatari del Mezzogiorno [Clerics and feudal lords of the South] (in Italian). Laterza. p. 899. ISBN 9788842023944. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  • Momčilo Spremić (1987). "RAGUSA TRA GLI ARAGONESI DI NAPOLI E I TURCHI" [RAGUSA AMONG THE ARAGONIANS OF NAPLES AND THE TURKS]. Dubrovnik e gli Aragonesi (1442-1495) [Dubrovnik and the Aragonese (1442–1495)] (in Cree). p. 193.
  • Matteo di Giovanni; Cecilia Alessi; Alessandro Bagnoli (2006). "Siena: La memoria di Pio 11" [Siena: The memory of Pius 11]. In Alessandro Bagnoli, Cecilia Alessi (ed.). Cronaca di una strage dipinta [Chronicle of a painted massacre] (in Italian). After being captured and disarmed, it was cut into two parts. ISBN 9788888769134. After being captured and disarmed, it was cut into two parts.
  • Luanne D. Zurlo (4 November 2014). Archway Publishing (ed.). Fifteen Feet from the Pope Dispatches from a Sabbatical in Rome (Paperback). Archway. pp. 57 and 58. ISBN 9781480811287.
  • Quintino Gianfreda (2015). EDIZIONI GRIFO (ed.). I santi martiri di Otranto [The holy martyrs of Otranto] (in Italian) (12nd ed.). Lecce (LE). pp. 37, 42 and 45. ISBN 9788869940019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Gennaro Zurolo (December 2021). L'Assedio di Otranto del 1480 e i suoi prodi capitani: Francesco Zurolo detto Zurlo e Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi [The Siege of Otranto in 1480 and its brave captains: Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo and Giovanni Antonio Delli Falconi] (in Italian). pp. 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 and 63.
  • Vincenzo Scarpello (28 June 2022). Aspetti di storia militare nella guerra d'Otranto [Aspects of military history in the Otranto war] (in Italian). Biblioteca Militare. pp. 40–41.
  • Albrecht Classen (5 September 2023). "The Ottoman's Army". In Albrecht Classen, De Gruyter (ed.). Globalism in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age-Innovative Approaches and Perspectives (E-book). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 480. ISBN 9783111190228.
  • Gennaro Zurolo (2024). "Chapter IV and V part I". Casata Zurolo. Origini e sviluppo di una famiglia feudale del Meridione d'Italia [Zurolo House. Origins and development of a feudal family from Southern Italy] (in Italian). pp. 112, 171, 172, 173 and 174.

Archival sources

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  • Conte Berardo Candida Gonzaga (1875). Memorie delle famiglie nobili delle province meridionali d'Italia, volume secondo [Memoirs of the noble families of the southern provinces of Italy, second volume] (in Italian). Vol. second. (pages 219 and 220) The author mentions all the fiefdoms owned by the Zurolo family in southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples) at the time of their dominion. (p. 223) Francesco Zurlo, in order not to deny his faith, fought the Turkish invaders to the death, being courageously killed by them. The Archbishop of Otranto was then informed of his heroic death shortly afterwards. Factory typ. of the Cav. G. de Angelis and son. p. 219, 220 and 223.
  • Francesco Senatore; Francesco Storti (1997). Dispacci sforzeschi da Napoli: 10 gennaio – 26 dicembre 1461 [Sforza dispatches from Naples: 10 January – 26 December 1461] (The leader Francesco Zurlo.) (in Italian). Carlone. p. 459.

Critical sources

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  • Marco Ottanelli (June 2014). Francesco D’Alpa (ed.). Buon compleanno Galileo! [Happy birthday Galileo!] (in Italian). Roma (RM): UAAR (Unione degli Atei e degli Agnostici Razionali).

Historical novels

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Official

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  • Staff of the site (8 June 2006). "Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea-ZURLO E CAPECE ZURLO" [Golden Book of Mediterranean Nobility-ZURLO AND CAPACE ZURLO]. GENEALOGIE DELLE FAMIGLIE NOBILI DEL MEDITERRANEO-(Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea) online (in Italian). Retrieved 3 March 2024. In the history of the city, read the part in which the baron and leader of Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo is mentioned.
  • Staff of Nobili Napoletani. "Capece Zurlo". Nobili Napoletani (in Italian). Naples (NA). Retrieved 16 August 2023. See the paragraph concerning the section concerning the feudal lord and baron Giovanni Zurolo or Zurlo.
  • Staff of Nobili Napoletani. "LE PRINCIPALI BATTAGLIE SVOLTESI NEL MEZZOGIORNO D'ITALIA" [THE MAIN BATTLES THAT TAKE PLACE IN SOUTHERN ITALY]. Nobili Napoletani (in Italian). Naples (NA). Retrieved 16 August 2023. See the paragraph relating to the section concerning the battle of Otranto fought by Baron Francesco Zurolo known as Zurlo.
  • Gennaro Zurolo (12 November 2024). Pasquale Cavallo (ed.). "Famiglia Zurolo" [Family Zurolo]. Nobili Napoletani (in Italian). See the section by Francesco Zurolo also known as Francesco Zurlo. Naples (NA): Pasquale Cavallo. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  • Staff of GENEALOGIE DELLE FAMIGLIE NOBILI DEL MEDITERRANEO-(Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea). "ZURLO E CAPECE ZURLO" [GENEALOGIES OF THE NOBLE FAMILIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN – (Golden Book of the Mediterranean Nobility)]. GENEALOGIE DELLE FAMIGLIE NOBILI DEL MEDITERRANEO-(Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea) (in Italian). Retrieved 5 March 2024. The genealogy of some of the most illustrious ancestors of the Zurolo family, also called Zurlo or Capece Zurlo.

Other

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  • Oreste Paliotti (1 June 2018). "Otranto 1480" [Otranto 1480]. CITTA' NUOVA-CULTURA E INFORMAZIONE (in Italian). Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  • Staff of historiaregni (14 April 2020). "SUD-I turchi ad Otranto" [SOUTH-The Turks in Otranto]. historiaregni (in Italian). Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  • Marco Ottanelli (June 2014). UAAR (ed.). "Buon compleanno Galileo!" [Happy birthday Galileo!] (PDF). L'Ateo (in Italian). p. 11, vol. 97. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  • Staff of STORIA MODERNA (14 December 2014). "I MARTIRI DI OTRANTO-Un'operazione storiografica strumentale" [THE MARTYRS OF OTRANTO – An instrumental historiographical operation]. STORIA MODERNA-Dall'Umanesimo alla fine dell'Ottocento (in Italian). Retrieved 6 March 2024.
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