Wikipedia

Croonian Medal

The Croonian Medal and Lecture is a prestigious award, a medal, and lecture given at the invitation of the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians.[2][3]

Croonian Medal
and Lecture
The lecture is named after William Croone (1633–1684), portrait painted by Mary Beale in 1680.
Awarded forFor achievements in biological sciences
Sponsored byThe Royal Society
Date1738 (1738)
LocationLondon
CountryUnited Kingdom United Kingdom
Websiteroyalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/croonian-lecture/
Precedence
Next (higher)Copley Medal[1]
EquivalentBakerian Medal (physical sciences)[1]
Next (lower)Royal Medal
(Commonwealth or Irish citizens or residents only)[1]
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS, international)

Among the papers of William Croone at his death in 1684, was a plan to endow a single lectureship at both the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians. His wife provided the bequest in 1701 specifying that it was "for the support of a lecture and illustrative experiment for the advancement of natural knowledge on locomotion, or (conditionally) of such other subjects as, in the opinion of the President for the time being, should be most useful in promoting the objects for which the Royal Society was instituted". One lecture was to be delivered by a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the other, on the nature and laws of muscular motion, to be delivered before the Royal Society. The Royal Society lecture series began in 1738 and that of the Royal College of Physicians in 1749.[4]

Croone became an original Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1663.[5] He also became a Fellow of the College of Physicians on 29 July 1675.[6] He was appointed lecturer on anatomy at Surgeons' hall in 1670 and pursued research in several important subjects of his day, including respiration, muscular motion, and generation.

One individual, Sir Stephen O’Rahilly FRS, FRCP has received the award twice: initially from the Royal College of Physicians in 2011, and then from the Royal Society in 2022 (below).

List of lecturers (Royal Society – for RCP lecturers see below)

edit

Source: Royal Society

21st century

edit
  • 2025 Edith Heard, for being a leading figure in X-chromosome biology, including the epigenetic mechanisms behind X-inactivation which are critical for this important part of mammalian biology
  • 2024 Edward C. Holmes, for being a global authority on virus evolution and emergence, who played a key role in the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 and was the first to publicly release the genome sequence. The publication timeline of SARS-CoV-2 has been disputed by GISAID.[7]
  • 2023 Ottoline Leyser, for playing a central role in two of the most important discoveries regarding the nature and perception of plant hormones, and for her contributions to gender equality in science
  • 2022 Stephen O'Rahilly and Sadaf Farooqi, for their seminal discoveries regarding the control of human body weight, resulting in novel diagnostics and therapies, which improve human health
  • 2021 Barry Everitt, for his inventions that expand our understanding of the brain and allow therapeutic development including the co-invention of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionized neurobiology
  • 2020 Edward Boyden, for his inventions that expand our understanding of the brain and allow therapeutic development including the co-invention of optogenetics, a technology that has revolutionised neurobiology
  • 2019 Dame Kay Davies, for her achievements in developing a prenatal test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and her work on characterising dystrophin related proteins [8]
  • 2018 Jennifer Doudna, Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing [9]
  • 2017 Jonathan Felix Ashmore, for his significant contributions to the field of sensory neuroscience, shaping our current understanding of inner ear physiology [10]
  • 2016 Enrico Coen, for his work resulting in a new theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding how the shapes of biological structures arise through development and evolution
  • 2015 Nicholas Barry Davies, for his work on the co-evolved responses of brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts
  • 2014 Brigid Hogan, for pioneering contributions that have transformed understanding of cell specification, organogenesis and morphogenesis in mammalian development [11]
  • 2013 Frances Ashcroft, From bench to bedside: KATP channels and neonatal diabetes [11]
  • 2012 Tim Bliss, The Mechanics of Memory [12]
  • 2011 John Ellis,Molecular chaperones: how cells stop proteins from misbehaving
  • 2010 Alec Jeffreys, Genetic fingerprinting and beyond
  • 2009 Linda Partridge, The New Biology of Ageing
  • 2008 John Pickett, Plant and Animal Communication[13]
  • 2007 Aaron Klug, Engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for the regulation of gene expression
  • 2006 Iain Campbell, Structure and the living cell[14]
  • 2005 Salvador Moncada, Adventures in vascular biology
  • 2004 John Krebs, Risk, food, fact and fantasy[15]
  • 2003 Tim Hunt, Cell growth, cell division and the problem of cancer
  • 2002 Kim Nasmyth, Disseminating our genomes during mitosis and meiosis.
  • 2001 Ron Laskey, Hunting the antisocial cancer cell.[16]

20th century

edit

19th century

edit

Source (1801–30):[20]

  • 1900 Paul Ehrlich, On immunity with special reference to cell life
  • 1899 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the relation of motion in animals and plants to the electrical phenomena which are associated with it
  • 1898 Wilhelm Pfeffer, The nature and significance of functional metabolism in the plant.
  • 1897 Charles S. Sherrington, The mammalian spinal cord as an organ of reflex action.
  • 1896 Augustus D. Waller, Observations on isolated nerve.
  • 1895 T.W. Engelmann, On the nature of muscular contraction
  • 1894 Santiago Ramon y Cajal, La fine structure des centres nerveux
  • 1893 Rudolf Virchow, The position of pathology among biological studies.
  • 1892 Angelo Mosso, Les phenomenes psychiques et la temperature du cerveau.
  • 1891 Francis Gotch & Victor Horsley, On the mammalian nervous system; its functions and their localisation determined by an electrical method.
  • 1890 H. Marshall Ward, The relations between host and parasite in certain epidemic diseases of plants
  • 1889 Émile Roux, Les inoculations preventives (1853–1933)[21]
  • 1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne, Ueber die Entstehung der vitalen Bewegung
  • 1887 Harry Govier Seeley, On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen) and the significance of its affinities to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • 1886 Leonard Charles Wooldridge, The coagulation of the blood
  • 1884 –1885 Not appointed
  • 1883 H. Newell Martin, On the direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dogs heart
  • 1882 W.H. Gaskell, On the rhythm of the heart of the frog, and on the nature of the action of the vagus nerve
  • 1881 G.J. Romanes and J.C. Ewart, Observations on the locomotor system of Medusae.
  • 1880 Samuel Haughton, On some elementary principles in animal mechanics.
  • 1879 W.K. Parker, On the structure & development of the skull in the Lacertilia
  • 1878 H.N. Moseley, On the structure of the Stylasteridae: a family of the hydroid stony corals
  • 1877 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson & Frederick James Montague Page, On the mechanical effects, and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula.
  • 1876 G.J. Romanes, Preliminary observations on the locomotor system of medusae.
  • 1875 David Ferrier, Experiments on the brain of monkeys.
  • 1874 David Ferrier, The localisation of function in the brain
  • 1873 Benjamin Ward Richardson, On muscular irritability after systemic death.
  • 1871 – 1872 Not appointed
  • 1870 Augustus V. Waller, On the results of the method (introduced by the author) of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves in man.
  • 1868 –1869 Not appointed
  • 1867 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the influence exercised by the movements of respiration on the circulation of the blood
  • 1866 Not appointed
  • 1865 Lionel S. Beale, On the ultimate nerve fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure & probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism
  • 1864 Hermann Helmholtz, On the normal motions of the human eye in relation to binocular vision.
  • 1863 Joseph Lister, On the coagulation of the blood
  • 1862 Albert Kölliker, On the termination of nerves in muscles, as observed in the frog: and on the disposition of the nerves in the frogs heart.
  • 1861 Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, On the relations between muscular irritability, cadaveric rigidity, and putrefaction
  • 1860 James Bell Pettigrew, On the arrangement of the muscular fibres of the ventricular portion of the heart of the mammal
  • 1859 Not appointed
  • 1858 Thomas Henry Huxley, On the theory of the vertebrate skull
  • 1857 James Paget, On the cause of the rhythmic action of the heart
  • 1852–1856 Not appointed
  • 1851 Richard Owen, On the Megatherium
  • 1830–1850 Not appointed
  • 1829 Everard Home, A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa.
  • 1828 Not appointed
  • 1827 Everard Home, On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and Fishes
  • 1826 Everard Home, An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle.
  • 1825 Everard Home, On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation and Contraction
  • 1824 Everard Home, On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta
  • 1823 Everard Home, On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the Microscope, as compared with that of Fishes, Insects and Worms.
  • 1822 Francis Bauer, Microscopical Observations on the suspension of the Muscular Motions of the Vibrio Tritici
  • 1821 Everard Home, On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye; illustrated by Microscopical Drawings, executed by F. Bauer
  • 1820 Everard Home, Microscopical Observations on the following subjects. On the Brain and Nerves; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the Blood
  • 1819 Everard Home, A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood.
  • 1818 Everard Home, On the conversion of Pus into Granulations, or new flesh.
  • 1817 Everard Home, On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation.
  • 1814 –1816 Not recorded
  • 1813 Benjamin Collins Brodie, On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in general and of the Heart in particular
  • 1811 – 1812 Not recorded
  • 1810 Benjamin Collins Brodie, Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat.
  • 1809 William Hyde Wollaston, Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels
  • 1808 Thomas Young, On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries
  • 1807 Anthony Carlisle, On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which constitute the Muscles of Animals
  • 1806 John Pearson, Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it is increased, diminished or finally abolished
  • 1805 Anthony Carlisle, On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes.
  • 1804 Anthony Carlisle,   On Muscular Motion.
  • 1803 John Pearson, On Muscular Motion
  • 1802 Not recorded
  • 1801 Everard Home, On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when deprived of the Crystalline Lens

18th century

edit

Source:[20]

  • 1800 Everard Home, On the Irritability of Nerves
  • 1799 Everard Home, On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani.
  • 1798 Everard Home, Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves.
  • 1797 John Abernethy, A general Review of the latest opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion.
  • 1796 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1795 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1794 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1793 Everard Home, On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour of the Eye be muscular
  • 1792 Not recorded
  • 1791 Matthew Baillie, A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion.
  • 1790 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1789 William Blizard, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1788 Gilbert Blane, On the Nature of the Muscles, and on the Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1787 George Fordyce, On Muscular Motion
  • 1786 Edward Whitaker Gray, On the Effects of different kinds of Salts applied as Stimulants on the Muscles
  • 1785 Edward Whitaker Gray, An Examination into Hallers Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1784 Samuel Foart Simmons, On the Irritability of the Muscular Fibres
  • 1783 Not recorded
  • 1782 John Hunter, On the Density and Firmness of a Muscle as contributing to its Strength and Agility.
  • 1781 John Hunter, On the Construction and Application of Muscles and the Power by which they are actuated
  • 1775 – 1780 John Hunter
  • 1762 – 1774 Not recorded
  • 1761 Charles Morton
  • 1759 – 1760 Not recorded
  • 1754 – 1758 Charles Morton
  • 1752 – 1753 Not recorded
  • 1751 James Parsons, Critical Remarks upon the Motion and Uses of the Human Pelvis.
  • 1750 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1748 – 1749 No lecture
  • 1747 Browne Langrish, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1746 James Parsons, Description of the several Muscles of the Face; with their particular Functions and Uses
  • 1745 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1744 James Parsons, An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion
  • 1743 No lecture
  • 1742 James Douglas, (read by William Douglas) Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its Muscles and Membranes.
  • 1741 James Douglas, Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action; as also of the several parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana
  • 1740 Alexander Stuart, On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines. Microscopial Observations on several parts of live Frogs.
  • 1739 Frank Nicholls, An Enquiry into Muscular Motion
  • 1738 Alexander Stuart, On the Motion of the Heart

List of Lecturers (Royal College of Physicians)

edit

21st century

edit
  • 2018 Rebecca Fitzgerald, Precision early diagnosis of oesophageal cancer using a pill on a string [22]
  • 2017 Jonathan Ashmore, for his research into hearing; his analysis of cochlear hair cells has revolutionised our understanding of how the ear works.[23]
  • 2016 Pamela Shaw, Translational neuroscience approach to developing new effective treatments for Motor Neurone Disease [24]
  • 2015
  • 2014
  • 2013 Peter Openshaw, Disease mechanisms revealed by studies of pandemic influenza [25]
  • 2012 Marc Feldmann, Development of anti cytokine therapy and its future potential [26]
  • 2011 Stephen O'Rahilly, Obesity and its metabolic consequences: lessons from the extremes [27]
  • 2010 Sir Gordon Duff, Challenges in the development of innovative medicines [28]
  • 2009 Peter John Barnes, Reversing steroid resistance in inflammatory diseases: a novel therapeutic strategy[28]
  • 2008 Martin Neil Rossor, Dementia – global or modular?[28]
  • 2007 Peter J. Goadsby, Bench to bedside: headache 2007[28]
  • 2006 Peter John Ratcliffe, Understanding hypoxia signalling in cells; a new therapeutic opportunity?[29]
  • 2005 David A. Lomas, Molecular mousetraps, a -antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies[29]
  • 2004 Alastair Compston, The marvellous harmony of the nervous parts':The origins of multiple sclerosis[30]
  • 2003 David Barker, Coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes: disorders of growth[citation needed]
  • 2002 Humphrey Hodgson, Liver cells – biology to therapeutics [28]
  • 2001 Elwyn Elias, Hepato-canalicular cholestasis – its mechanisms, causes and consequences [28]
  • 2000 John Connell, Regulation of the corticosteroid phenotype in humans – implications in the pathogenesis of asthma[31]

20th century

edit

19th century

edit

18th century

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "The Royal Society Medals and Awards: Nomination guidance" (PDF). The Royal Society. 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  2. ^ "Croonian Lecture". Royal Society. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  3. ^ "Croonian Lectures (Sadleir Trust)" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, comprising biographical sketches of all the eminent physicians whose names are recorded in the Annals .. (Volume 3). Royal College of Physicians. ebook
  5. ^ "Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007" (PDF). London: The Royal Society. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  6. ^ "William Croone". Munks Roll. London: Royal College of Physicians. p. 369. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  7. ^ "Dispute simmers over who first shared SARS-CoV-2's genome". science.org. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  8. ^ "Croonian Medal and Lecture winner 2019". Royal Society. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  9. ^ "Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing". Royal Society. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  10. ^ "Croonian Medal and Lecture-Croonian Medallist 2017". Royal Society. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Croonian Lecture". Royal Society. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  12. ^ "The mechanics of memory". The Royal Society. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  13. ^ "Plant and animal communication". Royal Society. 2009.
  14. ^ Campbell, Iain D. (2008). "The Croonian lecture 2006 Structure of the living cell". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1502): 2379–91. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1960. PMC 1955230. PMID 17255009.
  15. ^ Krebs, John R. (June 2005). "The Croonian Lecture 2004 Risk: food, fact and fantasy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1133–44. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1665. PMC 1569505. PMID 16147514.
  16. ^ Laskey, R. (June 2005). "The Croonian Lecture 2001: Hunting the antisocial cancer cell: MCM proteins and their exploitation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1119–32. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1656. PMC 1569504. PMID 16147513.
  17. ^ Unwin, N. (December 2000). "The Croonian Lecture 2000. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the structural basis of fast synaptic transmission". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 355 (1404): 1813–29. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0737. PMC 1692909. PMID 11205343.
  18. ^ Fisher, R (1953). "Croonian Lecture: Population Genetics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 141 (905): 510–523. Bibcode:1953RSPSB.141..510F. doi:10.1098/rspb.1953.0058. PMID 13100409. S2CID 85157766.
  19. ^ Haddon, Alfred C.; Bartlett, F. C.; Fegan, Ethel S. (July 1922). "61. William Halse Rivers Rivers, M.D., F.R.S., President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Born 1864, Died June 4th, 1922". Man. 22: 97–104. JSTOR 2840503.
  20. ^ a b Hudson, James. Report on the Adjudication of the Copley, Rumford and Royal Medals. p. 48.
  21. ^ Roux, M. (1889). "The Croonian Lecture on Preventive Inoculation". BMJ. 1 (1484): 1269–74. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1484.1269. PMC 2155160. PMID 20752718.
  22. ^ "Rebecca Fitzgerald gives Croonian lecture at Royal College of Physicians". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  23. ^ "Jonathan Ashmore awarded biology's 'premier Prize Lecture'". British Neuroscience Association. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  24. ^ "Dame Pam Shaw selected for prestigious Croonian Lecture". University of Sheffield. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  25. ^ "Croonian Lectures (Sadleir Trust)" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  26. ^ "Royal College of Physicians- Events Diary". Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  27. ^ "Royal College of Physicians- Events Diary". Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h "Croonian Lectures (Sadleir Trust)" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  29. ^ a b "RCP Croonian Lectures". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  30. ^ "The origins of multiple sclerosis" (PDF). Clinical Medicine. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  31. ^ "Prof John Connell's Biography". Debretts. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  32. ^ Pelham, H. R. B. (1999). "Intracellular membrane traffic: Getting proteins sorted. The 1999 Croonian Lecture". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 354 (1388): 1471–8. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0491. PMC 1692657. PMID 10515003.
  33. ^ "Curriculum Vitae". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  34. ^ Turnberg, L (January 1991). "Cellular basis of diarrhoea. The Croonian lecture 1989". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 25 (1): 53–62. PMC 5377082. PMID 1708825.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Briggs, Asa. A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 4. p. 1685.
  36. ^ Briggs, Asa. A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London: Volume Four.
  37. ^ "William Mann". The Telegraph. 10 July 2001. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  38. ^ Richmond, Caroline (26 April 2006). "Sir Richard Bayliss: Former Physician to the Queen". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012.
  39. ^ "Smoking Hazards to the Fetus". BMJ. 3 (5879): 552. 1973. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5879.552. S2CID 220183902.
  40. ^ Brock, Johnf (1972). "Nature, Nurture, and Stress in Health and Disease". The Lancet. 299 (7753): 701–704. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90226-7. PMID 4111189.
  41. ^ "News and Notes". British Medical Journal. 3 (5613): 322–326. 3 August 1968. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5613.322. PMC 1986266.
  42. ^ Jones, F. Avery (1969). "Papers and Originals". The British Medical Journal. 2 (5652): 267–273. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5652.267. JSTOR 20396920. PMC 1983208. PMID 5305194.
  43. ^ "Members of the Symposium". Ciba Foundation Symposium - Health of Mankind. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 1967. pp. 275–285. doi:10.1002/9780470719596.oth1. ISBN 9780470719596.
  44. ^ Arnott, W. Melville (1963). "The Lungs in Mitral Stenosis". BMJ. 2 (5360): 765–770. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5360.765. PMC 1872812. PMID 14065065.
  45. ^ Stuart-Harris, Charles H. (1962). "Viruses of Human Diseases". BMJ. 1 (5295): 1779–1788. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5295.1779. PMC 1959159. PMID 13917942.
  46. ^ McMichael, J. (1961). "Reorientations in Hypertensive Disorders". BMJ. 2 (5262): 1239–1244. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5262.1239. PMC 1970307. PMID 20789269.
  47. ^ "Munk's Roll details for Derek Ernest Denny-Brown". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  48. ^ Burnet, M. (October 1959). "Auto-immune Disease: I. Modern Immunological Concepts". British Medical Journal. 2 (5153): 645–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5153.645. PMC 1990526. PMID 13806210.
  49. ^ Daley, Allen (1953). "The Place of the Hospital in a National Health Service.—II". BMJ. 2 (4830): 243–250. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4830.243. PMC 2029152. PMID 13059451.
  50. ^ "Munk's Roll details for Eric Benjamin Strauss". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  51. ^ AHC (1986). "Desmond Curban". Psychiatric Bulletin. 10 (4): 95–6. doi:10.1192/pb.10.4.95.
  52. ^ Marriott, H. L. (1947). "Water and Salt Depletion: Part III". BMJ. 1 (4497): 328–332. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4497.328. PMC 2052844. PMID 20247988.
  53. ^ Symonds, C. P.; Harris, PW; Lessof, MH; Lyne, C (1943). "Singledose dexamethasone suppression test for Cushing's Syndrome". BMJ. 2 (5554): 740–744. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4327.740. PMC 1841769. PMID 6025982.
  54. ^ "Sir Arthur William Mickle Ellis". Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  55. ^ Graham, George; Yoffa, D (1940). "Estimations of Blood Volume During Course of Renal Failure". BMJ. 2 (5460): 513–516. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4163.513. PMC 1845642. PMID 14321225.
  56. ^ Harkins, W. (1950). "Students' Style". BMJ. 1 (4653): 611. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4653.611. S2CID 220199435.
  57. ^ Stuart-Harris, C. H (1965). "Sir Francis Fraser". Heart. 27 (3): 449–452. doi:10.1136/hrt.27.3.449. PMC 503329. PMID 14284364.
  58. ^ MacNalty, Arthur S. (1960). "Owen Lambert Vaughan Simpkinson de Wesselow. 21 October 1883 – 6 July 1959". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 80: 189–195. doi:10.1002/path.1700800124.
  59. ^ "Book Review". Nature. 134 (3396): 830–831. 1934. doi:10.1038/134830b0. PMC 5169656.
  60. ^ McNee, J. W. (1932). "Croonian Lectures on Liver and Spleen: Their clinical and pathological associations". BMJ. 1 (3728): 1111–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3728.1111. PMC 2521030. PMID 20776903.
  61. ^ "Special Collection". University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  62. ^ Martin, Charles James (2007). "Charles James Martin, Kt, C.M.G., F.R.C.P., DSc., F.R.S". British Journal of Nutrition. 10 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1079/BJN19560003. PMID 13315918.
  63. ^ "Henry Hallett Dale: Biography from". Answers.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  64. ^ Bolton, C. (1928). "The Interpretation of Gastric Symptoms". BMJ. 1 (3519): 1030–1033. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3519.1030. PMC 2456293. PMID 20773960.
  65. ^ Lewis, Thomas (1926). "The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin". BMJ. 2 (3418): 61–62. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3418.61. PMC 2522949. PMID 20772665.
  66. ^ Cook, G.C. (2006). "Leonard Rogers KCSI FRCP FRS (1868–1962) and the founding of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 60 (2): 171–81. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0146. PMID 17153749. S2CID 34009730.
  67. ^ Peters, Rudolph (November 1958). "John Beresford Leathes. 1864–1956". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4: 185–91. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1958.0016. S2CID 71619088.
  68. ^ "Gordon Morgan Holmes". Whonamedit. 29 December 1965. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  69. ^ "Obituary Notices". BMJ. 1 (5591): 582–4. 1968. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5591.582. PMC 1985231. PMID 4868556.
  70. ^ Hunt, T. (June 1979). "Sir Arthur Hurst. (Born 23 July 1879, died 17 August 1944)". Gut. 20 (6): 463–6. doi:10.1136/gut.20.6.463. PMC 1412454. PMID 381126.
  71. ^ Smith, G.Elliot (1919). "Croonian Lectures on the significance of the Cerebral Cortex: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London, June, 1919". BMJ. 1 (3051): 758. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3051.758. PMC 2341469. PMID 20769521.
  72. ^ Adami, J.G. (1917). "The Croonian Lectures on Adaptation and Disease: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, June 14th, 1917". BMJ. 1 (2947): 837–841. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2947.837. PMC 2348612. PMID 20768630.
  73. ^ Bruce, D. (1915). "The Croonian Lectures on Trypanosomes causing disease in man and domestic animals in Central Africa: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 2 (2845): 48–53. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2845.48. PMC 2302517. PMID 20767717.
  74. ^ "The Croonian Lectures MODERN ASPECTS OF CERTAIN PROBLEMS IN THE PATHOLOGY OF MENTAL DISORDERS". The Lancet. 184 (4765): 1451–1464. 1914. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)96665-0.
  75. ^ Wilson, G (1979). "The Brown Animal Sanatory Institution". Journal of Hygiene. 83 (1): 171–97. doi:10.1017/s0022172400025948. PMC 2130092. PMID 379209.
  76. ^ "The annual address delivered to the Royal College of Physicians, on April 6, 1914". Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  77. ^ "The Croonian Lectures ON THE PATHOLOGY OF IMMUNITY". The Lancet. 180 (4636): 1–7. 1912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)52372-7.
  78. ^ "AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Physicians: HEAD, Sir Henry (1861–1940)". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  79. ^ G., M. H.; P., E. B. (1932). "Sir Frederick Andrewes. 1859–1932". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 37–44. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1932.0009.
  80. ^ Lazarus-Barlow, W. S. (1909). "The Croonian Lectures on Radioactivity and Carcinoma: An Experimental Inquiry: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London in June, 1909". BMJ. 1 (2530): 1536–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2530.1536. PMC 2320608. PMID 20764554.
  81. ^ "The Croonian Lectures ON INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM". The Lancet. 172 (4430): 214–220. 1908. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)50353-5.
  82. ^ "The Croonian Lectures ON PLAGUE". The Lancet. 170 (4378): 207–212. 1907. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)52847-0.
  83. ^ Hillier, S.G. (January 2005). "100 years of hormones: pathway biology as the fifth force in endocrinology". The Journal of Endocrinology. 184 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1677/joe.1.06089. PMID 15642777.
  84. ^ "The Croonian Lectures ON BRIGht's DISEASE AND ITS VARIETIES". The Lancet. 164 (4221): 191–194. 1904. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)03446-8.
  85. ^ Beevor, Charles E. (1903). "The Croonian Lectures on Muscular Movements and their representation in the Central Nervous System: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 1 (2218): 12–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2218.12. PMC 2513940. PMID 20760993.
  86. ^ Washbourn, J. W.; Sharman, IM (1902). "The Croonian Lectures on the Natural History and Pathology of Pneumonia". BMJ. 2 (5214): 1704–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2187.1704. PMC 2402080. PMID 20760528.
  87. ^ Halliburton, W. D. (1901). "The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Side of Nervous Activity: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, June, 1901". BMJ. 1 (2112): 1536–1538. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2112.1536. PMC 2401134. PMID 20759694.
  88. ^ Mott, F. W. (1900). "The Croonian Lectures on Degeneration of the Neurone: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 1 (2061): 1582–1590. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2061.1582. PMC 2506811. PMID 20759078.
  89. ^ Sainsbury, H. (1900). "Some Points Connected with Sleep, Sleeplessness, and Hypnotics. (Croonian Lectures, Lancet, June and July, 1899.) Bradbury, J. B". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 46 (194): 593–594. doi:10.1192/bjp.46.194.593-a.
  90. ^ Martin, S. (1898). "The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Products of Pathogenic Bacteria Considered with Special Reference to Enteric Fever: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 2 (1957): 11–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1957.11. PMC 2433888. PMID 20757932.
  91. ^ White, W. H. (1897). "The Croonian Lectures on the Means by which the Temperature of the Body is Maintained in Health and Disease: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 2 (1906): 70–73. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1906.70. PMC 2407186. PMID 20757112.
  92. ^ Oliver, George (1896). "The Croonian Lectures: A Contribution to the Study of the Blood and the Circulation: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 1 (1849): 1374–1377. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1849.1374. PMC 2406999. PMID 20756271.
  93. ^ Marcet, W. (1895). "The Croonian Lectures. Contribution to the History of the Respiration of Man: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 2 (1802): 71–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1802.71. PMC 2508434. PMID 20755641.
  94. ^ Bywaters, H. W. (1916). "F. W. Pavy". Biochemical Journal. 10 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1042/bj0100001. PMC 1258678.
  95. ^ Leech, D.J. (1893). "The Cronian Lectures on the Pharmacological Action and Therapeutic Uses of the Nitrites and Allied Compounds: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 1 (1695): 1305–1311. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1695.1305. PMC 2403740. PMID 20754302.
  96. ^ Roberts, W. (1892). "The Croonian Lectures on the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Uric Acid Gravel and Gout: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London". BMJ. 2 (1645): 61–65. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1645.61. PMC 2420505. PMID 20753751.
  97. ^ Sanderson, J.Burdon (1891). "The Croonian Lectures on the Progress of Discovery Relating to the Origin and Nature of Infectious Diseases". BMJ. 2 (1613): 1135–1139. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1613.1135. PMC 2273515. PMID 20753443.
  98. ^ "ABSTRACT OF THE Croonian Lectures ON CEREBRAL LOCALISATION". The Lancet. 136 (3489): 64–66. 1890. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)64403-3.
  99. ^ Brunton, T. L. (1889). "The Croonian Lectures on the Relationship between Chemical Structure and Physiological Action". BMJ. 2 (1489): 64–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1489.64. PMC 2155388. PMID 20752755.
  100. ^ MacAlister, Donald (1888). "Abstract of the Croonian Lectures on Antipyretics". BMJ. 2 (1437): 68–71. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1437.68. S2CID 220234256.
  101. ^ Broadbent, William H. (1887). "The Croonian Lectures on the Pulse". BMJ. 1 (1371): 763–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1371.763. PMC 2534368. PMID 20751857.
  102. ^ Latham, P.W. (1886). "The Croonian Lectures on Some Points in the Pathology of Rheumatism, Gout, and Diabetes". BMJ. 1 (1320): 730–737. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1320.730. PMC 2256987. PMID 20751529.
  103. ^ "Sir Herman David Weber". Whonamedit. 11 November 1918. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  104. ^ York, G.K.; Steinberg, D.A. (June 2002). "The philosophy of Hughlings Jackson". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 95 (6): 314–8. doi:10.1177/014107680209500618. PMC 1279922. PMID 12042387.
  105. ^ "obituary James Edward Pollock". BMJ. 2 (2609): 2053. 1910. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2609.2053. PMC 2336461.
  106. ^ Fayrer, J. (1882). "Croonian Lectures on the Climate and Fevers of India". BMJ. 1 (1114): 645–649. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1114.645. S2CID 71625998.
  107. ^ Moxon, Walter (1881). "The Croonian Lectures on the Influence of the Circulation upon the Nervous System". BMJ. 1 (1061): 672–675. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1061.672. PMC 2263505. PMID 20749857.
  108. ^ Cayley, William (1880). "The Croonian Lectures on Some Points in the Pathology and Treatment of Typhoid Fever". BMJ. 1 (1008): 611–613. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1008.611. PMC 2240001. PMID 20749466.
  109. ^ "Croonian Lectures ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS TO MEDICINE". The Lancet. 114 (2937): 864–865. 1879. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)48126-3.
  110. ^ Pavy, F. W. (July 1879). "The Croonian Lectures on Certain Points connected with Diabetes". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 78 (155): 199–204. doi:10.1097/00000441-187907000-00022. PMC 1309891.
  111. ^ Hicks, J.Braxton (1877). "The Croonian Lectures on the Difference between the Sexes in Regard to the Aspect and Treatment of Disease". BMJ. 1 (846): 318–320. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.846.318. PMC 2220324. PMID 20748474.
  112. ^ Dickinson, W. H. (1876). "The Croonian Lectures on the Pathology and Relations of Albuminuria". BMJ. 1 (799): 499–501. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.799.499. PMC 2296311. PMID 20748223.
  113. ^ Greenhow, E. H. (1875). "The Croonian Lectures on Addison's Disease". BMJ. 1 (741): 335–337. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.741.335. PMC 2295668. PMID 20747817.
  114. ^ Murchison, C. (1874). "The Croonian Lectures on Functional Derangements of the Liver". BMJ. 1 (696): 567–570. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.696.567. PMC 2302618. PMID 20747485.
  115. ^ Radcliffe, C.B. (1873). "Croonian Lectures on Mind, Brain, and Spinal Cord, in Certain Morbid Conditions". BMJ. 1 (641): 395–400. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.641.395. PMC 2296717. PMID 20747035.
  116. ^ Bristowe, John S. (1872). "Croonian Lectures on Disease and its Medical Treatment". BMJ. 1 (596): 574–576. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.596.574. PMC 2296546. PMID 20746648.
  117. ^ Parkes, Edmund Alexander (1871). "The Croonian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians". BMJ. 1 (324): 300–301. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.324.300. PMC 2309436. PMID 20744728.
  118. ^ Dictionary of National Biography article on Parkes.
  119. ^ "AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Physicians: SIBSON, Francis (1814–1876)". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  120. ^ "J. W. Ogle, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P". BMJ. 2 (2329): 417–418. 1905. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2329.417-b. PMC 2321187.
  121. ^ "Croonian Lectures on Matter and Force. Given at the Royal College of Physicians in 1868: By Henry Bence Jones, M.D., F.R.S. Churchill & Sons. 1868". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 14 (68): 561–562. 1869. doi:10.1192/bjp.14.68.561.
  122. ^ Clark, A. (1867). "The Croonian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians". BMJ. 1 (324): 300–1. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.324.300. PMC 2309436. PMID 20744728.
  123. ^ Sieveking, Edward H. (31 March 1866). "Croonian Lectures on the Localisation of Disease". BMJ. 1 (274): 325–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.274.325. PMC 2309123. PMID 20744582.
  124. ^ "Reviews and Notices". BMJ. 1 (265): 97–99. 1866. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.265.97. PMC 2309040.
  125. ^ Guy, W. A. (1860). "Croonian Lectures on the Numerical Method, and its Application to the Science and Art of Medicine". BMJ. s4-1 (188): 593–597. doi:10.1136/bmj.s4-1.188.593. PMC 2252920. PMID 20743755.
  126. ^ "Croonian Lectures, ON INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION". The Lancet. 73 (1864): 501–504. 1859. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)45700-5.
  127. ^ Sutherland, Alex. John (1861). "Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858". Journal of Mental Science. 7 (36): 161–179. doi:10.1192/bjp.7.36.161.
  128. ^ "On Calculous Disease and its Consequences". Association Medical Journal. 4 (198): 889–891. 1856. JSTOR 25497594.
  129. ^ a b c "Administrators, Physicians and Surgeons who served during the ship era" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  130. ^ "Munks Roll Details for Thomas Mayo". Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  131. ^ Hall, Marshall (1852). "On Apoplexy and Epilepsy; and on an Hospital for Epileptics". The Lancet. 59 (1495): 395–397. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)60872-4.
  132. ^ Pearce, J.M.S. (December 1997). "The life and work of Marshall Hall". QJM. 90 (12): 801–3. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.12.801. PMID 9536346.
  133. ^ "Second Pan-American Congress of the History of Medicine, June, 1961". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. XV (4): 431–b. 1960. doi:10.1093/jhmas/XV.4.431-b.
  134. ^ "Practical remarks on gout, rheumatic fever, and chronic rheumatism of the joints". Yale University Library. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  135. ^ "Lives of the Fellows-Benjamin Guy Babington". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  136. ^ London Medical Gazette: Or, Journal of Practical Medicine, Volume 25. 1839.
  137. ^ "Munks Roll Details for Sir George Burrows". Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  138. ^ Coley, N.G. (December 2001). "Early blood chemistry in Britain and France". Clinical Chemistry. 47 (12): 2166–78. doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.12.2166. PMID 11719488. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012.
  139. ^ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 2. Vol. 2. Royal College of Physicians. p. 369.
  140. ^ "AIM25 collection description". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  141. ^ "Munks Roll Details for John Latham". Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  142. ^ "AIM25 collection description". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  143. ^ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 2. Vol. 2. Royal College of Physicians. p. 319.
  144. ^ Coley, N.G. (September 2001). "George Fordyce M.D., F.R.S. (1736–1802): physician-chemist and eccentric". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 55 (3): 395–409. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2001.0154. PMID 11713784. S2CID 31867510.
  145. ^ a b "Heald University Alumni and Clergy, UK". Healds.org.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  146. ^ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 2. Vol. 2. Royal College of Physicians. p. 270.
  147. ^ Lee, Sidney (7 May 2007). Dictionary of National Biography. Adegi Graphics LLC. ISBN 9781402170652. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  148. ^ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 2. Vol. 2. Royal College of Physicians. p. 175.
  149. ^ Jay, V. (December 2000). "The legacy of William Heberden". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 124 (12): 1750–1751. doi:10.5858/2000-124-1751-TLOWH. PMID 11100049.
  150. ^ "Munks Roll Details for Mark Akenside". Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  151. ^ "AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Physicians: Lawrence, Thomas (1711–1783)". Aim25.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Croonian_Medal&oldid=1246528288"