Wikipedia

Constitutional Convention (Ireland)

For other uses, see List of Irish constitutional conventions.

The Convention on the Constitution (Irish: An Coinbhinsiún ar an mBunreacht)[1] was established in Ireland in 2012 to discuss proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland.[2][3] More commonly called simply the Constitutional Convention, it met for the first time 1 December 2012 and sat until 31 March 2014.[4] It had 100 members: a chairman; 29 members of the Oireachtas (parliament); four representatives of Northern Ireland political parties; and 66 randomly selected citizens of Ireland.

The convention was mandated to consider eight specified issues, and also selected two others to discuss. The government was not obliged to proceed with any amendment proposal, but committed to respond formally to each recommendation and debate it in the Oireachtas. As of December 2018, the government had formally responded to all nine of the convention's reports, and put three of its proposals to referendum. Two of those referendums took place on 22 May 2015: to mandate legal same-sex marriage and to reduce the age of eligibility for the presidency from 35 to 21. The former was accepted, and the latter rejected. A third referendum was passed on 26 October 2018 to remove the offence of blasphemy from the Constitution.

Operation

edit

The convention was established pursuant to resolutions in each house of the Oireachtas in June 2012.[5][6][7] It was to meet on at least eight Saturdays over the course of a year.[8][9][10][11] The inaugural meeting was on 1 December 2012 at Dublin Castle,[10] and working sessions begin in late January 2013,[11] with later sessions being held elsewhere in the state and in Northern Ireland.[8][9]

The plenary sessions were open to the public, and streamed live. The convention's secretariat was called the Constitutional Convention Office, led by civil servants from the Department of the Taoiseach.[5][12] The Secretary was Art O’Leary, previously Director of Committees, Information and Communications of the Oireachtas, who was on secondment to the Department of the Taoiseach.[13][14][15] The research was led by the Academic and Legal Research Group, made up of David Farrell, Jane Suiter, Eoin O'Malley, Clodagh Harris and Lia O'Hegarty.

Agenda

edit

The establishing resolution set the following agenda items:[5]

  1. reducing the presidential term of office to five years and aligning it with the local and European elections;
  2. reducing the voting age to 17;
  3. review of the Dáil electoral system;
  4. giving citizens resident outside the State the right to vote in presidential elections at Irish embassies, or otherwise;
  5. provision for same-sex marriage;
  6. amending the clause on the role of women in the home and encouraging greater participation of women in public life;
  7. increasing the participation of women in politics;
  8. removal of the offence of blasphemy from the Constitution; and
  9. following completion of the above reports, such other relevant constitutional amendments that may be recommended by it

The first two items were to be considered first, with recommendations due for report to the Oireachtas within two months of the convention's first meeting.[5] The other specified issues were considered in turn until November 2013, and two other issues were then chosen, Dáil reform and Economic, social and cultural rights.[16]

Members

edit

Chair

edit

The chairman was appointed by the Government.[5] Finding a suitable willing candidate took longer than expected.[8] On 24 October 2012, it was announced that the chairman would be Tom Arnold, an economist who is chief executive of the charity Concern and chair of the trust which runs The Irish Times newspaper.[17] Arnold is being paid for his work, and was to step down from his role at Concern in 2013 as the convention's workload increases.[18]

In January 2014, Arnold addressed the Seanad on the convention's work to date. He listed the principles under which it operated as openness, fairness, equality of voice, efficiency, and collegiality.[19]

Citizens

edit

The 66 random citizens were chosen by a polling company to reflect the age, regional, and gender balance of the electorate.[10] For each of the 66, a similar-profile alternate was also selected.[10]

In the case of citizen members, only their names and county or Dublin postal district were published, rather than their full postal address.[20] This was agreed after the polling company, Behaviour and Attitudes, reported that some of those selected were worried about being "bombarded" by lobbyists and pressure groups.[21]

Legislators

edit

Thirty-three places were reserved for members of the legislatures of the Republic of Ireland (Oireachtas) and Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland Assembly). Six parties in the Northern Ireland Assembly were each invited to send one representative.[22] Four accepted, while the Democratic Unionist Party and Ulster Unionist Party declined, regarding the convention as internal to the Republic.[23] The remaining places, 29 in the event, were divided between the Oireachtas groups so as to be "impartially representative of the Houses".[5] Each Oireachtas group is represented, roughly proportional to their total numbers in both houses (Dáil and Seanad), including the Dáil technical group and the Seanad independent group. Sinn Féin has a joint delegation from both legislatures.[24]

Assembly Party / group Number Members Alternates Ref
Oireachtas Fine Gael 12 Charles Flanagan TD (head)
James Bannon TD
Jerry Buttimer TD
Regina Doherty TD
Frances Fitzgerald TD
Terence Flanagan TD
Tom Hayes TD
Derek Keating TD
Tony McLoughlin TD
Michelle Mulherin TD
Senator Catherine Noone
Mary Mitchell O'Connor TD 		Senator Colm Burke
Senator Paul Bradford
Senator Jim D'Arcy
Pat Deering TD
Alan Farrell TD
Senator Fidelma Healy Eames
Seán Kyne TD
Joe O'Reilly TD 		[22][25]
Oireachtas Labour Party 7 Senator Ivana Bacik (head)
Ciara Conway TD
Robert Dowds TD
Anne Ferris TD
Senator Aideen Hayden
John Lyons TD
Michael McCarthy TD 		[26][20]
Oireachtas Fianna Fáil 4 Seán Ó Fearghaíl TD
Séamus Kirk TD
Senator Averil Power
Senator Thomas Byrne		 [22]
Oireachtas Dáil technical group 2 Catherine Murphy TD
Maureen O'Sullivan TD		 [27]
Oireachtas Seanad independents 2 Senator Jillian van Turnhout
Senator Rónán Mullen		 [28]
Oireachtas +
Northern Ireland Assembly		 Sinn Féin 3 (2 + 1) Gerry Adams TD
Mary Lou McDonald TD
Martin McGuinness MLA 		Aengus Ó Snodaigh TD
Senator David Cullinane
Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin TD
Senator Kathryn Reilly
Barry McElduff MLA
Caitríona Ruane MLA. 		[22][23][24][29]
Northern Ireland Assembly SDLP 1 Alban Maginness MLA [23]
Northern Ireland Assembly Alliance Party 1 Stewart Dickson MLA [23]
Northern Ireland Assembly Green Party in Northern Ireland 1 Steven Agnew MLA [23][30]

Background

edit

In the 2007–2011 Oireachtas (30th Dáil and 23rd Seanad) the joint committee on the constitution produced a report on the electoral system which recommended that the issue be discussed by a "Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform" and sketched out the structure of such an assembly.[31]

Manifestos and Programme for Government

edit

Proposals for constitutional reform were in the main parties' manifestos for the February 2011 general election.[32] Fine Gael proposed a "Constitution Day" series of referendums and a citizens' assembly on electoral reform.[33] Fianna Fáil also proposed a citizen's assembly.[34] The Labour Party, Sinn Féin, and the Green Party each proposed the drafting of new constitution, respectively by a 90-member "constitutional convention",[35] an "all-Ireland Constitutional Forum",[36] and a "Citizens Assembly".[37] Fine Gael and Labour produced a Programme for Government in March and formed a coalition government.[2] The coalition's Programme said:[2][38]

We will establish a Constitutional Convention to consider comprehensive constitutional reform, with a brief to consider, as a whole or in sub-groups, and report within 12 months on the following:

  • Review of our Dáil electoral system.
  • Reducing the presidential term to five years and aligning it with the local and European elections
  • Provision for same-sex marriage.
  • Amending the clause on women in the home and encourage greater participation of women in public life.
  • Removing blasphemy from the Constitution
  • Possible reduction of the voting age.
  • Other relevant constitutional amendments that may be recommended by the Convention.

Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin commented "The Constitutional Convention appears to be Fine Gael's Citizen's Assembly but with Labour's preferred title".[39] Noel Whelan wrote in The Irish Times in 2012, "The programme for government did not define what it meant by a constitutional convention, did not detail its likely composition and was silent on what would happen to any recommendations."[32]

Also in 2011, a group of academics set up a participatory democracy initiative called "We the Citizens", which in June 2011 ran a trial citizens' assembly of 100 randomly selected citizens at the Royal Hospital Kilmainham.[40]

Establishment

edit

In February 2012, the government proposed that the convention would have 100 members, as follows:[2]

The plan did not envisage direct participation by social partners or other interest groups,[2] but they would be able to make written submissions.[42] The government also proposed that the first two items for consideration would be lowering the voting age from 18 to 17, and reducing the President's term of office.[2]

Issues upon which the government had already committed to holding a referendum would not be within the convention's remit.[43]

Fianna Fáil, Sinn Féin and the Dáil technical group discussed the proposals in March.[44] They reported back to the government in April,[45] and the government responded in June.[46][47] In regard to acting on the convention's recommendations, the response stated:[46]

The Government will commit to giving a public response, through the Oireachtas, to each recommendation from the Convention within four months. It will arrange for a debate in the Oireachtas on that response in each case. In the event the Government accepts a recommendation that the Constitution be amended, the Government's public response will include a timeframe for the holding of a referendum.

On 19 June 2012, the Seanad passed a Fianna Fáil motion that the government's proposal to abolish the Seanad should be referred to the convention.[48] Three Labour senators (John Kelly, James Heffernan, and Denis Landy) defied the party whip to support the motion.[48][49]

A resolution establishing the Convention in the names of the Taoiseach and Tánaiste was passed in the Dáil on 10 July 2012:[5] A similar resolution was passed by the Seanad on 12 July.[6][7] Originally one hour was allocated for its debate; senators spent 90 minutes debating procedural motions about whether to extend the time to two hours,[7][50] after which the resolution was passed without debate.[7][51]

The Electoral (Amendment) Act 2012[52] was introduced to allow the electoral register to be used to provide the names of the citizen members of the convention.[53] While existing law allows the register to be used for any "statutory purpose", the convention was not established by statute.[54] The bill passed all stages in the Dáil on 11 July[55] and in the Seanad on 12 July,[56] and signed by the President on 18 July.[52][53]

Although in June the Taoiseach envisaged the Convention beginning work in September,[57] he said in October there was a delay because of the difficulty of finding a chairperson.[8] The initial resolution specified that the convention would complete its business within 12 months of its first meeting, hence by 1 December 2013.[5][10] In August 2013, the chairman asked for an extension, which was granted by the government and then retrospectively approved by a resolution on 29 January 2014, extending its term until 31 March 2014.[58][4]

Budget

edit

The convention's budget was included under the Department of the Taoiseach; as such the annual budget made provision for it and the following year's report of the Comptroller and Auditor General gave the amount actually spent. Four civil servants from the Department of the Taoiseach worked for the convention.[59] The total cost for three years was €1.367m.[60]

Year Cost ( €000 ) Notes Refs
Provisioned Outlaid
2012 300 216 Provisioned in a revised estimate in April 2012 [46][61][59]
2013 920 824 Full year of operation. [59]
2014 920 327 The estimate was for a full year, but the Convention finished in April. [62]

Deliberations

edit

Tom Arnold summarised the convention's working methods thus:[63]

The Convention met over 10 weekends of a day and a half. Each meeting had three components: presentation by experts of papers which had been circulated in advance; debate between groups advocating on either side of an issue; and roundtable discussions involving facilitators and notetakers. On Sunday morning the members considered again the discussions of the previous day and voted on a ballot paper which reflected the details of the debate.

Summary

edit
Issue/report Convention recommendations Government response
Reducing the President's term of office from seven to five years, and aligning with the European Parliament elections and local elections No change to term of office; but supplementary recommendations were made:[64]
Reducing the voting age from 18 to 17 Reduce to 16 The government's July 2013 response promised a referendum by 2015.[64] In January 2015, it reversed the decision, arguing that other referendums should take priority.[66]
Amending the clause on the role of women in the home and encouraging greater participation of women in public life Various:[67]
  1. Use gender-neutral language
  2. Include carers outside the home as well as those inside
  3. Requirement for gender equality
  4. No requirement for positive measures to increase participation of women
 Various:[68]
  1. Feasibility study commissioned, due to the large number of textual changes required
  2. Accepted, with no timeframe for introduction of the amendment
  3. Formal department of Justice review to be completed by 31 October 2014. The report was in fact completed in October 2016.[69]
  4. N/A

Referendums were held on 8 March 2024 on the proposed Thirty-ninth and Fortieth (Family and Care) Amendments of the Constitution which were rejected.

Provision for the legalisation of same-sex marriage Add a statement requiring (rather than merely allowing) legalisation.[70] A referendum was held on the Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on 22 May 2015. It was approved by 62% to 38%.[71]
Review Dáil electoral system Various:[72]
  1. Retain single transferable vote rather than changing to mixed member system
  2. Increase minimum size of Dáil constituency from three to five TDs
  3. Establish an electoral commission
  4. Randomise order of candidates on ballot paper
  5. Extend polling hours
  6. Extend access to postal voting
  7. Improve accuracy of electoral register
  8. Permit non-Oireachtas ministers
  9. Require ministers to resign Oireachtas seats
  10. Permit legislation by popular initiative
 Some of the proposals do not require constitutional amendment.[73] The formal oral response was in December 2014;[74] a written answer in April 2015 dealt with some points not addressed by the first response.[75]
  1. Agreed
  2. Rejected; current sizes have "served the State well since 1948"
  3. Agreed (see Electoral Commission (Ireland))
  4. Let electoral commission decide
  5. Let electoral commission decide
  6. Let electoral commission decide
  7. Agreed; "will continue to work with stakeholders"
  8. Unelected ministers are possible if the Taoiseach nominates someone to the Senate and then appoints them to the cabinet.[75]
  9. Rejected, because replacing ministers would trigger by-elections, and ministers would need to be returned automatically at the next election to free them from constituency work.[75]
  10. Public involvement in legislation has increased thanks to the Oireachtas Public Service Oversight and Petitions Committee and pre-legislative scrutiny.[75]
Giving citizens resident outside the State the right to vote in Presidential elections Recommended.[76]
Main article: Nonresident voting at Irish presidential elections
Formal response scheduled for 26 May 2015 but pre-empted by other business.[77][78] Made in January 2016 it was that the government was "committed to undertaking ... analysis" of the "complex and inter-related issues" involved.[79] In March 2015, the government said "policy, legal and practical issues" on diaspora voting should be considered by the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government, the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Minister of State with responsibility for diaspora affairs;[78][80] in October 2015, Paudie Coffey said this work had begun.[81]

In 2017 the government formed after the 2016 election accepted the convention's 2013 recommendation, published a position paper listing seven options for eligibility criteria and associated implementation measures, and promised a constitutional referendum on whichever option it would select.[82][83] In February 2019, the referendum was scheduled for that October, and the proposal would be "an extension of the franchise to all citizens resident outside the State, including citizens resident in Northern Ireland".[84]

Removing the requirement to criminalise blasphemy Replace with a ban on incitement to religious hatred.[85] A referendum was held on the Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on 26 October 2018. It was approved by 65% to 35%.[86]
Issues chosen by the convention, no.1: Dáil Reform[16] Various:[87]
  1. Ceann Comhairle given "more status" and elected by secret ballot
  2. Mention committees in Constitution
  3. Allow backbenchers and opposition to make appropriation motions, instead of requiring cabinet pre-approval.
  4. Various other non-constitutional changes
 [79]
  1. Accepted secret ballot and statement of status; rejected some of the specific details
  2. Accepted
  3. Rejected
  4. Some accepted, others referred to the Dáil reform sub-committee
Issues chosen by the convention, no.2: Economic, social and cultural rights (ESC)[16] Insert provision that the State shall progressively realise ESC rights, subject to maximum available resources and that this duty is cognisable by the Courts.[88] Refer report to an Oireachtas committee.[79]
Final report Establish another convention; issues recommended for discussion:
  1. environment
  2. Seanad reform
  3. local government reform
 Future convention and agenda "matters for the next Government"; relevant past actions include:[79]
  1. Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 "sets out the national objective of moving to a low-carbon, climate-resilient and environmentally-sustainable economy"
  2. Bill to implement extend university Senate franchise
  3. Local Government Reform Act 2014

Presidential elections, voting age

edit

The first plenary session took place over the weekend of 26 and 27 January 2013. The topics of deliberation of this first session included, among other things, lowering the voting age, reducing the length of the presidential term of office, and aligning presidential elections with those for local authorities and the European Parliament. The following are some of the more important results from the first plenary session.[89] Of the delegates who were present and voted, 52% voted in favour of reducing the voting age, while 47% voted against any such reduction.[90] 38% of delegates voted that, if the voting age were to be reduced, it should be reduced to 17; 48% voted in favour of it being reduced to 16. As for the issue of making changes related to the office of the president, 57% voted against and 43% voted in favour of a reduction in the presidential term. 80% of delegates cast their vote against aligning presidential with local and European elections. 94% of delegates voted in favour of giving citizens a greater say in the nomination of presidential candidates.

Role of women

edit

The second plenary session took place over the weekend of 16 and 17 February 2013. The topics of deliberation of this second session included, among other things, amending the Constitution to place a duty on the Irish State to enhance women's participation in politics and public life, and altering Article 41.2.1 of the Constitution related to women in the home.[91] 50% of delegates voted against and 49% in favour of placing a positive duty on the State to take action to increase women's participation in politics and public life. 97% of delegates voted in favour of the following statement: “Leaving aside the Constitution, would you like to see more government action to encourage greater participation of women in politics and public life?” 89% of delegates agreed that the Constitution should be amended to include “gender-inclusive” language. 62% of delegates supported and 37% were against the Constitution being amended to include an “explicit provision on gender equality”. 88% of delegates disagreed that Article 41.2.1 should be left unchanged. 98% of delegates voted that were Article 41.2.1 to be changed, it should be made “gender-neutral” to include other careers in the home.

Issues chosen by the Convention

edit

The terms of reference allowed the convention to consider "other issues, time permitting". These were originally scheduled for discussion on 30 November–1 December 2013, just before the anniversary of its inaugural ceremonial meeting.[92] A May 2013 motion to consider the proposed abolition of the Seanad was defeated.[93]

The convention announced on 14 October 2013 a series of meetings at which the general public was invited to suggest topics for the convention to consider. The meetings took place between 23 October and 25 November, in Cork, Galway, Waterford, Dublin, Sligo, Athlone, and Monaghan. These meetings supplement the pre-existing facility to submit online proposals, of which "a couple of thousand" had been received by the time of the announcement.[94]

In December 2013, two topics were chosen: Dáil reform and Economic, Social and Cultural (ESC) rights.[16] These were discussed in February 2014.[16]

In February 2014, the convention recommended for inclusion in the Constitution the following ESC rights: right to housing; social security; essential health care; disability rights; linguistic and cultural rights; and rights covered in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[88]

Delayed response

edit

Although the resolution required the government to respond officially within four months of receiving a report from the convention, this deadline was missed for the fourth and subsequent reports, for which no formal response was made by the time the Dáil adjourned for its summer recess on 17 July 2014.[95] The Taoiseach apologised and blamed the delay on the time taken by civil servants to analyse the reports prior to their being considered by the cabinet.[95][96] He stated that "Obviously, the Government will not be able to hold all the referendums and must make a decision on what ones it should hold in conjunction with the marriage equality referendum next spring."[96]

In November 2015, Kenny responded to Seán Ó Fearghaíl:[97]

I have given an undertaking — I might need the Deputy's help — to set aside time in the remaining weeks of this Dáil session for a proper debate here on the outstanding reports from the Constitutional Convention. Some of the issues it raised actually required quite a deal of work in different Departments. I have given that undertaking and I hope to be able to honour it.

In December 2015, Kenny accepted responsibility for the delay again.[98] Responses to the four remaining reports were delivered on 14 January 2016 by junior ministers Paul Kehoe and Ann Phelan.[79]

Criticisms

edit

Noel Whelan described the February 2012 proposal as "something that is one part Oireachtas committee and two parts focus group, with an advisory role only and which will, at least initially, deal with what are essentially insignificant constitutional provisions".[32]

Fintan O'Toole in June 2012 compared the convention to the Citizens Union, a reformist political organisation which Tammany Hall did not bother suppressing so long as did not threaten its hegemony.[99] Twenty NGOs produced an open letter calling for the convention to examine human rights.[100][101]

In the debate on the July Dáil resolution, opposition politicians criticised the composition, agenda, and limited power of the proposed Convention.[5][102] Later in July, the Patrick MacGill summer school in Glenties had a seminar with academics and politicians discussing the convention.[103]

An Irish Times editorial called the Convention "all form and little substance".[104] An editorial in the Irish Independent described it as "unelected and powerless".[105] Stephen Collins wrote that the November 2012 referendum on children's rights, with low turnout and unexpectedly high No-vote, suggested "putting such relatively minor issues [as those of the Convention] to the people in a referendum could easily rebound".

Some civil society groups complained that they ought to have been directly represented at the convention, instead of being expected to make written submissions and hope for an invitation to address one of its meetings.[106] Fears expressed by commentators included that legislator members would control the process to the detriment of the citizen members, and that the demographic averaging of the membership would reduce input from marginalised minority groups.[107]

Matthew Wall of Swansea University wrote in July 2013 that he was impressed by the convention's operation and the substance of its reports, and hopeful that the government would not simply reject any recommendations it found inconvenient.[108]

In January 2015, Harry McGee of The Irish Times wrote, "Only two of 18 recommendations for constitutional change made by the Convention on the Constitution are to be put to referendum."[109] In March 2015, David Farrell commended the level of public engagement with the convention and its efficient use of its small budget, but said its credibility was undermined by the government's dismissive responses.[110] Fintan O'Toole similarly praised the convention's work, and suggested the government's tepid response would increase public cynicism with politics.[111]

In November 2016, David Van Reybrouck commended the Constitutional Convention and its successor the Citizens' Assembly as models that other European countries could usefully imitate.[112]

Citizens' Assembly

edit
Main article: Citizens' Assembly (Ireland)

Taoiseach Enda Kenny said in June 2015 that "While there was unanimous support for a second convention in the [Convention's final] report, it was acknowledged that this is an exercise that can only be achieved once in the lifetime of any Dáil".[78]

In the buildup to 2016 general election, various politicians proposed changes to Irish abortion law, including repeal of the Eighth Amendment. In November 2015, Kenny promised "a Citizen's Convention on the constitution, or whatever title would be appropriate" to address the issue.[113][114]

The Fine Gael–independent minority government formed after the 2016 election committed to establishing "a Citizens' Assembly, within six months, and without participation by politicians, and with a mandate to look at a limited number of key issues over an extended time period."[115] The Assembly will not be restricted to constitutional issues, but three such issues specifically mentioned are the Eighth Amendment, fixed term parliaments, and "the manner in which referenda are held (e.g. should ‘super referendum days’, whereby a significant number of referenda take place on the same day, be held)."[115]

See also

edit

References

edit

Sources

edit
  • Suteu, Silvia (18 May 2015). "Constitutional Conventions in the Digital Era: Lessons from Iceland and Ireland". Boston College International and Comparative Law Review. 38 (2): 251–276. Retrieved 8 June 2018.

Citations

edit
  1. ^ "Constitutional Convention website". Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Constitutional Convention". Government Proposals. Irish Government News Service. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  3. ^ "Reform body to meet next month". The Irish Times. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Convention on the Constitution: Motion". Dáil Éireann debates. 29 January 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Constitutional Convention: Motion". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 10 July 2012. pp. Vol.772 No.1 p.25. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  6. ^ a b "Constitutional Convention: Motion". Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 12 July 2012. pp. Vol.216 No.12 p.8. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d Walsh, Jimmy (13 July 2012). "Establishment of convention motion passed without debate". The Irish Times. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d "Constitutional Convention to meet on Saturdays". RTÉ.ie. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  9. ^ a b Dáil debates 9 October 2012 Vol.773 No.12 pp.18–23
  10. ^ a b c d e Reilly, Gavan (21 September 2012). "Constitutional Convention aims to begin discussions next month". thejournal.ie. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  11. ^ a b de Bréadún, Déaglán (7 November 2012). "President welcome at reform discussion". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  12. ^ "Organisation Chart". Department of Taoiseach. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  13. ^ "Conference on Social Media and Public Services". Department of Justice and Equality. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2012. Mr Art O'Leary, Secretary to the Constitutional Convention
  14. ^ "Committee Secretariat (Joint and Select Committees), Information and Communications". Houses of the Oireachtas Service. Oireachtas. 15 August 2011. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  15. ^ "Organisation Structure October 2012" (PDF). Houses of the Oireachtas Service. October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012. Art O'Leary and Elaine Gunn, Principal Officers, are on secondment to the Department of the Taoiseach
  16. ^ a b c d e "Convention on the Constitution chooses (i) Dáil Reform and (ii) Economic, Social and Cultural rights for discussion at their final two meetings in February 2014" (Press release). Convention on the Constitution. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  17. ^ O'Halloran, Marie; Michael O'Regan (24 October 2012). "Arnold named chair of reform body". The Irish Times. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  18. ^ "Tom Arnold of Concern Appointed Chairperson of the Constitutional Convention" (Press release). Government of Ireland. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  19. ^ "Address to Seanad Éireann by Mr. Tom Arnold". Seanad Éireann debates. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  20. ^ a b "Members of the Convention". Constitutional Convention. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  21. ^ McGee, Harry (15 November 2012). "Citizens on Constitution body to have anonymity". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  22. ^ a b c d McEnroe, Juno (14 September 2012). "McGuinness to represent SF on convention panel". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  23. ^ a b c d e Minihan, Mary (1 December 2012). "Unionist parties decline invitation". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  24. ^ a b Sinn Féin (15 September 2012). "McGuinness to raise Price and Corey with new secretary of state: Adams" (Press release). Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  25. ^ "Fine Gael picks members for Constitutional Convention". Iona Institute. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  26. ^ "Parliamentary Labour Party elects delegates to Constitutional Convention" (Press release). Labour Party. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  27. ^ O'Sullivan, Maureen (17 September 2012). "Cuban5 Community Meetings Teaching Council INOU Constitutional Council Dáil Returns". Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012. the other speaker was fellow Independent Catherine Murphy TD ... Both Catherine and I are on the Constitutional Convention
  28. ^ "Constitutional Convention meets for first time this afternoon". TheJournal.ie. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  29. ^ "The Constitutional Convention" (PDF). Uniting Ireland. Sinn Féin. Autumn 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  30. ^ "Greens commit to Constitutional Convention" (Press release). Green Party of Ireland. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  31. ^ Suteu 2015, p.264; Joint Committee on the Constitution (July 2010). "Fourth report : Article 16 of the Constitution: review of the electoral system for the election of Members to Dáil Éireann" (PDF). Dublin: Oireachtas. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  32. ^ a b c Whelan, Noel (25 February 2012). "Constitutional convention will have its remit severely pruned". The Irish Times. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  33. ^ "Fine Gael Manifesto" (PDF). RTÉ. 2011. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  34. ^ "Real Plan Better Future; Fianna Fáil manifesto 2011" (PDF). RTÉ. 2011. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  35. ^ "Labour's Manifesto 2011" (PDF). RTÉ. 2011. p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  36. ^ "Sinn Féin General Election Manifesto 2011" (PDF). RTÉ. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  37. ^ "Playing to Our Strengths: Green Party Manifesto 2011" (PDF). RTÉ. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  38. ^ "Programme for Government 2011" (PDF). Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  39. ^ "Dáil statement by Party Leader Micheál Martin TD on the Programme for Government". Fianna Fáil. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  40. ^ Suteu 2015, p.265; "Original About Us". We the Citizens. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  41. ^ Howlin, Brendan (14 December 2011). "Address to 2011 MacGill Forum". Dublin: Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  42. ^ Kenny, Enda (6 March 2012). "Written Answers - Constitutional Convention". Dáil debates. Oireachtas. p. Vol.758 No.1 p.52. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  43. ^ Kenny, Enda (13 March 2012). "Private Members' Business - Constitutional Convention". Dáil debates. Oireachtas. p. Vol.758 No.4 p.62. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  44. ^ de Bréadún, Deaglán (29 February 2012). "Major role for voters in Constitution review". The Irish Times. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  45. ^ "Written Answers - Constitutional Convention". Dáil debates. Oireachtas. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  46. ^ a b c Government of the 31st Dáil (7 June 2012). "Government Response to Opposition Views on the Proposal to Establish a Constitutional Convention" (MS Word). Retrieved 26 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "Government Response to Opposition Views on the Proposal to Establish a Constitutional Convention". MerrionStreet.ie. Government of Ireland. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  48. ^ a b "Seanad Reform: Motion". Seanad debates. Oireachtas. 20 June 2012. pp. Vol.216 No.2 p.10. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  49. ^ Sheahan, Fionnan (21 June 2012). "Labour senators break ranks on debate". Irish Independent. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  50. ^ "Order of Business". Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 12 July 2012. pp. Vol.216 No.12 p.4. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  51. ^ "Business of Seanad". Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 12 July 2012. pp. Vol.216 No.12 p.7. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  52. ^ a b Electoral (Amendment) Act 2012 Irish Statute Book
  53. ^ a b "Electoral (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill 2012 (Number 61 of 2012)". Bills 1992–2012. Oireachtas. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  54. ^ "Electoral (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill 2012: Second Stage". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  55. ^ "Table of Contents". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  56. ^ "Table of Contents". Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  57. ^ Kenny, Enda; Eamon Gilmore (11 July 2012). "Convention will be vehicle for profound social reform". The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  58. ^ "Constitution convention may examine Seanad role". Irish Examiner. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  59. ^ a b c "Vote 2 Department of the Taoiseach" (PDF). Appropriation Accounts 2013. Ireland: Comptroller and Auditor General. September 2014. pp. 39, 41. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  60. ^ Sum of figures from the table.
  61. ^ "Department of the Taoiseach group of Revised Estimates". Select Sub-Committee on the Department of the Taoiseach. 19 April 2012. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  62. ^ "Vote 2 Department of the Taoiseach" (PDF). Appropriation Accounts 2014. Comptroller and Auditor General. September 2015. p. 42. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  63. ^ Arnold, Tom (1 April 2014). "Inside the Convention on the Constitution". The Irish Times. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  64. ^ a b c "Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Statements". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  65. ^ "Referendum 2015". Referendum Returning Officer. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  66. ^ Ryan, Órla (15 January 2015). "Enda accused of 'betraying' young people by scrapping voting age referendum". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  67. ^ "Voting Results: 'Women in the Home' and the Participation of Women in Politics/Public Life". Constitutional Convention. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  68. ^ "Second Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Statements". Dáil debates. 10 October 2013. pp. 10–11. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  69. ^ Visser, Anna (26 June 2018). "Article 41.2 of the Constitution: Women in the Home" (PDF). Library and Research Service Notes. Oireachtas. pp. 13–16. Retrieved 5 February 2019.; "Report of the Task Force on Implementation of the Recommendations of the Second Report of the Convention on the Constitution" (PDF). Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform. October 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  70. ^ "Same-sex marriage report submitted to Government by Convention on the Constitution". Constitutional Convention. 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  71. ^ "Referendum 2015". Referendum Returning Officer. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  72. ^ "Press Release". Convention on the Constitution. 9 June 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  73. ^ "Constitutional Convention Recommendations". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 4 November 2014. pp. 26–27. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  74. ^ "Fourth Report of the Constitutional Convention on the Dáil Electoral System: Statements (Continued)". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 18 December 2014. pp. no.47. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  75. ^ a b c d "Written Answer No.225: Constitutional Convention Recommendations". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 21 April 2015. p. 56. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  76. ^ "Constitutional Convention recommends overseas presidential vote". RTÉ. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  77. ^ "Tuesday 26 May 2015". Dáil Éireann Order of Business. Oireachtas. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  78. ^ a b c Kenny, Enda (9 June 2015). "Constitutional Convention Recommendations (Continued)". Dáil Éireann debates. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  79. ^ a b c d e "Convention on the Constitution Final Reports: Statements". Dáil Éireann debates. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  80. ^ "Minister Deenihan address to the Seanad on Global Irish: Ireland's Diaspora Policy". MerrionStreet.ie. Government of Ireland. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015. But we cannot ignore the fact that this is not straightforward and there are a number of policy, legal and practical issues that have to be thoroughly considered. The Government has asked Minister Kelly in cooperation with Minister Flanagan and myself to analyse these issues and report back to Government and that is what we will do.
  81. ^ "Report of the Joint Committee on European Union Affairs on Voting Rights of Irish Citizens Abroad: Motion (Continued)". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  82. ^ "Coveney publishes an Options Paper on extending the eligibility for citizens resident outside the State to vote at presidential elections". MerrionStreet (Press release). Government of Ireland. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  83. ^ Ruth, Maguire. "Announcement by the Taoiseach on Voting Rights in Presidential Elections for Irish Citizens outside the State" (Press release). Department of the Taoiseach. Retrieved 23 March 2017.; "Postal Voting". Written answers. KildareStreet.com. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018. the proposed referendum on extending the franchise at presidential elections to Irish citizens resident outside the State which it is intended will be held on the same date as the local and European elections in late May/early June 2019
  84. ^ Phelan, John Paul (20 February 2019). "Referendum Campaigns". Written answers. KildareStreet.com. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  85. ^ Mac Cormaic, Ruadhán (3 November 2013). "Convention recommends replacing blasphemy offence". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  86. ^ "Referendum 2018". Elections Ireland. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  87. ^ "Constitutional Convention recommends reform Dáil Éireann" (Press release). Constitutional Convention. 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  88. ^ a b "Constitutional Convention Votes in Favour of Reforming Economic, Social & Cultural Rights in the Constitution" (Press release). Constitutional Convention. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  89. ^ "Video of the Concluding Remarks of the Chairman". Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  90. ^ The number of voting delegates is not noted orally or in the slides during the chairman’s concluding remarks.
  91. ^ Minihan, Mary (18 February 2013). "Convention favours gender equality and change to 'women in home' clause". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  92. ^ "Calendar for 2013". Constitutional Convention. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  93. ^ Kelly, Fiach (20 May 2013). "Convention rejects call for Seanad debate". Irish Independent. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  94. ^ "Constitutional Convention announces public meetings nationwide". Irish Examiner. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  95. ^ a b "Written Answers No.123: Constitutional Convention Recommendations (30774/14)". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 15 July 2014. p. 55. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  96. ^ a b "Order of Business". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 9 July 2014. p. 21. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  97. ^ "Order of Business (Continued)". Dáil Éireann debates. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  98. ^ "Order of Business". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  99. ^ O'Toole, Fintan (26 June 2012). "Tammany Hall lives on in feeble reforms". The Irish Times. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  100. ^ Press Association (27 June 2012). "Appeal over constitutional convention". The Irish Times. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  101. ^ "Rights groups call for Constitutional Convention to examine human rights" (Press release). Amnesty International. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  102. ^ O'Halloran, Marie (11 July 2012). "Taoiseach stresses role of citizens in new body". The Irish Times. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  103. ^ "A Broad Agenda of Reform for the Constitutional Convention". 2012 Patrick MacGill summer school. Donegal County Council. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  104. ^ "The way politics is done". The Irish Times. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  105. ^ "Fine words don't do Collins justice". Irish Independent. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  106. ^ Suteu 2015, p.267
  107. ^ Suteu 2015, pp.267–268
  108. ^ Wall, Matthew (27 July 2013). "Column: Change we can believe in? Ireland's Constitutional Convention has delivered". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  109. ^ McGee, Harry (26 January 2015). "Only two proposals for Constitution referendum". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  110. ^ Farrell, David (17 March 2015). "Constitutional Convention 'brand' is in jeopardy". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  111. ^ O'Toole, Fintan (3 March 2015). "How hopes raised by the Constitutional Convention were dashed". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  112. ^ Humphreys, Joe (27 November 2016). "Why Ireland's citizens' assembly is a model for Europe". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  113. ^ Hand, Lise (27 November 2015). "Taoiseach denies rift with Fine Gael deputy leader Minister Reilly over abortion referendum - Independent.ie". Irish Independent. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  114. ^ "Kenny would call forum on abortion if re-elected". RTÉ News. RTÉ.ie. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  115. ^ a b "A Programme for a Partnership Government" (PDF). Government of Ireland. 11 May 2016. p. 153. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Convention_(Ireland)&oldid=1255722805"