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Benton Harbor, Michigan

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Benton Harbor is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is 46 miles southwest of Kalamazoo and 71 miles southwest of Grand Rapids. According to the 2020 census, its population was 9,103.[4] It is the smaller, by population, of the two principal cities in the Niles–Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area with 156,813 people.[5] Benton Harbor and the city of St. Joseph are separated by the St. Joseph River and are known locally as the "Twin Cities".[6] Fairplain and Benton Heights are unincorporated areas adjacent to Benton Harbor.

Benton Harbor, Michigan
City
Main Street in Downtown Benton Harbor
Main Street in Downtown Benton Harbor
Official logo of Benton Harbor, Michigan
Logo
Location within Berrien County
Location within Berrien County
Benton Harbor is located in Michigan
Benton Harbor
Benton Harbor
Location within the state of Michigan
Benton Harbor is located in the United States
Benton Harbor
Benton Harbor
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 42°07′00″N 86°27′15″W / 42.11667°N 86.45417°W / 42.11667; -86.45417
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountyBerrien
Incorporated1837 (village)
1891 (city)
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorMarcus Muhammad
Area
[1]
 • Total4.63 sq mi (12.00 km2)
 • Land4.38 sq mi (11.35 km2)
 • Water0.25 sq mi (0.65 km2)
Elevation
591 ft (180 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total9,103
 • Density2,077.84/sq mi (802.27/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
49022, 49023
Area code269
FIPS code26-07520[2]
GNIS feature ID0621144[3]
Websitebhcity.us

History

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Benton Harbor was founded by Henry C. Morton, Sterne Brunson and Charles Hull, who all now have or have had schools named after them.[7] Benton Harbor was mainly wetlands bordered by the Paw Paw River, through which a canal was built, hence the "harbor" in the city's name.[8] In 1860, the village was laid out by Brunson, Morton, Hull and others, and given the name Brunson Harbor.[9]

Brunson, Morton, and Hull also donated land and solicited subscriptions for construction of the canal, which was completed in 1862. It had long been recognized that a canal would be crucial to the town's development, both to drain the marsh and to provide a berthing area for ships. The canal, originally 25 feet (7.6 m) wide but expanded to 50 feet (15 m) in 1868, led to the town's becoming a shipping and manufacturing center for the area.[10]

In 1866, the settlement's name was changed to Benton Harbor in honor of Thomas Hart Benton, a Missouri Senator who helped Michigan achieve statehood.[11] In 1836, Benton Harbor was organized as a village and in 1891 it was incorporated as a city.[9]

Benton Harbor's retail establishments started relocating outside of the city starting in the 1950s, and the city experienced an economic downturn between 1970 and 1985.[12]

The House of David religious group was founded there and once ran a local amusement park.

Riots

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Benton Harbor has had two major riots, one in 1966 and one in 2003, with smaller ones occurring in 1960, 1967, and 1990.[13]

1966

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On August 30, 1966, a riot began after a meeting discussing recreational facilities and police relations with respect to black residents.[14] During the riot, a black 18-year-old named Cecil Hunt was killed in a drive-by shooting; suspects were arrested but the assault charge was later dismissed.[14][15] Governor George W. Romney dispatched troops from the Michigan National Guard, who stood down on September 5 when the riot dissipated.[16]

2003

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In June 2003, several citizens in Benton Harbor demonstrated for two days when black motorcyclist Terrance Shurn, being chased by a police officer, crashed into a building and died. As many as 300 state troopers and law enforcement personnel from neighboring communities were called to Benton Harbor.[13][17][18][19][20][21]

Indirectly, the riot contributed to the Jimmy Carter Work Project's 2005 activities being held in Benton Harbor and Detroit.[22] A state task force produced a report in 2003.[23]

Water state of emergency

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As with the 2014–2019 public health crisis involving the drinking water in Flint, in 2018 higher-than-acceptable levels of lead were found in Benton Harbor's tap water.[24] Water was starting to appear "bubbly and white" to "brown", with a "horrible" taste and poor smell.[25] This was due to lead-based water service lines.[24] Testing found the samples returned lead levels of 22 parts per billion, greater than the 20 parts per billion in Flint and the federal lead action level of 15 parts per billion.[25][26] High levels of copper were also noted in the annual consumer confidence reports that have been required by Environmental Protection Agency.[26]

Concerns were with the health impacts of lead poisoning.[27] As a result, residents were supplied with free bottled water, including for use with brushing teeth and cooking, for residences and schools.[27][24][25] In September 2021, $10 million was budgeted to replace the lead service lines.[24] All lead pipes had been replaced by December 1, 2023, per the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services.[28]

Geography

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According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.68 square miles (12.12 km2), of which 4.43 square miles (11.47 km2) is land and 0.25 square miles (0.65 km2) is water.[29]

Climate

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Benton Harbor has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) that has very warm summers for the type and also less cold winters than many climates of the classification. Due to lake-effect snow there is very high snowfall relative to precipitation in winter, but far lower than some locations that are farther north in the state. Summer high temperatures range from 77 to 83 °F (25 to 28 °C) from June to August, but the apparent heat is normally moderated by mild nights.

Climate data for Benton Harbor, Michigan (Benton Harbor Airport) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1887–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 68
(20) 		71
(22) 		86
(30) 		90
(32) 		97
(36) 		104
(40) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		98
(37) 		94
(34) 		82
(28) 		69
(21) 		104
(40)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 33.2
(0.7) 		35.7
(2.1) 		46.8
(8.2) 		59.3
(15.2) 		70.1
(21.2) 		79.5
(26.4) 		83.1
(28.4) 		81.4
(27.4) 		75.5
(24.2) 		63.1
(17.3) 		49.4
(9.7) 		37.8
(3.2) 		59.6
(15.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 26.3
(−3.2) 		28.5
(−1.9) 		37.3
(2.9) 		48.1
(8.9) 		58.5
(14.7) 		68.1
(20.1) 		72.6
(22.6) 		70.9
(21.6) 		64.5
(18.1) 		53.4
(11.9) 		41.6
(5.3) 		31.6
(−0.2) 		50.1
(10.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19.5
(−6.9) 		21.2
(−6.0) 		27.7
(−2.4) 		36.9
(2.7) 		47.0
(8.3) 		56.6
(13.7) 		62.1
(16.7) 		60.4
(15.8) 		53.6
(12.0) 		43.8
(6.6) 		33.8
(1.0) 		25.3
(−3.7) 		40.7
(4.8)
Record low °F (°C) −21
(−29) 		−13
(−25) 		−9
(−23) 		9
(−13) 		23
(−5) 		31
(−1) 		37
(3) 		36
(2) 		23
(−5) 		15
(−9) 		−1
(−18) 		−15
(−26) 		−21
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.46
(62) 		1.89
(48) 		2.26
(57) 		3.76
(96) 		3.85
(98) 		3.60
(91) 		3.30
(84) 		3.90
(99) 		3.40
(86) 		4.40
(112) 		3.01
(76) 		2.33
(59) 		38.16
(969)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 29.5
(75) 		18.8
(48) 		7.7
(20) 		1.1
(2.8) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		3.8
(9.7) 		16.6
(42) 		77.7
(197)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.6 9.6 9.7 12.3 11.4 9.7 7.6 9.0 9.1 11.1 10.2 12.6 125.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 10.2 7.6 3.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.1 7.3 31.1
Source: NOAA[30][31]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1870661—
18801,23086.1%
18903,692200.2%
19006,56277.7%
19109,18540.0%
192012,23333.2%
193015,43426.2%
194016,6688.0%
195018,76912.6%
196019,1362.0%
197016,481−13.9%
198014,707−10.8%
199012,818−12.8%
200011,182−12.8%
201010,038−10.2%
20209,103−9.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[32]
2010[33] 2020[34]

2020 census

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Benton Harbor city, Michigan – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[35] Pop 2010[33] Pop 2020[34] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 600 641 679 5.37% 6.39% 7.46%
Black or African American alone (NH) 10,303 8,899 7,569 92.14% 88.65% 83.15%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 17 30 24 0.15% 0.30% 0.26%
Asian alone (NH) 15 6 13 0.13% 0.06% 0.14%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 4 4 5 0.04% 0.04% 0.05%
Other Race alone (NH) 8 12 44 0.07% 0.12% 0.48%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 170 226 302 1.52% 2.25% 3.32%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 65 220 467 0.58% 2.19% 5.13%
Total 11,182 10,038 9,103 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census

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As of the census[36] of 2010, there were 10,038 people, 3,548 households, and 2,335 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,265.9 inhabitants per square mile (874.9/km2). There were 4,329 housing units at an average density of 977.2 per square mile (377.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.2% African American, 7.0% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.

There were 3,548 households, of which 44.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 17.0% were married couples living together, 43.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.41.

The median age in the city was 28.3 years. 35.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 22.2% were from 45 to 64; and 7.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.5% male and 53.5% female.

2000 census

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At the 2000 census,[2] there were 11,182 people, 3,767 households and 2,557 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,545.7 inhabitants per square mile (982.9/km2). There were 4,492 housing units at an average density of 1,022.7 per square mile (394.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.40% African American, 5.48% White, 0.15% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population.

There were 3,767 households, of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 20.8% were married couples living together, 42.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.53.

Age distribution was 39.6% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.7 males.

The median household income was $17,471, and the median family income was $19,250. Males had a median income of $27,154 versus $20,105 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,965, the lowest in Michigan. About 39.6% of families and 42.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 52.5% of those under age 18 and 29.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics

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The Michigan Treasury Department in 2009 sent a team to look into the city's finances. The team's report was a long list of mismanagement to the point that budgets were "effectively meaningless as a financial management tool."[37] The city was $10 million underfunded in its pension fund and increasing budget deficits. In April 2010, Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm appointed Joseph Harris as Emergency Financial Manager. City staff was reduced by 30 to 70.[38]

 
Benton Harbor City Hall

Harris was given expanded powers under a new law signed in March 2011 by Republican governor Rick Snyder.[39] Harris was previously the chief financial officer for the city of Detroit.[39] On April 14, 2011, Harris suspended the decision-making powers of Benton Harbor's elected city officials, who can hold meetings but are not allowed to govern.[39] The Michigan AFL–CIO president called the move "sad news for democracy in Michigan", but at least one city official, City Commissioner Bryan Joseph, supported it, saying the city had been mismanaged for decades.[39]

On January 4, 2012, city commissioners Marcus Muhammad and MaryAlice Adams held a press conference where they stated that if there was still an emergency financial manager administering the city when Benton Harbor hosted the Senior PGA Championship in May, an "Occupy PGA movement should sit in on the golf greens and driving ranges in protest."[40] Occupy PGA did hold protest marches on multiple days during the tournament, but did not disrupt the tournament.[41]

On January 11, 2013, the Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board (ELB) voted to replace Harris as the Emergency Financial Manager (EFM) for the city. On February 1, 2013, the ELB appointed Tony R. Saunders II as the youngest Successor-Emergency Financial Manager for the city of Benton Harbor.[42]

Library service for the city is provided by the Benton Harbor Public Library.

The town has a police department.[43]

Mayors since 1971

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Education

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The city is served by two institutions, Benton Harbor Area Schools[49] within the Berrien Regional Education Service Agency,[50] and Lake Michigan College, a two-year community college just east of Benton Harbor.

Economy

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Whirlpool Corporation, the world's largest manufacturer of major home appliances, has its corporate headquarters in nearby Benton Charter Township,[51][52] along with a new Riverview campus near the St. Joseph River in Benton Harbor and the Technical Center in St. Joseph.

Community organizations

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Black Autonomy Network Community Organization (BANCO) is a political and social justice coalition working in Benton Harbor.

Transportation

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Major highways

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  •   I-94 bypasses the city to the east and south, connecting with Kalamazoo and Detroit to the east and with Michigan City, Indiana, and Chicago, Illinois, to the south and southwest.
  •   BL I-94 travels through the downtowns of both Benton Harbor and St. Joseph. It mostly follows the former route of US 12.
  •   I-196 begins nearby in Benton Township and continues northerly toward Holland, ending at Grand Rapids.
  •   US 31 is currently a freeway (the St. Joseph Valley Parkway) from the Indiana border north, entering a partial cloverleaf with Main St. and I-94 connecting downtown Benton Harbor with US 31
  •   M-63 serves as a loop route connecting with I-196 at the north and running through downtown St. Joseph. M-63 continues on to I-94 and then to M-139, where it ends. M-63 follows the former route of US 33.
  •   M-139 begins at US 12 near Niles and terminates at BL I-94 on the Benton Harbor–Benton Township border (the northbound direction terminates wholly within Benton Township). M-139 follows a former route of US 31 south of I-94.

Spanning the Paw Paw River and providing an additional connection to St. Joseph, the Charles Freeman Joseph bridge on Whitwam Drive, is named for Benton Harbor's first black mayor, opened in late 2005.[53][54]

Rail

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The Amtrak station in St. Joseph is served daily by Amtrak's Pere Marquette passenger train.

Bus

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Twin Cities Area Transportation Authority (TCATA) provides bus transit throughout Benton Harbor and the surrounding areas. Originally strictly a dial-a-ride service, it has recently expanded to include three fixed routes—Red Route, Green Route and Blue Route. Red Route serves Benton Harbor, St. Joseph, St. Joseph Charter Township, Lincoln Township, and Royalton Township. Blue and Green routes operate throughout Benton Harbor and Benton Township.[55]

Air

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Southwest Michigan Regional Airport provides non-commercial air service.

Shipping

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Both Benton Harbor and neighboring St. Joseph are commercial ports that receive bulk goods from lake freighters.

Media

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Benton Harbor is served by The Herald-Palladium newspaper, whose offices are in nearby St. Joseph Township, and is part of the South Bend/Elkhart television market. The Benton Spirit community newspaper has also served the community for the past 10 years. The paper was acknowledged by former Governor Granholm's 2003 Benton Harbor Task Force Report as a key communications stakeholder that "proactively assists in the total development of Benton Harbor". Benton Harbor is served by sister radio stations WCXT, WCSY-FM, WQLQ, WIRX, WQYQ, WSJM-FM, and WYTZ, as well as WHFB and some in the South Bend market. Additionally, most of the Chicago market TV and radio stations are available from 60 miles (97 km) across the lake.

Points of interest

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The Morton House in Benton Harbor

Sites of interest in Benton Harbor are Shiloh House, built in 1910, which served as the administration building and men's dormitory for the House of David colony, a communal religious group; Morton House (on Morton Hill), built in 1849 by Eleazar Morton, which now houses a museum; Jean Klock Park on Lake Michigan; and the Golf Club at Harbor Shores. In neighboring Benton Township is a large fruit market that replaced the fruit market in the "flats" area of Benton Harbor, which was torn down during an urban renewal project in 1967.[56][57]

The main shopping center is The Orchards Mall.

Sports

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An American Basketball Association team (ABA), the Twin City Ballers, played in Benton Harbor for a few games in November 2006, but left the city due to poor attendance at games. Another ABA team, the Lake Michigan Admirals, began play in 2009. The Admirals switched from the ABA to join the Premiere Basketball League for the 2012 season.

Jack Dempsey defended his heavyweight title on September 6, 1920, in Benton Harbor, defeating Billy Miske.

The city hosts the Maytag Ironman 70.3 Steelhead triathlon,[58] a qualifying event for the Ironman 70.3 World Championship.

The city is the birthplace of Iris Kyle, the most successful professional bodybuilder ever, with ten overall Ms. Olympia wins and two heavyweight wins, along with seven Ms. International wins and one heavyweight win.

Festivals

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Arts district downtown

Benton Harbor co-hosts the annual Blossomtime Festival with St. Joseph.

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ^ "Benton Harbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  5. ^ Population of Michigan Regions and Statistical Areas, 2000 and 2010, at www.michigan.gov
  6. ^ Zerler, Kathryn S. (1990). On the Banks of the Ole St. Joe: A Selected History of the Twin Cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor Michigan. St. Joseph: St Joseph Today. ISBN 0-9627532-0-3.
  7. ^ Ast, William F. III (January 21, 2011). "Coming to a Close". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved April 23, 2011.(subscription required)
  8. ^ Community Profile, City of Benton Harbor Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine - Berrien County official site
  9. ^ a b Coolidge, Orville W. (1906). A Twentieth Century History of Berrien County, Michigan. Chicago, Illinois: The Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 232–35. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  10. ^ Hilton, George W. (2002). Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-8047-4240-5. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  11. ^ "Origins - Old Place Names". Berrien County Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  12. ^ City of Benton Harbor (1989). "Benton Harbor General Development Plan: A Brief History of Benton Harbor". p. 12. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  13. ^ a b Ast, William F. III (June 19, 2003). "Violence brings back bad memories for some". The Herald-Palladium. p. 4. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Negro Crowd Stones Cars in Michigan". Chicago Tribune. September 1, 1966. p. 6. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  15. ^ "Charge Dismissed in B.H. Racial Shooting". The News-Palladium. November 4, 1966. p. 1,12. Retrieved August 16, 2022. Article continued
  16. ^ "History of the Michigan National Guard: The Tumultuous 1960s: Benton Harbor, 1966". Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.
  17. ^ "Rain, curfew help bring quiet night to Benton Harbor". CNN. June 19, 2003. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  18. ^ Hartzell, Ted (June 17, 2003). "House burned, police vehicles vandalized during Benton Harbor riot". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  19. ^ Ast, William F. III; Michael Eliasohn (June 18, 2003). "Second night of violence leaves at least 15 injured in Benton Harbor". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  20. ^ Aiken, Scott (June 19, 2003). "Huge police presence, rain keep rioters off the streets". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  21. ^ Wilgoren, Jodi (June 19, 2003). "Fatal Police Chase Ignites Rampage in Michigan Town". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  22. ^ Strode, Kim (October 23, 2003). "Carter's Goal: Up to 35 Homes". The Herald-Palladium. p. 1. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  23. ^ Benton Harbor, A Plan for Positive Change: Final Report of the Governor's Benton Harbor Task Force, Reverend James Atterberry and Greg Roberts, co-chairs, October 15, 2003, archived March 13, 2006
  24. ^ a b c d Wrege, Louise (October 14, 2021). "Benton Harbor, state officials order urgent response to lead crisis: Michigan to help city replace lead water lines over 18 months". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  25. ^ a b c Lutz, Eric; McCormick, Erin (September 21, 2021). "A Black town's water is more poisoned than Flint's. In a white town nearby, it's clean". The Guardian. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  26. ^ a b "Benton Harbor Public Works, Water Plant and Distribution, Sanitary Sewer, and Storm Water". City of Benton Harbor. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Lead action level exceedance in the City of Benton Harbor". Berrien County Health Department. October 1, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.
  28. ^ Staff (December 1, 2023). "All lead water service lines replaced in Benton Harbor". WNDU-TV. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  29. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  30. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  31. ^ "Station: Benton Harbor AP, MI". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  32. ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau.
  33. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Benton Harbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
  34. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Benton Harbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
  35. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Benton Harbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau.
  36. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  37. ^ Mahler, Jonathon (December 15, 2011). "Now that the Factories are Closed, It's Tee Time in Benton Harbor, Michigan". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  38. ^ Carey, Nick (May 11, 2011). "Michigan town's woes a sign of tough choices to come". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  39. ^ a b c d Santiago Esparza (April 16, 2011). "Emergency manager cuts roles of Benton Harbor officials". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2011.
  40. ^ Genellie, Kate (January 5, 2012). "Occupy the PGA?". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  41. ^ Savage, Brendan (May 26, 2012). "Occupy The PGA marches in downtown Benton Harbor to protest Senior PGA's use of park land". mlive.com. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  42. ^ Stanton, Terry (January 11, 2013). "Emergency Loan Board Appoints Tony Saunders II Successor-Emergency Financial Manager in Benton Harbor?". Michigan.gov.
  43. ^ "Former Benton Harbor police officer sent to trial for allegedly running over suspect". WNDU. July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  44. ^ Swidwa, Julie (December 20, 2005). "Benton Harbor, Bridging Gaps". Herald Palladium.
  45. ^ a b "Former Benton Harbor Mayor Wilce Cooke Dies". WSJM. August 3, 2021.
  46. ^ "Voting has bizarre touch". Lansing State Journal. November 5, 1987.
  47. ^ Wrege, Louise (April 27, 2015). "Former mayor loses home to fire". Herald Palladium.
  48. ^ McFadden, Maureen (February 23, 2016). "Michigan's New Mayors: A conversation with Benton Harbor Mayor Marcus Muhammad". WNDU.
  49. ^ "Benton Harbor Area Schools". Bhas.org. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  50. ^ "Berrien Regional Education Service Agency". Berrienresa.org. April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  51. ^ "Contact Us Archived 2010-05-01 at the Wayback Machine." Whirlpool Corporation. 5 (6/30). Retrieved on April 28, 2010.
  52. ^ "Benton charter township, Michigan Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 28, 2010.
  53. ^ Vandeventer, Gene (April 2008). "Chief 'Charlie Joe'" (PDF). Citizen Airman. 60 (2): 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2011.
  54. ^ "New bridge links BH, St. Joe" (fee required). The Herald-Palladium. December 3, 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  55. ^ "Go Ride Share: Twin Cities Dial A Ride". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012.
  56. ^ Matuszak, John (August 9, 2010). "150 and still growing". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  57. ^ Thomopoulos, Elaine Cotsirilos (2003). Images of America: St. Joseph and Benton Harbor. Arcadia Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 0-7385-3190-1.
  58. ^ "Maytag Ironman 70.3 Steelhead triathlon". ironmansteelhead.com. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  59. ^ a b c d e Royce, Julie Albrecht (2007). Traveling Michigan's Sunset Coast, p. 37. Dog Ear Publishing.
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Benton Harbor".
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