There have been a number of Arabic-based pidgins and creoles throughout history, including a number of new ones emerging today. These may be broadly divided into pidgins and creoles, which share a common ancestry, and incipient immigrant pidgins. Additionally, Maridi Arabic may have been an 11th-century pidgin.
Arabic creoles and pidgins
editThe Arabic creoles and pidgins are:
- Bimbashi Arabic, a colonial-era pidgin of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the ancestor of the other Sudanic pidgins and creoles.
- Turku Arabic, a pidgin of colonial Chad
- Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan
- Nubi language, spoken in Uganda and Kenya
- Bongor Arabic, which could be a descendant of Turku Arabic, spoken in and around the town of Bongor, Chad.[1]
- There may be other Turku-like Arabic pidgins in Chad today, but they have not been described.[1]
Immigrant pidgins in the Arabian Peninsula
editIn the modern era, pidgin Arabic is most notably used by the large number of migrants to Arab countries. Examples include:
- Gulf Pidgin Arabic, used by mostly immigrant laborers in the Arabian Peninsula (and not necessarily a single language variety).[2][3]
- Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic, used by Bengali immigrants in Jordan.[4]
- Pidgin Madam, used by Sinhalese domestic workers in Lebanon.[5][6]
- Romanian Pidgin Arabic, spoken by Romanian oil-field workers in Iraq from the 1970s to the 1990s.[7][8]
Due to the nature of pidgins, this list is likely incomplete. New pidgins may continue to develop and emerge due to language contact in the Arab world.
Para-Arabic
editPara-Arabic, also known as Pseudo-Arabic, is a descendant of the Arabic language that is no longer fully classified as Arabic. This is a mixed language that undergoes a process of code mixing or code switching where Arabic vocabulary and grammar or lexicon are mixed with other languages.
- Arabic-Javanese of Klego, the form of code mixing that has become the lingua franca in Klego, a village in the city of Pekalongan, Indonesia, is a mixture of Arabic vocabulary with the influence of extensive Javanese grammar and lexicon, used by Arabs and Javanese people there.[9][10]
- Condet dialect, a dialect of Betawi language with a more pronounced influence of Arabic vocabulary than other dialects, as well as a slight influence of Malay language.[11][12] Arabic-Malay script (Jawi) was also quite often used by the indigenous people of Condet in East Jakarta, especially during the Dutch colonial era.[13]
Nubi language can also be considered a Para-Arabic language because its vocabulary is not entirely derived from Arabic but has absorbed a lot of Bantu languages. But it is excluded, because its lexicon is 90% derived from Arabic.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Tosco & Manfredi (2013).
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Gulf Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Bakir, Murtadha (2010). "Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic". JBE Platform: 201–228. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Madam". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Fida Bizri, 2005. Le Pidgin Madam: Un nouveau pidgin arabe, La Linguistique 41, p. 54–66
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Avram, Andrei (2010-01-01). "An Outline of Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Journal of Language Contact. 3 (1): 20–38. doi:10.1163/000000010792317884. ISSN 1877-4091.
- ^ Azzuhri, Muhandis (2016). "Kontribusi Konvensi Bahasa Arab - Jawa Terhadap Harmonisasi Sosial". Edukasia: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Islam (in Indonesian). 11 (1). Kudus, Indonesia: Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus. doi:10.21043/edukasia.v11i1.807.
- ^ Kinasih, Dian (2013). "Interaksi Masyarakat Keturunan Arab Dengan Masyarakat Setempat di Pekalongan". International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture (in Indonesian). 5 (1). Kudus, Indonesia: MA NU Banat Kudus. doi:10.15294/komunitas.v5i1.2372.
- ^ Diar, Khairina (2015). "Hubungan Bahasa Melayu dengan Bahasa Betawi di Wilayah Condet". Program Studi Indonesia, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: University of Indonesia.
- ^ Husin; Andini, Rizka (2021). "Analisis Makna dan Tatanan Gramatikal Bahasa Arab Pada Masyarakat Condet". Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. ISSN 2828-5034.
- ^ Rifai, Ahmad (2016). "Tsanā'iyyah al-lughah fī mujtama' condet ('arab-betawi) dirāsah 'ilm al-lughah al-ijtimā'i". Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora (in Arabic). Jakarta, Indonesia: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
- ^ Ineke Wellens. The Nubi Language of Uganda: An Arabic Creole in Africa. BRILL, 2005 ISBN 90-04-14518-4
Sources
edit- Tosco, Mauro; Manfredi, Stefani (2013). "Pidgins and Creoles". In Owens, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199764136.
- Manfredi, Stefano and Mauro Tosco (eds.) 2014. Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles. Special Issue of the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 29:2