Wikipedia

Antakya

Not to be confused with Antalya.

Antakya (Turkish pronunciation: [ɑnˈtɑkjɑ]; Local Turkish: Anteke[2]), modern form of Antioch (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιόχεια, romanized: Antiókheia; Armenian: Անտիոք, romanized: Andiok; Latin: Antiochia), is a municipality and the capital district of Hatay Province, Turkey.[3] Its area is 703 km2.[4] Prior to the devastating 2023 earthquakes, its population was recorded at 399,045 (2022).[1] It is the capital of Hatay Province, the southernmost province of Turkey. The city is located in a well-watered and fertile valley on the Orontes River, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Levantine Sea.

Antakya
Metropolitan municipality
Clockwise from top: View overlooking Antakya, St. Paul Church, Habib-i Neccar Mosque, Church of Saint Peter, Antakya Ulu Mosque
Flag of Antakya
Flag
Official logo of Antakya
Emblem of Antakya Metropolitan Municipality
Map showing Antakya District in Hatay Province
Map showing Antakya District in Hatay Province
Antakya is located in Turkey
Antakya
Antakya
Coordinates: 36°12′09″N 36°09′38″E / 36.20250°N 36.16056°E / 36.20250; 36.16056
Government
Area
 • Total
703 km2 (271 sq mi)
Elevation
67 m (220 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
399,045
Area code0326
Websitewww.antakya.bel.tr

Today's city stands partly on the site of the ancient Antiochia (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιόχεια, Antiókheia, also known as "Antioch on the Orontes"), which was founded in the fourth century BC by the Seleucid Empire. Antioch later became one of the Roman Empire's largest cities, and was made the capital of the provinces of Syria and Coele-Syria. It was also an influential early center of Christianity;[5] the New Testament asserts that the name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch.[6] The city gained much ecclesiastical importance in the Byzantine Empire. Captured by Umar ibn al-Khattab in the seventh century, the medieval Antakiyah (Arabic: أنطاكية, ʾAnṭākiya) was conquered or re-conquered several times: by the Byzantines in 969, the Seljuks in 1084,[7] the Crusaders in 1098,[8] the Mamluks in 1268,[9] and eventually the Ottomans in 1517,[8] who would integrate it to the Aleppo Eyalet then to the Aleppo Vilayet. The city joined the Hatay State under the French Mandate before joining the Turkish Republic.

On 6 February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by two powerful earthquakes with their epicentre in Kahramanmaraş. Some of the historical sites, including the Church of St Paul, have been destroyed.[10] The earthquakes destroyed several neighbourhoods in the city and left thousands homeless. The death toll in Hatay Province, which includes Antakya, was estimated at over 20,000.[11]

History

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King Šuppiluliuma I in Hatay Archaeology Museum[citation needed]
 
An artifact from the middle and late Bronze Age, 2000-1200 BC in Hatay Archaeology Museum

Antiquity

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Main article: Antioch

Humans have occupied the area of Antioch since the Chalcolithic (6th millennium BCE), as revealed by archaeological excavations of Alalakh, among others.[citation needed]

The Macedonian King Alexander the Great, after defeating the Achaemenid Empire in the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, followed the Orontes south into Syria and occupied the area. The city of Antioch was founded in 300 BC, after the death of Alexander, by the Seleucid emperor Seleucus I Nicator.[citation needed] It played an important role as one of the largest cities in the Seleucid, Roman, and Byzantine empires. The city swapped hands between the Byzantines and the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century. It was the battleground for the 253 siege of Antioch when Shapur I defeated the Roman army and the later Battle of Antioch (613) where the Persians were successful at capturing the city for the last time. It was a key city during the early history of Christianity, in particular that of the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Maronite Church, as well as during the spread of Islam and the Crusades.

 
The Antioch chalice, first half of sixth century, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Biblical era

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From "The Acts of the Apostles", Chapter 11 Verse 26

“And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.”

Rashidun period

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Recapture of Antioch in 969

In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge. The city became known in Arabic as أنطاكية (ʾAnṭākiya). Since the Umayyad Caliphate was unable to penetrate the Anatolian plateau, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. After the demise of Umayyad rule, Antioch became part of the Abbasid empire (except for a brief rule of the Tulunids[12]), Ikhshidids and Hamdanids.

In 969, the city was reconquered for the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by Michael Bourtzes and the stratopedarches Peter. It soon became the seat of a dux, who commanded the forces of the local themes and was the most important officer on the Empire's eastern border,[citation needed] held by such men as Nikephoros Ouranos. In 1078, Philaretos Brachamios, an Armenian hero, seized power. He held the city until the Seljuk Turks captured it from him in 1084. The Sultanate of Rum held it only fourteen years before the Crusaders arrived.[13]

Crusader era

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Capture of Antioch by Louis Gallait
 
Roman sarcophagi in Hatay Archaeology Museum
Main article: Principality of Antioch

The Crusaders' Siege of Antioch between October 1097 and June 1098 during the First Crusade resulted in its fall. The Crusaders caused significant damage, including a massacre of its population, both Christian and Muslim.[14] Following the defeat of Seljuk forces arriving with the aim to break the siege only four days after its capture by the crusaders, Bohemond I became its overlord.[14] It remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries.

In 1268 it fell to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars after another siege. Baibars proceeded to massacre the Christian population.[15] In addition to suffering the ravages of war, the city lost its commercial importance because trade routes to East Asia moved north following the 13th-century Mongol conquests. Antioch never recovered as a major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta (İskenderun). An account of both cities as they were in 1675 appears in the diary of the English naval chaplain Henry Teonge.

Ottoman city

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Densely built Antakya in 1912: the traditional Muslim city shows no trace of its Hellenistic planning. To the east, orchards (green) fill the plain.

The city was initially the centre of the Sanjak of Antakya, part of the Damascus Eyalet. It was laterly centre of Sanjak of Antakya in Aleppo Eyalet. It was finally kaza centre in Sanjak of Aleppo, part of Aleppo Vilayet.

In 1822 (and again in 1872), Antakya was hit by an earthquake and damaged. When Egyptian general Ibrahim Pasha established his headquarters in the city in 1835, it had only some 5,000 inhabitants. Supporters hoped the city might develop thanks to the Euphrates Valley Railway, which was supposed to link it to the port of Sueida (now Samandağı), but this plan never came to fruition. This scheme is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem   Antioch. (1836) in which she reflects of the superiority of trade and commerce over war and conflict. The city suffered repeated outbreaks of cholera due to inadequate infrastructure for sanitation.[13] Later the city developed and rapidly resumed much of its old importance when a railway was built along the lower Orontes Valley.

French Mandate and Turkish annexation

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Antioch was part of the Sanjak of Alexandretta during the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, until it was made the Hatay State in 1938, after Turkish pressure.[16] An Arab nationalist newspaper in the city, run by Zaki al-Arsuzi, was shut down by the Turks.[citation needed] On May 30, 1938, an Arab was killed during a riot by a Turkish crowd.[17] On 7 July 1938, the Turkish army entered Antioch.[17] The annexation of the Hatay State by Turkey in 1939, creating the Hatay Province, caused an exodus of Christians and Alawites from Antioch east to the French Mandate.

The district Antakya was created in 2013 from part of the former central district of Hatay.[18][19]

Demographics

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Language

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A British traveller visiting Antakya in 1798 reported that generally, Turkish was spoken, while, by contrast, the prevalent language in Aleppo at the time was Arabic.[20] Most Alawites and Armenians spoke Turkish as a second language.[21]

Religion

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In 1935, Turkish and Arab Muslims made more than 80% of the population.

Census of 1935[21][22]
Religion Population (Percentage)
Sunni Muslims 19,720 (58%)[22]
Alawites 8,670 (25.5%)[22]
Christians 4,930 (14.5%)[22]
Others 680 (2%)
Total 34,000 (100%)[22]

Antakya was home to one of the most ancient Jewish communities for over 2,200 years.[23]

Recent history

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The marketplace in central Antakya

Mount Habib-i Neccar and the city walls which climb the hillsides symbolise Antakya, making the city a formidable fortress built on a series of hills running north-east to south-west. Antakya was originally centred on the east bank of the river. Since the 19th century, the city has expanded with new neighbourhoods built on the plains across the river to the south-west, and four bridges connect the old and new cities. Many of the buildings of the last two decades are styled as concrete blocks, and Antakya has lost much of its classic beauty.[citation needed] The narrow streets of the old city can become clogged with traffic.

Antakya is a provincial capital of considerable importance as the centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land have caused the region's economy to grow in wealth and productivity. The town is a lively shopping and business centre with many restaurants, cinemas and other amenities. This district is centred on a large park opposite the governor's building and the central avenue Kurtuluş Caddesı. The tea gardens, cafes and restaurants in the neighbourhood of Harbiye are popular destinations, particularly for the variety of meze in the restaurants. The Orontes River can be malodorous when water is low in summer. Rather than formal nightlife, in the summer heat, people will stay outside until late at the night to walk with their families and friends, and munch on snacks.

 
Courtyard of the Church of Apostles Peter and Paul in Antakya

Its location near the Syrian border makes Antakya more cosmopolitan than many cities in Turkey. It did not attract the mass immigration of people from eastern Anatolia in the 1980s and 1990s that radically swelled the populations of Mediterranean cities such as Adana and Mersin. Both Turkish and Arabic are still widely spoken in Antakya, although written Arabic is rarely used. A mixed community of faiths and denominations co-exist peacefully here. While almost all the inhabitants are Muslim, a substantial proportion adhere to the Alevi and Alawite traditions, in 'Harbiye' there is a place to honour the saint Hızır. Numerous tombs of saints, of both Sunni and Alawite, are located throughout the city. Several small Christian communities are active in the city, with the largest church being St. Peter and St. Paul on Hürriyet Avenue.[24] With its long history of spiritual and religious movements, Antakya is a place of pilgrimage for Christians. The Jewish community of Antakya had shrunk to 14 members in 2014.[25][26] In 2023, the last Jew in the city announced that he was leaving the city after a devastating earthquake.[27]

It has a reputation in Turkey as a place for spells, fortune telling, miracles and spirits.[citation needed]

Local crafts include a soap scented with the oil of bay tree.

 
The Museum Hotel Antakya opened in 2020. A 9,000 square-foot Roman mosaic is displayed inside the hotel

2023 earthquakes

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Main article: 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
 
Satellite image of Antakya before and after the earthquake

On 6 February 2023, Antakya suffered heavy damage as a result of a major earthquake.[28] Many parts of the city were totally destroyed.[29] As of 7 February, the BBC reported that at least 1,200 buildings in the city center and the districts of Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed. Officials said "almost all" houses in the Cebrail District had collapsed.[30] Many historical sites, including churches and mosques, were destroyed,[31] St. Paul's Church being one of them.[32] The historic Antakya Synagogue and Hatay State Assembly Building were also destroyed.[33][34]

In the aftermath, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan promised to an immediate reconstruction of the affected areas. During a visit to the city in September 2023, The New York Times reported that heavily buildings were still being demolished and no large-scale reconstruction works were observed. Many damaged buildings remained standing but abandoned while survivors continue to live in tents. Hatay's mayor, Lutfu Savas, said only half of the estimated 38,000 buildings registered to be dismantled had been fulfilled. In Gülderen, there were ongoing works to build 2,300 apartment units in 122 blocks.[29]

Geography

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Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River (Turkish: Asi Nehri), approximately 22 km (14 mi) inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Nur Mountains (ancient Amanos) to the northwest and Mount Keldağ (Jebel Akra) to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib-i Neccar (the ancient Mount Silpius) forming its eastern limits. The mountains are a source of a green marble. Antakya is at the northern edge of the Dead Sea Rift and vulnerable to earthquakes.

The plain of Amik to the north-east of the city is fertile soil watered by the Orontes, the Karasu and the Afrin rivers; the lake in the plain was drained in 1980 by a French company. At the same time channels were built to widen the Orontes and let it pass neatly through the city centre. The Orontes is joined in Antakya by the Hacı Kürüş stream to the north-east of the city near the church of St Peter, and the Hamşen which runs down from Habib-i Neccar to the south-west, under Memekli Bridge near the army barracks. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle.

Composition

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There are 95 neighbourhoods in Antakya District:[35]

  • Açıkdere
  • Akasya
  • Akçaova
  • Akcurun
  • Akevler
  • Akhisar
  • Aksaray
  • Alaattin
  • Alahan
  • Alazı
  • Altınçay
  • Anayazı
  • Apaydın
  • Arpahan
  • Aşağıoba
  • Avsuyu
  • Aydınlıkevler
  • Bağrıyanık
  • Barbaros
  • Biniciler
  • Bitiren
  • Boşin
  • Bozhüyük
  • Büyükdalyan
  • Cebrail
  • Cumhuriyet
  • Demirköprü
  • Derince
  • Dikmece
  • Doğanköy
  • Dutdibi
  • Ekinci
  • Emek
  • Esenlik
  • Esentepe
  • Fevziçakmak
  • Gazi
  • Gazipaşa
  • General Şükrü Kanatlı
  • Gökçegöz
  • Gülderen
  • Güllübahçe
  • Günyazı
  • Güzelburç
  • Habib-i Neccar
  • Hacı Ömer Alpagot
  • Haraparası
  • Hasanlı
  • Havuzlar
  • İplik Pazarı
  • Kantara
  • Karaali
  • Karaalibölüğü
  • Kardeşler
  • Karlısu
  • Kisecik
  • Kışla Saray
  • Kocaabdi
  • Küçükdalyan
  • Kuruyer
  • Kuyulu
  • Kuzeytepe
  • Madenboyu
  • Mansurlu
  • Maraşboğazı
  • Maşuklu
  • Melekli
  • Meydan
  • Narlıca
  • Odabaşı
  • Oğlakören
  • Orhanlı
  • Ovakent
  • Paşaköy
  • Saçaklı
  • Saraycık
  • Saraykent
  • Şehitler
  • Serinyol
  • Şeyhali
  • Şirince
  • Sofular
  • Suvatlı
  • Tahtaköprü
  • Tanışma
  • Üçgedik
  • Ulucami
  • Ürgenpaşa
  • Üzümdalı
  • Uzunaliç
  • Yaylacık
  • Yenicami
  • Yeşilova
  • Zenginler
  • Zülüflühan

Climate

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Antakya's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean (Köppen: Csa) or dry-summer humid subtropical (Trewartha: Cf or wet Cs). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters; though its higher altitude allows for lower temperatures than the coast.

Highest recorded temperature:45.2 °C (113.4 °F) on 13 August 2023
Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 14 January 1950

Climate data for Antakya (1991–2020, extremes 1940–2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.5
(68.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		37.5
(99.5) 		42.5
(108.5) 		43.2
(109.8) 		44.6
(112.3) 		45.2
(113.4) 		43.5
(110.3) 		39.2
(102.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		25.1
(77.2) 		45.2
(113.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.5
(54.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		31.6
(88.9) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.4
(88.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		23.7
(74.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.5
(70.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		18.6
(65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		21.7
(71.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		14.5
(58.1)
Record low °C (°F) −11.8
(10.8) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−11.8
(10.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 198.4
(7.81) 		165.2
(6.50) 		142.9
(5.63) 		101.9
(4.01) 		80.9
(3.19) 		30.9
(1.22) 		16.0
(0.63) 		17.5
(0.69) 		41.6
(1.64) 		76.6
(3.02) 		99.6
(3.92) 		182.0
(7.17) 		1,154.2
(45.44)
Average precipitation days 15.11 13.21 13.17 8.98 5.54 2.15 0.6 0.64 3.35 7.2 8.93 13.5 92.4
Average relative humidity (%) 74.0 69.9 67.4 67.1 66.7 67.3 69.7 69.9 66.0 64.0 66.5 74.8 68.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 105.4 130.0 186.0 219.0 282.1 321.0 344.1 319.3 276.0 217.0 150.0 102.3 2,652.2
Mean daily sunshine hours 3.4 4.6 6.0 7.3 9.1 10.7 11.1 10.3 9.2 7.0 5.0 3.3 7.3
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[36]
Source 2: NOAA (humidity)[37]

Education

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Mustafa Kemal University, abbreviated as MKU, has several faculties including Engineering and Medicine, while having a campus called Tayfur Sökmen located in Serinyol district 15 km (9.3 mi), north of Antakya (centrum). Established in 1992, currently more than 32,000 students enrolled at the university.[38]

Besides the campus in Serinyol, MKU has its faculties spread out in all main districts of the province including Altınözü, Antakya, Belen, Dörtyol, Erzin, Hassa, İskenderun, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı, Samandağ and Yayladağı.

Main sights

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St. Paul Orthodox Church.
 
Museum Hotel Antakya.

The long and varied history has created many architectural sites of interest. There is much for visitors to see in Antakya, although many buildings have been lost in the rapid growth and redevelopment of the city in recent decades.

  • Hatay Archaeology Museum has the second largest collection of Roman mosaics in the world.
  • The rock-carved Church of St Peter, with its network of refuges and tunnels carved out of the rock, a site of Christian pilgrimage. There are also tombs cut into the rock face at various places along the Orontes valley.
  • Old market district: It offers plenty of traditional shops, where you can explore what you have not seen before. It is exactly in the city centre, you are in when you see the sign Uzun Çarşı Caddesi.
  • The seedy Gündüz cinema in the city centre was once used as parliament building of the Republic of Hatay.
  • The waterfalls at the Harbiye / Daphne promenade.
  • The Ottoman Habib'i Neccar Mosque, the oldest mosque in Antakya and one of the oldest in Anatolia.
  • The labyrinth of narrow streets and old Antakya houses. This district is the oldtown in fact.
  • Vespasianus Titus Tunnel-Samandagı. It is approximately 35 km. far from the centre.
  • Beşikli Cave and Graves (the antique city of Seleukeia Pierria)
  • St. Simon Monastery
  • Bagras (Bakras) Castle, which was built in antiquity and restored many times in later centuries (particularly during the Crusades, when it was a stronghold of the Knights Templar), served as a watchtower on the 27 km (17 mi) mountain road from İskenderun (Alexandretta) to Antakya (Antioch).
  • The panoramic view of the city from the heights of Mount Habib-i Neccar
  • St. Paul Orthodox Church

With its rich architectural heritage, Antakya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.[39] The Roman bridge (thought to date from the era of Diocletian) was destroyed in 1972 during the widening and channelling of the Orontes.[citation needed]

 
A panoramic view of Antakya from the Church of Saint Peter

Transport

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The city is served from Hatay Airport.

Sports

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Antakya has one male professional football club, Hatayspor, who play in the Süper Lig. There is also a female professional team called Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyespor, a woman's basketball team, is also present, and plays in the Turkish Women's Basketball League.

Cuisine

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The cuisine of Antakya is renowned. Its cuisine is considered Levantine rather than Turkish. The cuisine offers plenty of meals, where beef and lamb are mainly used. Popular dishes include the typical Turkish kebab, served with spices and onions in flat unleavened bread, with yoghurt as ali nazik kebab, oruk, kaytaz böreği and katıklı ekmek. Hot, spicy food is a feature of this part of Turkey, along with Turkish coffee and local specialties. Here are some savoury foods:

  • İçli köfte and other oruk varieties: varieties of the Arabic kibbeh, deep-fried balls of bulgur wheat stuffed with minced meat; or baked in ovens in cylinder-cone shape. Saç oruğu is made of the same ingredients, however in circular shape.
  • Kaytaz böreği: It is patty that is made of wheat, beef, tomato and onion.
  • Katıklı ekmek: Ingredients in Katıklı Ekmek usually consist of wheat, traditional pepper (paste), spices such as sesame and theme, çökelek or cheese. It looks like an ancestor of pizza. Not a lot of restaurants serve it, however it can be found in old-market that is located in the centre and Harbiye.
  • Pomegranate syrup, used as a salad dressing, called debes ramman, a traditional Levantine Arabic dressing.
  • Semirsek, a thin bread with hot pepper, minced meat or spinach filling
  • Spicy chicken, a specialty of Harbiye
  • Za'atar (Zahter) a traditional Levantine Arabic paste of spiced thyme, oregano, and sesame seeds, mixed with olive oil, spread on flat (called pide or in English pita) bread.
  • Fresh chick peas, munched as a snack.
  • Hirise, boiled and pounded wheat meal.
  • Aşur, meat mixed with crushed wheat, chickpea, cumin, onion, pepper and walnut
Meze
  • Hummus - the chick-pea dip
  • pureed fava beans
  • Patlıcan salatası: Patlıcan salatası or babaganoush, made of baked and sliced aubergines that mixed with pepper and tomato. It is usually served with pomegranate syrup.
  • Taratur: Known also as Tarator, made of walnuts, 'tahin', yoghurt and garlic.
  • Süzme yoğurt: A type of yoghurt that its water content is removed with traditional methods.
  • Ezme biber: It is made of pepper and walnuts.
  • Surke - dried curds served in spicy olive oil
  • Çökelek - the spicy sun-dried cheese
  • Eels from the Orontes, spiced and fried in olive oil
Sweets/desserts
  • Künefe - a hot cheese, kadaif-based sweet. Antakya is Turkey's künefe capital; the pastry shops in the centre compete to claim being kings Turkish: kral of the pastry.[citation needed]
  • Müşebbek - rings of deep fried pastry.
  • Peynirli irmik helvası - Peynirli İrmik Helvası is a dessert that is made of semolina, sugar and traditional cheese that is the same as used in künefe. It is served warm, especially in restaurants in the region Harbiye, rather than künefe shops that are located in the centre.

Twin towns

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Antakya is twinned with:

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  2. ^ Nakib, Bülent (2004). Antakya ağzı: dilbilgisi ve sözlük (in Turkish). Hatay Folklor Araştırmaları Derneği. p. 43. Anteke : Antakya adının Antakya ağzında söyleniş biçimi
  3. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  4. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  5. ^ "The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church." — "Antioch," Encyclopaedia Biblica, Vol. I, p. 186 (p. 125 of 612 in online .pdf file. Warning: Takes several minutes to download).
  6. ^ "Acts 11:26 - The Church at Antioch". Bible Hub.
  7. ^ Gregg, Heather Selma (January 2014). The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad. ISBN 9781612346618.
  8. ^ a b Roberson, Ronald (1995). The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey. ISBN 9788872103104.
  9. ^ Cecilia Gaposchkin, M. (17 January 2017). Invisible Weapons: Liturgy and the Making of Crusade Ideology. ISBN 9781501707971.
  10. ^ Borges, Anelise (2023-02-10). "'Antakya is finished': Thousands left homeless in ruined city". euronews. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
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