The brief Alexandrian Crusade, also called the sack of Alexandria,[2] occurred in October 1365 and was led by Peter I of Cyprus against Alexandria in Egypt. The Crusade was sanctioned by Pope Urban V at the request of Peter I.[3] Although often referred to as and counted among the Crusades, it was relatively devoid of religious impetus and differs from the more prominent Crusades in that it seems to have been motivated largely by economic interests.[4]
| Alexandrian Crusade | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Crusades | |||||||
 Miniature of the sack of Alexandria (1365), Reims, from manuscript of music by Guillaume de Machaut | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Mamluk Sultanate | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Peter I of Cyprus Florimont de Lesparre Humphrey de Bohun Robert Hales Ferlino d 'Airasca Stephen Scrope Norman Leslie Walter Leslie |
| ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 165 ships | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | |||||||
History
editPeter I spent three years, from 1362 to 1365, amassing an army and seeking financial support for a Crusade from the wealthiest courts of the day. In 1365, he received a Papal Bull sanctioning his campaign as a crusade from Pope Urban V.[5] When he learned of a planned Egyptian attack against his Kingdom of Cyprus, he employed the same strategy of preemptive war that had been so successful against the Turks and redirected his military ambitions against Egypt. From Venice, he arranged for his naval fleet and ground forces to assemble at the Crusader stronghold of Rhodes, where they were joined by the Knights of the Order of St. John.
In October 1365, Peter I set sail from Rhodes, himself commanding a sizable expeditionary force and a fleet of 165 ships, despite Venice's greater economic and political clout. Landfall was made in Alexandria around 9 October, and over the next three days, Peter's army pillaged the city killing thousands and taking 5000 people to be enslaved.[1] Mosques, temples, churches and possibly the library[dubious – discuss] also bore the brunt of the raid.[6][7]
Facing an untenable position, Peter's army permanently withdrew on 12 October.[4] Peter had wanted to stay and hold the city and use it as a beachhead for more crusades into Egypt, but the majority of his barons refused, wishing only to leave with their loot. Peter himself was one of the last to leave the city, only getting onto his ship when Mamluk soldiers entered the city. Monarchs and barons in Europe, struck by the abandonment of the city, referred to Peter as the only good and brave Christian to have crusaded in Alexandria.[8]
The attack is mentioned in line 51 of the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, noting that the Knight participated.
Aftermath
editThe Mamluks prepared a large fleet in order to respond to the crusade, but in the end they only launched a small raid in 1368.[9]
Interpretations
editJo van Steenbergen, citing Peter Edbury, argues that the crusade was primarily an economic quest. Peter wanted to end the primacy of Alexandria as a port in the Eastern Mediterranean in the hope that Famagusta would then benefit from the redirected trade.[4] Religious concerns, then, were secondary.
Van Steenbergen's description of contemporary Muslim accounts, such as those of al-Nuwayrī al-Iskandarānī and Alī al-Maqrīzī, indicates that the crusading force succeeded partially thanks to superior diversionary tactics. The Alexandrian defensive force occupied itself fighting in the area around the western harbor, while the "real" force, including cavalry, made landfall elsewhere in the city, apparently hiding in a graveyard, undetected by the defenders. The crusading force was thus able to attack from both the front and the rear, panicking the Alexandrians, who did not recover from this setback.[4]
Notes and references
edit- ^ a b c Sack of Alexandria (1365), Alexander Mikaberidze, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 72.
- ^ A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, ed. Kenneth M. Setton, Harry W. Hazard, (The University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), xiii, 5, 316, 664
- ^ Geanakoplos, Deno (1975). "Byzantium and the crusades". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (in Hungarian). The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 69–103.
- ^ a b c d "Van Steenbergen, Jo (2003) "The Alexandrian Crusade (1365) and the Mamluk Sources: Reassessment of the kitab al-ilmam of an-Nuwayri al-Iskandarani" (PDF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
- ^ Geanakoplos, Deno (1975). "Byzantium and the crusades". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (in Hungarian). The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 69–103.
- ^ Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Vol. III, (Cambridge University Press, 1951), 446.
- ^ Richard W. Barber, The Reign of Chivalry, (Boydell Press, 2005), 121.
- ^ Thomas F. Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades, (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013), 179
- ^ Clément Onimus, "Peter I of Lusignan's Crusade and the Reaction of the Mamluk Sultanate", in Alexander D. Beihammer and Angel Nicolaou-Konnari, eds., Crusading, Society, and Politics in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of King Peter I of Cyprus (Brepols, 2022), pp. 251–271.