Zephaniah Swift Spalding (September 2, 1837– June 19, 1927) was a veteran of the American Civil War, who was first sent to Hawaii on a clandestine mission for US Secretary of State William H. Seward. He later moved to Hawaii and made a fortune in the sugar plantation business.
Zephaniah Swift Spalding | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | September 2, 1837 Warren, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | June 19, 1927 (aged 89) Pasadena, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Spouse |
Wilhelmina Harris Makee
(m. 1871) |
| Children | 5 |
Early years
editCommonly known as Col. Spalding, or as Z. S., Zephaniah Swift Spalding was born in Warren, Ohio, on September 2, 1837, the fifth of seven children of Lucretia A. Swift Spalding and Rufus Paine Spalding. As a young lawyer, Rufus had apprenticed under Lucretia's father Zephaniah Swift.[1] Two years after son Zephaniah's birth, Rufus entered politics, as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, and later as a member of the US House of Representatives.[2]
In the American Civil War, Z. S. was a Union Army lieutenant colonel in the 27th Ohio Infantry.[3]
Hawaii
editDuring the reign of Kamehameha V, debates heated up in both Honolulu and Washington D. C. over a proposed sugar tariff reciprocity treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii, versus outright American annexation of the island nation. Secretary of State William H. Seward enlisted Spalding in an 1867 clandestine mission to Hawaii as a go-between observer accompanying United States Ambassador to Hawaii Edward M. McCook. Spalding would later testify that Seward's verbal directives were to gather intelligence on the kingdom's perspectives of Hawaii's ties to America, but was unwilling to put his directives in writing. His father Congressman Spalding received his son's missives, and forwarded them to Seward. Following the defeat of a proposed reciprocity treaty in the United States Congress, Spalding was named the United States Consul to Hawaii for twelve months during 1868–1869.[4]
Spalding eventually relocated to San Francisco, California. With the passage of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, he returned to Hawaii as an agent for the "Sugar Refineries of the city of San Francisco" bidding for the total year's crop. The planters rejected the proposition, and Spalding re-approached them as an independent buyer.[5] He along with John Smith Walker and William G. Irwin organized William G. Irwin & Co.[6]
He began investing in the sugar industry, as owner of the Kealia Plantation on Kauai.[7] He married Wilhelmina Makee, daughter of James Makee, owner of the Makee Sugar Company at Kapaa. Upon Makee's 1879 death, Spalding inherited all of his father-in-law's business investments.[8] As the 1883 renewal, or termination, of the reciprocity treaty neared, the previously independent planters saw it in their best interests to organize. Spalding was one of the founders of the Planters Labor and Supply Company when it was chartered in March 1882. In October, he was elected president.[9] The Makee Company was sold in 1916 for an undisclosed sum, but speculators at the time believed the sale price was in the area of $2,000,000 (equivalent to $56,000,000 in 2023).[10]
Several individuals over the decades put forth proposals to lay a telegraph cable from San Francisco to each of the Hawaiian islands. The Republic of Hawaii contracted with Spalding in 1895, allotting a modest annual subsidy for the project, with a stipulation of a November 1, 1898 completion deadline. Additional funding was needed from the US government, but Congress failed to act on Spalding's request, and the terms of the contract could not be met.[11] It was not until 1900 that the US Senate allocated money for a cable, which was laid by the Commercial Pacific Company in 1902.[12]
Spalding was appointed to represent Hawaii at the 1890 Universal Exposition (World's Fair) in Paris.[13]
Personal life
editOn July 18, 1871, he married Wilhelmina Harris Makee (1847–1908).[14] They had five children: Rufus Paine Spalding (1875–1946), Catherine Lucretia “Kitty” Spalding Clearwater (1875–1965), Julia Makee Spalding Senni (1876–1949), Alice Makee Spalding Bonzi (1879–1949) and James Makee Spalding (1880–1954). The children were educated in Europe.[15]
The family maintained homes in both Hawaii and California. Spalding's 50th birthday celebration on Kauai in 1887, drew an estimated attendance of 1,000 to 1,400 guests. Mrs. Spalding was primarily based in California, and had been in ill health for years, prior to her 1908 death.[16] Z. S. died June 19, 1927, at his home in Pasadena, California.[17]
References
edit- ^ "Colonel Zephaniah Swift Spalding". Images of Old Hawaiʻi. February 3, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ "Rufus Paine Spalding (1798–1886)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ US Government 1895, p. 234
- ^ Kuykendall 1953, pp. 37, 209–224; US Government 1895, pp. 233–234
- ^ "Circular". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. January 30, 1875. p. Image 5. Retrieved January 17, 2020.; "editorial". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. May 1, 1875. p. Image 2, col. 3. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ "William G. Irwin". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star Bulletin, Ltd. 1925. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ US Government 1895, pp. 233–234
- ^ Scharnhorst 2007, p. 70; Dole 1929, pp. 10–15
- ^ Kuykendall 1967, p. 75; "Charter Granted to "The Planters Labor and Supply Company". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. March 25, 1882. p. 9, cols 1–2. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ "Lihue Plantation Closing Deal for Makee". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. August 22, 1916. p. Image 1, col. 1. Retrieved January 17, 2020.;"Big Plantation Deal Reaches Final Stages". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. August 22, 1916. p. Image 2, col. 1. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ Lydecker 1918, p. 245; "Colonel Spalding Four Million Dollar Cable to Honolulu". The San Francisco Call. August 24, 1895. p. 7. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
; Republic of Hawaii 1894–1898, pp. 101–102
- ^ "The House and the Pacific Telegraph". History, Art & Archives. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ "Z. S. Spalding appointed Hawaiian Commissioner to the Universal Exposition at Paris". www.newspapers.com. Retrieved January 17, 2020.; "Letters from Col. Spalding". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. January 5, 1892. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (April 18, 1949). "Little Tales About Hawaii: Colonel Spalding Courts a Makee Girl". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Clarice B. (April 20, 1949). "Little Tales All About Hawaii: More About the Spalding Family". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ "Mrs. Z. S. Spalding Dies". The San Francisco Call. January 20, 1908. Retrieved January 17, 2020. ; "Jubilee Birthday of Colonel Spalding". The Hawaiian Gazette. September 6, 1887. p. 5, col. 3. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
- ^ "Col. Spalding, Cable Sponsor, Dies". June 21, 1927. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
Bibliography
edit- Dole, Charles S. (1929). "Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society number 16: The Hui Kawaihau". hdl:10524/978.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821.
- Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815.
- Lydecker, Robert C. (1918). Roster legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918.: Constitutions of monarchy and republic, speeches of sovereign and President. Hawaiian Gazette Co. – via HathiTrust.
- Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898). "Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii and laws passed by the Executive and Advisory Councils of the Republic". Vols. For 1895-1898 Have Title:laws of the Republic of Hawaii. Laws, etc. (Session laws : 1894-1898). Hawaiian Gazette Company: 4 v.
- Scharnhorst, Gary (2007). ""I Wish to Know More About the Islands": Kate Field in Hawaii, 1895–1896". Hawaiian Journal of History. 41. hdl:10524/12228.
- US Government (1895). United States Congressional serial set. Sworn Statement of Zephaniah Swift Spalding: United States Government. pp. 233–261.