This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2018) |
The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages.
| Voiceless palatal lateral fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 𝼆 | |||
| ʎ̥˔ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | 𝼆 | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+1DF06 | ||
| |||
| Voiceless palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̥ | |
| IPA number | 157 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | L_0 |
This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].
The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021.
If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are K_-_j or K_-' and L_0_+_r, respectively. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ̊˔⟩ (devoiced and raised ⟨ȴ⟩, which is an ordinary "l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) can be used.
Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bura | [example needed] | Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/. | |||
| Dahalo | [𝼆aːbu] | 'leaf' | Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ɬʷ] | ||
| Faroese[1] | kjálki | [ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ] | 'jaw' | Allophone of /l/.[1] See Faroese phonology | |
| Inupiaq[2] | sikł̣aq | [sik𝼆̟ɑq] | 'pickaxe' | Alveolo-palatal;[2] also described as an approximant.[3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| nuiŋił̣ł̣uni | [nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni] | 'because it did not appear' | |||
| Kumeyaay[4] | kałyəxwiiw | [kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw] | 'skunk' | Rare in word-initial position.[4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| Norwegian | Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk[5] | alt | [ɑʎ̥c] | 'everything, all' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.[5] See Norwegian phonology |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[5] | tatle | [tɑʎ̥] | 'acting silly' | According to some scholars,[6][7] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)[5] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Turkish[8] | dil | [ˈd̟iʎ̟̊] | 'tongue' | Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[8] See Turkish phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[9] | [ʎ̥˖o˦] | 'spirit' | Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.[9][10] | |
| Upper[10] | [ʎ̥˖ɛ˦] | 'flavorless' | |||
Notes
edit- ^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ^ a b MacLean (1980), p. XX.
- ^ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
- ^ a b Langdon (1966), p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
- ^ Such as Vanvik (1979)
- ^ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
References
edit- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Langdon, Margaret (1966). A Grammar of Diegueño: The Mesa Grande Dialect (PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California.
- MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. xvii-xx, retrieved 20 December 2017
- Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, pp. 21–29, retrieved 20 December 2017
- Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7