The voiceless nasal glottal approximant is a type of consonantal sound, a nasal approximant, used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h̃⟩, that is, an h with a tilde.
| Voiceless nasal glottal approximant | |
|---|---|
| h̃ |
Occurrence
editThe h sound is nasalized in several languages, apparently due to a connection between glottal and nasal sounds called rhinoglottophilia. Examples of languages where the only h-like sound is nasalized are Krim, Lisu, and Pirahã.
More rarely, a language will contrast oral /h/ and nasal /h̃/. Two such languages are neighboring Bantu languages of Angola and Namibia, Kwangali and Mbukushu. In these languages, vowels following /h̃/ are nasalized, though nasal vowels do not occur elsewhere. A distinction is also reported from Wolaytta, though in that case the nasal is rare.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | Souletin dialect[1] | ahate | [ãˈh̃ãte] | 'duck' | |
| Carapana[2] | hʉ̃gẽ́ | [h̃ĩŋɛ̃́] | 'god' | Allophone of [h] before nasal vowels. | |
| Kaingang[3] | hũg | [h̃ũŋ] | 'hawk' | Possible word-initial realization of /h/ before a nasal vowel.[3] | |
| Kwangali[4] | nhonho | [h̃õh̃õ] | Tribulus species | ||
| Khoekhoegowab | Damara dialect | hû | [h̃ũː] | 'six' | Free variation[clarification needed] |
| Lisu | Northern dialect[5] | han | [h̃a˧] | 'soul' | |
| Southern dialect[6] | ꓦꓻ | [h̃ɑ˦] | |||
| Tofa[7] | [example needed] | [iʔh̃jon] | 'twenty' | ||
Notes
edit- ^ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003), p. 25.
- ^ Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana". Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 121–132.
- ^ a b Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 681.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 132–3.
- ^ Bradley (1994), p. 79.
- ^ Bradley (2006), p. 271.
- ^ "Karagas". mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
References
edit- Bradley, David (1994). A Dictionary of the Northern Dialect of Lisu (China and Southeast Asia). Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-858834-23-1.
- Bradley, David (2006). Southern Lisu Dictionary. STEDT. ISBN 978-0-944613-43-6.
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingang falado em cacique doble", Anais do SETA (3): 675–685
External links
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