Vanniar or Vanniyar (Tamil: பண்டாரத்தார், romanized: Vavuniyar, Sinhala: වන්නියා, romanized: pandara) was a title borne by chiefs in medieval Sri Lanka who ruled in the Chiefdom of Vavuni regions as tribute payers to the Jaffna vassal state. There are a number of origin theories for the feudal chiefs, coming from an indigenous formation. The most famous of the Vavni chieftains was Pandara Vannian, known for his resistance against the British colonial power.[1]
Etymology
editThe word Vanni may have been a derivation of the Tamil word Vanam, meaning "forest", with Vanniar meaning "person from the forest".[2]
History
editMedieval Tamil chronicles such as the 18th-century Yalpana Vaipava Malai and stone inscriptions like Konesar Kalvettu recount that the Chola royal Kankan, a descendant of the legendary King Manu Needhi Cholan of Thiruvarur, Chola Nadu, restored the Koneswaram temple at Trincomalee and the Kantalai tank after finding them in ruins. He visited the Munneswaram temple on the west coast, before settling ancient Vanniars in the east of the island. According to the chronicles, he extensively renovated and expanded the shrine, lavishing much wealth on it; he was crowned with the epithet Kulakottan meaning Builder of tank and temple.[3][4]
Further to the reconstruction, Kulakottan paid attention to agricultural cultivation and economic development in the area, inviting the Vanniar chief Tanniuna Popalen and families to a new founded town in the area Thampalakamam to maintain the Kantalai tank and the temple itself.[5] The effects of this saw the Vanni region flourish. The Vanniars were brought here by this chief to make them cultivate in this region.[6][7]
Following the re-rise of the Tamil kingdom in the medieval period and demise of the Rajarata kingdom period after the twelfth century AD, many petty chiefs took power in the buffer lands between the northern-based Jaffna Vassal State and other kingdoms based on the southwest of the island – namely Kotte Kingdom and the Kandyan Kingdom. These petty chiefs paid tribute to the Jaffna Vassal State. Sometimes they were independent of any central control or subdued by the southern kingdoms during the European colonial era for strategical purposes. The ruling class was composed of multi-caste origins.
The Vannimai ruling class arose from a multi-ethnic and multi-caste background[8][9][10][11] Some scholars conclude the Vanniyar title as a rank of a local chieftain which was introduced by the Velaikkarar mercenaries of the Chola dynasty.[12] There were also number of Vannia chiefs of Sinhalese ancestry.[13] Many kings and chiefs with titles such as Vannia had ruled in northern areas of modern Sri Lanka termed as Vanni Nadu or Vannimai during the Jaffna Vassal State era.[14]
As a title, it is no longer registered amongst northern Sri Lankan Tamils but in the 1900s it was present singly in the North and North Central provinces.[15]
The word Vanniyan means warrior and Vanniya Nayan means the leader of warriors in the inscriptions.[16] Vanniapattru - A land or town given to a soldier serving in the army. (Vanniyar - Soldier). Tamil castes with the title of Vanniyan.[17]
- Kuravar Title - Kudaikatti Vanniyan
- Irular Title - Tēn Vanniyan
- Palli Title – Vanniyan
- Maravar Title – Vanniyan, Vanni Kutty, Vanniyaadi
- Kallar Title - Vanniyar, Vannikondar, Vanniamundar, Vanniyanar, Nallavanniyar[18]
- Valiyaar Title – Vanniyar
- Agamudayar Title - Vanniya Mudaliar, Vanniya Pillai
- Kongu Vellalar Title - Vanniya Gounder
- Udayar Title- Vanniyar
- Paravar Title - Vanniyar
As a title, it is no longer recorded among North Sri Lankan Tamils, but in the 1900s it was isolated in the North and North Central Provinces.
Notes
edit- ^ Somasundaram, Daya (2010). "Collective trauma in the Vanni- a qualitative inquiry into the mental health of the internally displaced due to the civil war in Sri Lanka". Int J Ment Health Syst. 4: 22. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-4-22. PMC 2923106. PMID 20667090.
- ^ Karthigesu, Indrapala. Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics. pp. 7–9.
- ^ Schalk, Peter; Veluppillai, A.; Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲ (2002-01-01). Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period. Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 9789155453572.
- ^ South India and Ceylon, by K.K. Pillay. University of Madras. 1963-01-01.
- ^ Pridham, Charles (2016-05-19). An Historical, Political, and Statistical Account of Ceylon and Its Dependencies, Volume 2. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781357465452.
- ^ Sivaratnam, C. (1968-01-01). The Tamils in Early Ceylon. Author.
- ^ The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram: An Ancient Hindu Sthalam of Hoary Antiquity in Sri Lanka : Being an Account, of how Thiruketheeswaram Became a Sacred Sthalam, of the Many Temples that Were Erected Here Through the Ages, and of the Several Celebrated Devotees who Received His Grace. S. Arumugam. 1980-01-01.
- ^ McGilvray, Mukkuvar Vannimai: Tamil Caste and Matriclan Ideology in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, p.34-97
- ^ Karthigesu, Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics, p.7-9
- ^ McGilvray, Dennis B. (2008-05-07). Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka. Duke University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0822341611.
- ^ Arasaratnam, Sinnappah (1996-01-01). Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka. n Variorum. p. 422. ISBN 9780860785798.
- ^ Guṇavardhana, Raṇavīra; Rōhaṇadīra, Măndis (2000). History and Archaeology of Sri Lanka. Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural and Religious Affairs. p. 210. ISBN 9789556131086.
- ^ Silva, K. M. De (1995). The "traditional Homelands" of the Tamils: Separatist Ideology in Sri Lanka : a Historical Appraisal. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. p. 40. ISBN 9789555800044.
- ^ Peebles, History of Sri Lanka, p.31-32
- ^ Karthigesu, Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics, pp. 7–9
- ^ Castes and tribes of southern India. p. 7.
- ^ A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. p. 482.
- ^ Martial races of undivided India. p. 272.
References
edit- McGilvray, Dennis (1982). Mukkuvar Vannimai: Tamil Caste and Matriclan Ideology in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, (Caste Ideology and Interaction). Cambridge University Press.
- Kartithigesu, Sivathamby (1995). Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics. New Century Book House. p. 189. ISBN 81-234-0395-X.
- Peebles, Patrick (2006). The History of Sri Lanka. United States: Greenwood Press. p. 248. ISBN 0-313-33205-3.