The Uyghur Arabic alphabet (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر ئەرەب يېزىقى, romanized: Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi or UEY) is a version of the Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets and has been the official alphabet of the Uyghur language since 1982.[1]
| Uyghur alphabet ئۇيغۇر يېزىقى | |
|---|---|
 Example of writing in the Uyghur alphabet: Uyghur | |
| Script type | |
| Languages | Uyghur, Sarikoli |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Proto-Sinaitic
|
| Unicode | |
| U+0600 to U+06FF U+0750 to U+077F | |
The first Perso-Arabic derived alphabet for Uyghur was developed in the 10th century, when Islam was introduced there. The alphabet was used for writing the Chagatai language, the regional literary language, and is now known as the Chagatay alphabet (Uyghur: كونا يېزىق, romanized: Kona Yëziq, lit. 'old script'). It was used nearly exclusively up to the early 1920s. This alphabet did not represent Uyghur vowels and according to Robert Barkley Shaw, spelling was irregular and long vowel letters were frequently written for short vowels since most Turki speakers were unsure of the difference between long and short vowels.[2] The pre-modification alphabet used Arabic diacritics (zabar, zer and pesh) to mark short vowels.[3] Also, the ة was used to represent a short [a] by some Turki writers.[4][5][6][full citation needed]
Alternative Uyghur scripts then began emerging and collectively largely displaced Chagatai. Between 1937 and 1954, the Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write Uyghur was modified by removing redundant letters and adding markings for vowels.[7][8] The Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet was introduced around 1937, and the Latin-based Uyghur New Script in 1958.[9] The modern Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet was made official in 1978 and reinstituted by the Chinese government in 1983, with modifications for representing Uyghur vowels.[10][11][12][13]
The reformed modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet eliminated letters whose sounds were found only in Arabic and spelled Arabic and Persian loanwords such as Islamic religious words, as they were pronounced in Uyghur and not as they were originally spelled in Arabic or Persian.
Current Official Alphabet
editThe table below lists all 32 letters of the current official Uyghur alphabet used in Xinjiang in alphabetical order, along with their IPA transcriptions.
| No. | Letter | IPA | No. | Letter | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ئا | /ɑ/ | 17 | ق | /q/ |
| 2 | ئە | /ɛ/ | 18 | ك | /k/ |
| 3 | ب | /b/ | 19 | گ | /ɡ/ |
| 4 | پ | /p/ | 20 | ڭ | /ŋ/ |
| 5 | ت | /t/ | 21 | ل | /l/ |
| 6 | ج | /d͡ʒ/ | 22 | م | /m/ |
| 7 | چ | /t͡ʃ/ | 23 | ن | /n/ |
| 8 | خ | /χ/ | 24 | ھ | /h/ |
| 9 | د | /d/ | 25 | ئو | /o/ |
| 10 | ر | /r/ | 26 | ئۇ | /u/ |
| 11 | ز | /z/ | 27 | ئۆ | /ø/ |
| 12 | ژ | /ʒ/ | 28 | ئۈ | /y/ |
| 13 | س | /s/ | 29 | ۋ | /v/~/w/ |
| 14 | ش | /ʃ/ | 30 | ئې | /e/ |
| 15 | غ | /ʁ/ | 31 | ئى | /i/ |
| 16 | ف | /f/ | 32 | ي | /j/ |
Note: ئ also represents /ʔ/ but it is usually ignored at the beginning of words. It still reads /ʔ/ in the middle, such as سائەت /saʔɛt/ hour.
Spelling of Suffixes
editUyghur spelling borrowed heavily from Chagatai influences. The spelling of the suffixes from Uyghur also matched Chagatai spellings which were kept largely static. Below is an incomplete list of suffixed spellings and their vowel harmony alternatives. Frequently, some Chagatai suffixes were not written joined (separated by a zero width non-joiner, in Unicode terms) while in modern Uyghur the root+suffix would be joined.
| Part of speech | IPA | UEY | UEY Example | Traditional Spelling | Traditional Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plural Suffix | /-lɛr/ | لەر | ئۆردەك + لەر = ئۆردەكلەر | لار | اوردک + لار = اوردکلار |
| /-lar/ | لار | قۇش + لار = قۇشلار | قوش + لار = قوشلار |
Historical Spellings
edit| Letter | ا | ب | پ | ت | ث | ج | چ | ح | خ | د | ذ | ر | ز | س | ش | ص |
| ULY | a | b | p | t | s | j | ch | h | x | d | z | r | z | s | sh | s |
| Letter | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | ق | ک | گ | ݣ | ل | م | ن | و | ه | ى |
| ULY | z | t | z | gh | f | q | k | g | ng | l | m | n | w, o, u | h | y, e, i |
| Mark | ـَ | ـِ | ـُ |
| Name | zabar | zer | pesh |
| Letter | ا | ي | و |
| Name | alif | ye | wáo |
Old and Modern Alphabet Spelling Comparisons
edit
| Old Perso-Arabic alphabet (Kona Yëziq) used before the 1950s |
Modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet | Latin | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| بغرا | بۇغرا | bughra | bull camel |
| ارسلان | ئارىسلان | arislan | lion |
| سلطان | سۇلتان | sultan | sultan |
| يوسف | يۈسۈپ | Yüsüp | Yusuf |
| حسن | ھەسەن | Hesen | Hassan |
| خلق | خەلق | xelq | people |
| كافر | كاپىر | kapir | infidel |
| مسلمان | مۇسۇلمان | musulman | Muslim |
| منافق | مۇناپىق | munapiq | hypocrite |
| اسلام | ئىسلام | Islam | Islam |
| دين | دىن | din | religion |
| كاشقر | قەشقەر | Qeshqer | Kashgar |
| ختن | خوتەن | Xoten | Khotan |
| ينگي حصار | يېڭىسار | Yëngisar | Yangi Hissar |
| ساريق قول | سارىقول | Sariqol | Sarikol |
| قيرغيز | قىرغىز | Qirghiz | Kirghiz |
| دولان | دولان | Dolan | Dolan people |
| كوندوز | كۈندۈز | kündüz | day-time |
| ساريغ or ساريق | سېرىق | seriq | yellow |
| مارالباشي | مارالبېشى | Maralbëshi | Maralbexi County |
| لونگي | لۇنگى | Lungi | Lungi |
| آلتی شهر | ئالتە شەھەر | Alte sheher | Altishahr |
| آفاق خواجه | ئاپاق خوجا | Apaq Xoja | Afaq Khoja |
| پيچاق | پىچاق | pichaq | knife |
References
edit- ^ XUAR Government Document No. XH-1982-283
- ^ Shaw, Robert Berkley (1878). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand). Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 13 – via Google Books.
- ^ Shaw, Robert Barkley (1878). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand). Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 15 – via Google Books.
- ^ Shaw, Robert Berkley (1878). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand). Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press – via Google Books.
- ^ Shaw, Robert Barkley (1880). A Sketch of the Turki Language as Spoken in Eastern Turkistan (Kàshgar and Yarkand): Part II: Vocabulary, Turki-English. Calcutta: Printed by J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press – via Google Books.
- ^ "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal". 1878 – via Google Books.
- ^ Zhou, Minglang (2003). Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 166. ISBN 3-11-017896-6 – via Google Books.
- ^ Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató; Johanson, Lars, eds. (2003). The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-203-06610-2 – via Google Books.
- ^ Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar (1998). China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 174. ISBN 1-56324-781-X – via Google Books.
- ^ Dillon, Michael (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Surrey: Curzon. p. 159. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4 – via Google Books.
- ^ Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. London: M. E. Sharpe. p. 195. ISBN 0-7656-1317-4 – via Google Books.
- ^ Dillon, Michael (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 27. ISBN 0-203-16664-7 – via Google Books.
- ^ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3 – via Google Books.