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User talk:AnaSystem2019/sandbox

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Latest comment: 5 years ago by Laurenwhitehurst

Hello Erick, Great addition by updating the current species and genus number, also adding information about the distribution is a good idea. Perhaps there are some sort of distribution maps for the species? 1. There is mention of their damage to economically important crops, I would potentially elaborate on that if there is more information about the size of impact or methods. 2. Great sources added that are current, I like the addition of the identification portion quite a bit. 3. Maybe you could add a section regarding their life cycle. 4. Are any of these species considered invasive? I see the distribution is in both North and South America. Are there any differences between how they are regarded in each continent related to their invasive status? 5. I don't know if you have seen this or not but there are apparently a few articles put out by UF regarding this genus http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/south_american_fruit_fly.htm It says Anastrepha fraterculus impacts over 110 crops and has a table of them, very interesting 6. I am looking at the Wikipedia page for ants in general and it is helpful I think to generate new ideas to add such as morphology and behaviour. Great job so far! Laurenwhitehurst (talk) 03:46, 1 April 2019 (UTC)Reply

Comments from Emily

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[You've done a REALLY nice job with this page - great content, and well organized. I like the big table a lot, this is a much better organizational system than is on the current page for Anastrepha. However, please do make sure you keep the taxonomy box that is on the current page, as it is very nicely formatted.

Specific comments from various sections: Anastrepha is the most diverse genus in the American tropics and subtropics. Currently, it comprises more than 300 described species, including nine major pest species such as the Mexican fruit fly (A. ludens), the South American fruit fly (A. fraterculus complex), the West Indian fruit fly (A. obliqua), the sapote fruit fly (A. serpentina), the Caribbean fruit fly (A. suspensa), the American guava fruit fly (A. striata), and the pumpkin fruit fly (A. grandis), as well as the papaya fruit fly (formerly Toxotrypana curvicada and T. littoralis). As some of their names suggest, these pest species cause damages in commercial fruits such as citrus, mango, guava, papaya.

[Biology and ecology section:] [Please check the formatting in this section, I think the images are not formatted quite right, and so they are throwing off the spacing. Check some other wikipedia pages to see how images are meant to be formatted to fix this.

Females lay their eggs in developing and healthy fruits. The vast majority of species use their ovipositor to deposit the eggs in the edible part of the fruit (either the epi or mesocarp [these words can link to the appropriate, existing wikipedia pages]), and some species such as A. hamata and A. intermedia lay the eggs in the seed. [1] [2][3]

Larvae attack plants in the families Sapotaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae, Anacardiaceae, Rutaceae, and they feed on the pulp and some species feed on the seeds such as those in the dentata group, daciformis, and benjamini groups [these are not proper names; you need to include the genus, always (so these should be the A. dentata, A. daciformis, etc. groups]. [4] Host plant information for fruit flies is available online in the Compendium of Fruit Fly Host Information (coffhi.cphst.org/) [this needs to be formatted properly as a link] .

Species of this genus are found across a wide range of altitude and habitats. High diversity is found below 1,000 m, and its gradient of altitude has been documented from 0 - 2.600 m above sea level [please fix grammar in this sentence, I'm not sure what the second part is trying to say]. One extremely [extreme, not extremely] exception is the morphotype Brazil 1 in the Anastrepha fraterculus complex that attacks peach, apple, cherry in a dry, temperate and high valley system (Valle Sagrado de los Incas, Cusco, Peru) at 2,600 m. Common pest species are abundant and found in crops, orchards., backyard trees, and rare species occur in secondary or primary forest, and edges or boundaries of patches of forest [at what elevations?].[5] Anastrepha is mainly associated with tropical rainforests, but it is also found in subtropical regions such as southern of Florida . it is In 2010, the species was documented for the first time in the Cerrado of Brazil. It is occasionally encountered in pastures and orchards. [please rephrase this correctly, and you already noted orchards above, why mention them again here?]


Taxonomy and Systematics

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Phylogenetic [A better name would be: Phylogenetics and Taxonomy]

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Anastrepha is morphologically and molecularly classified in 23 species group[6]. However, the most recent molecular phylogeny suggested to split the genus in 27 groups, and Anastrepha and Toxotrypana form a monophyletic group [This makes it sound like Toxotrypana is still a recognized genus, but at the very bottom of this page, it sounds like it's not. Please make that much clearer in this section.].[7] Norrbom et al. proposed to synonymize Toxotrypana and keep the genus name Anastrepha because it comprises more pest species of agricultural importance.[8][9] Also, they proposed nomenclature changes where all the seven originally described species in Toxotrypana are now under the genus Anastrepha as follows: Anastrepha australis (Blanchard 1960), Anastrepha curvicauda (Gerstaecker 1860), Anastrepha littoralis (Blanchard 1960), Anastrepha nigra (Blanchard 1960), Anastrepha picciola (Blanchard 1960), Anastrepha proseni (Blanchard 1960), Anastrepha recurcauda (Tigrero 1992). Additionally, a new name was assigned to the species previously known Anastrepha nigra Norrbom & Korytkowski, 2009 which is now Anastrepha nigrina Norrbom, 2018 because of priority rule.


Cryctic species

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The Anastrepha fraterculus complex is still a mystery that remains unsolved. This began with Allan Stone in 1942 when he observed morphological differences between populations from Central America and South America [Where is the citation for this work?]. Since then, adult and larvae morphology, molecular, isozyme, karyotype, host plants relationships, behavioral and mating compatibility have been studied. The conclusion from a group with multidisciplinary expertise is that Anastrepha fraterculus sensu latus comprises eight cryptic species (morphotypes) with a wide range of geographical distribution.[10][11][12] One of them occurs in Mexico and Central America (Mexican morphotype), and seven are found in South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador); and four are recognizable and well documented morphotypes (Mexican, Andean, Peruvian and Brazil 1) which are distinguishable and represent biological species.[10] [11][13] Also, these cryptic species have a wide host plant range, and they attack 124 host plant species in 39 plant families.[14] Thus, there is a good information to start digging more into a phylogenetic framework such as inference of evolution, host races, diversification and divergence time, hybridization and reticulation. [This sentence is speculation/opinion and thus not appropriate in a Wikipedia article.]


Larval morphology

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The immature stages of Anastrepha is [should be are] poorly known. There are only 20 Anastrepha species with thorough description of eggs which include photomicroscopy (Scanning Electron Microscopy) [take this out, and link "photomicroscopy" to its wikipedia page.]. With regard to larval description, there are only 22 thorough description of the third instar-larval which represent less than 10% of the total number of described species to date (Steck et al. in press) [remove].[15] Ideally, a complete larval description should include a combination of drawings and imagery (using compound microscope and SEM) of the morphological structures such as antennal and maxillary sensory organ, oral ridges, Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (CPS), both dorsal and ventral spinules, and anterior and posterior spiracles.[16][17][18][19][15]

In addition, larvae morphology has not found characters with phylogenetic signal yet.[20] One of the limitation has been acquiring the specimens from a broader range of geographical distributions, and larvae have been mostly described from one location (one country) or colony culture instead. Also, description of third-instar larval is only known from 11 species group which mostly represent one or two Anastrepha species.[15] Thirdly, feeding behavior (pulp or seed feeder) has not been very well documented which could be an indicator or evolution and diversification pattern to enhancing the phylogeny reconstruction [fix grammar here]. Thus, collection and description of immature stages of more species is badly needed to hopefully find [replace with "identify" synapomorphies among the species group.

Morphological characters
 
 
 
 
 







=== Identification === [In this section, please include some spelling out of the names of these resources that link directly to them. It's not helpful in this case to have to go to the reference list at the bottom; they should be spelled out and included as proper references.]

The most comprehensive identification tool for adult stage is available online, and it was developed by Norrbom et al. 2019.[21]

Larvae identification is very difficult task for taxonomists and even for experts in this field. At least, there are three sources which are helpful, but they are not accurate to identify larvae up to level of species.[22][23] [24]

Species [Is this supposed to be a header? Please format it correctly.]

Thorough description and images of each species on the list below are freely available online at http://www.delta-intkey.com/anatox/index.htm.[25]

There are 266 Anastrepha species and seven in the former genus Toxotrypana (Norrbom et al. 2019), and they belong to 23 Anastrepha species [this is very unclear; are there 266 or 23 Anastrepha species?? Please fix the wording here]. In addition, there are 28 more Anastrepha species which were described by Norrbom et al 2015. [So what is the total number of species? I cannot tell from what you have here. Please organize this section better - something like "There are a total of XX species in Anastrepha. This includes XXX from the form genus Toxotrypana, XXX from something else, and XXX described by Norrbom in 2015.]

  1. ^ Edited by M. Aluja and A. L. Norrbom (1999). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 375–406. ISBN 0-8493-1275-2. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ Allen L. Norrbom & Cheslavo A. Korytkowski (2012). "New species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae), with a key for the species of the megacantha clade". Zootaxa. 3478: 510–552.
  3. ^ Edited by M. Aluja and A. L. Norrbom (1999). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 363–373. ISBN 0-8493-1275-2. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ Edited by M. Aluja and A. L. Norrbom (1999). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 299–342. ISBN 0-8493-1275-2. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ Erick J. Rodriguez (2010). "Evaluacion de trampas y atrayentes para la captura de especies del genero Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Central American Program of Entomology, Graduate School at the University of Panama. Thesis of Mater Science in Entomology, University of Panama, Republic of Panama: 83.
  6. ^ Allen L. Norrbom, Cheslavo A. Korytkowski, Roberto A. Zucchi, Keiko Uramoto, George L. Venable, Jerrett McCormick and Michael J. Dallwitz (2019). "Anastrepha and Toxotrypana: descriptions, illustrations, and interactive keys". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Mengual X, Kerr P. H, Norrbom A. L, Barr N. B, Lewis M. L, Stapelfeldte A. M, Scheffer S. J, Woods P, Islam M-S, Korytkowski C. A, Uramoto K, Rodriguez E. J, Sutton B. D, Nolazco N, Steck G. J, Gaimari S. (2017). "Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Toxotrypanini (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on molecular characters". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 113: 84–112.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Allen L. Norrbom, Norman B. Barr, Peter Kerr, and Ximo Mengual (2018). "Case 3772 – Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Insecta, Diptera, TephriTidae): Proposed precedence over Toxotrypana Gerstaecker, 1860". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 75 (15 September 2018) ISSN 2057-0570 (online). 75(1): 165–169.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Allen L. Norrbom, Norman B. Barr, Peter Kerr, Ximo Mengual, Norma Nolazco, Erick J. Rodriguez, Gary J. Steck, Bruce D. Sutton, Keiko Uramoto, Roberto A. Zucchi (2018). "Synonymy of Toxotrypana Gerstaecker with Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 120(4): 834–841.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Hernández-Ortiz V, Bartolucci AF, Morales-Valles P, Frías D, Selivon D (2012). "Cryptic species of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae): a multivariate approach for the recognition of South American morphotypes". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 105: 305–318.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Hernández-Ortiz V, Canal NA, Tigrero Salas JO, Ruíz-Hurtado FM, Dzul-Cauich JF (2015). "Taxonomy and phenotypic relationships of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex in the Mesoamerican and Pacific Neotropical dominions (Diptera, Tephritidae)". ZooKeys. 540: 95–124.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Jorge Hendrichs, M. Teresa Vera, Marc De Meyer, Anthony R. Clarke (2015). "Resolving cryptic species complexes of major tephritid pests". ZooKeys. 540: 5–39.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Sutton BD, Steck GJ, Norrbom AL, Rodriguez EJ, Srivastava P, Alvarado NN, Colque F, Landa EY, Sánchez JJL, Quisberth E, Peñaranda EA, Clavijo PAR, Alvarez-Baca JK, Zapata TG, Ponce P (2015). "Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) variation in the Anastrepha fraterculus cryptic species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the Andean region". ZooKeys. 540: 175–191.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Liquido, N. J., J. Santamaria, K. L. K. Lee, A. P. K. Tateno, M. A. Hanlin, A. J. F. Ching., and S. A. Marnell (2018). "Host plant records of the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Version 1.0". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b c Gary J. Steck, Erick J. Rodriguez, Allen L. Norrbom, Vivian S. Dutra, Beatriz Ronchi-Teles, Janisete Gomes Silva (In press). "Review of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) Immature Stage Taxonomy". Proceeding of the 10th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance. xxx: xxx. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Steck, J. and R. A. Wharton (1988). "Description of immature stages of Anastrepha interrupta, A. limae, andA. grandis (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 81: 994‒1003.
  17. ^ Carroll, L. E. and R. A. Wharton (1989). "Morphology of the immature stages of Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 82: 201‒214.
  18. ^ Vivian S. Dutra, Beatriz Ronchi-Teles, Gary J. Steck, Elton L. Araujo, Miguel F. Souza-Filho, Adalton Raga and Janisete G. Silva (2018b). "Description of Larvae of Three Anastrepha Species in the Fraterculus Group (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 120(4): 708-724.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Vivian S. Dutra, Beatriz Ronchi-Teles, Gary J. Steck, Erick J. Rodriguez, Allen L. Norrbom, Bruce D. Sutton and Janisete G. Silva (2018a). "Description of the Larvae of Anastrepha curitis, Anastrepha pickeli and Anastrepha pulchra (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 120(1): 9-24.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Edited by M. Aluja and A. L. Norrbom (1999). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 299–342. ISBN 0-8493-1275-2. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  21. ^ Allen L. Norrbom, Cheslavo A. Korytkowski, Roberto A. Zucchi, Keiko Uramoto, George L. Venable, Jerrett McCormick and Michael J. Dallwitz (2019). "Anastrepha and Toxotrypana: descriptions, illustrations, and interactive keys". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Steck, G. J., L. E. Carroll, H. Celedonio-Hurtado, and J. Guillen-Aguilar. (1990). "Methods for identification of Anastrepha larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae), and key to 13 species". Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92: 333–346.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ White I.M, Elson-Harris M.M. (1992). Fruit flies of economic significance: Their identification and bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford.
  24. ^ L.E. Carroll, I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson (2018). "Pest fruit flies of the world". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Allen L. Norrbom, Cheslavo A. Korytkowski, Roberto A. Zucchi, Keiko Uramoto, George L. Venable, Jerrett McCormick and Michael J. Dallwitz (2019). "Anastrepha and Toxotrypana: descriptions, illustrations, and interactive keys". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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