Historical writings
- Strabo (Γεωγραφικά)
- Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia)
- Tacitus (De Origine et situ Germanorum)
- Bede (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum)
- Widsith
- Beowulf
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
- Asser (Vita Ælfredi regis Angul Saxonum)
- Æthelweard (Chronicon)
- William of Malmesbury (Gesta regum Anglorum)
- Saxo Grammaticus (Gesta Danorum)
- Snorri Sturluson (Prose Edda)
- Matthew Paris (Vitae duorum Offarum)
- Johannes Turmair (Bayerische Chronik & Deutsche Chronik)