Category:Paleontology Category:Dinosaurs Category:Prehistoric life Category:Fossils Category:Paleogeography


Life in Deep Time

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Preferred Column List Coding

Life in deep time

Mosasaurus hoffmannii - skeleton

Fossil images

Trilobites drawing, Joachim Barrande

Sue the T-Rex

Trilobite, Ceratarges sp Alnif

Gfp-quetzalcoatlus

Extinction events

This is a list of extinction events:^[1]

Period	Extinction	Date	Possible causes
Quaternary	Holocene extinction	c. 10,000 BCE — Ongoing	Humans
Quaternary	Quaternary extinction event	640,000, 74,000, and 13,000 years ago	Unknown; may include climate changes and human overhunting
Neogene	Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction	2 Ma	Supernova?^[2]^[3] Eltanin impact?^[4]^[5]
Neogene	Middle Miocene disruption	14.5 Ma
Paleogene	Eocene–Oligocene extinction event	33.9 Ma	Popigai impactor?^[6]
Cretaceous	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	66 Ma	Chicxulub impactor;^[7] Deccan Traps?
	Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event	94 Ma	Caribbean large igneous province^[8]
	Aptian extinction	117 Ma
Jurassic	End-Jurassic (Tithonian) extinction	145 Ma
Jurassic	Toarcian turnover	183 Ma	Karoo-Ferrar Provinces^[9]
Triassic	Triassic–Jurassic extinction event	201 Ma	Central Atlantic magmatic province;^[10] impactor
Triassic	Carnian Pluvial Event	230 Ma	Wrangellia flood basalts^[11]
Permian	Permian–Triassic extinction event	252 Ma	Siberian Traps;^[12] Wilkes Land Crater^[13]
	End-Capitanian extinction event	260 Ma	Emeishan Traps?^[14]
	Olson's Extinction	270 Ma
Carboniferous	Carboniferous rainforest collapse	305 Ma
Devonian	Late Devonian extinction	375–360 Ma	Viluy Traps^[15]
Silurian	Lau event	420 Ma	Changes in sea level and chemistry?^[16]
	Mulde event	424 Ma	Global drop in sea level?^[17]
	Ireviken event	428 Ma	Deep-ocean anoxia; Milankovitch cycles?^[18]
Ordovician	Ordovician–Silurian extinction events	450–440 Ma	Global cooling and sea level drop; Gamma-ray burst?^[19]
Cambrian	Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event	488 Ma
	Dresbachian extinction event	502 Ma
	End-Botomian extinction event	517 Ma
Precambrian	End-Ediacaran extinction	542 Ma
Precambrian	Great Oxygenation Event	2400 Ma	Rising oxygen levels in the atmosphere due to the development of photosynthesis

Recommended viewing & reading

Television Series

Men of Rock, a 2010 TV series produced by the BBC about pioneering geologists working in Scotland. It consists of three episodes presented by Professor Iain Stewart.
PBS Nova, Life's Rocky Start.
BBC, Journeys from the Centre of the Earth, presented by Professor Iain Stewart, 6 Parts.
BBC, Rise of the Continents, presented by Professor Iain Stewart, 4 episodes.
BBC, Planet Dinosaur, a six-part documentary television series narrated by John Hurt, first aired in the United Kingdom in 2011. It is the first major dinosaur-related series for BBC One since 1999's award-winning television miniseries, Walking with Dinosaurs. There are more than 50 different prehistoric species featured.
PBS Nova, Making North America (2015), the epic 3 billion-year story of how our continent came to be. From the palm trees that once flourished in Alaska to titanic eruptions that nearly tore the Midwest in two, discover how forces of almost unimaginable power gave birth to North America.
Catastrophe - This spectacular five-part documentary series (Channel4, UK) presented by Tony Robinson, investigates the history of natural disasters from the planet's beginnings to the present putting a new perspective on our existence and suggesting that we are the product of catastrophe.

Films

Walking with Dinosaurs (film), released in 2013, (also advertised as Walking with Dinosaurs: The 3D Movie.) It is a 2013 British-Australian-American live-action/computer-animated family film about dinosaurs set in the Late Cretaceous period, 70 million years ago. The production features computer-animated dinosaurs in live-action settings with actors providing voice-overs for the main characters. The film was produced by BBC Earth and Evergreen Films and was titled after BBC's 1999 television documentary miniseries of the same name.

Books

Richard Fortey, Life: An Unauthorised Biography. A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth, HarperCollins (1997,Folio Society edition 2008).
Richard Fortey, Trilobite!: Eyewitness to Evolution, HarperCollins (2000).

Articles

Ancient land masses & oceans

The breakup of Pangea

Land masses

Ancient oceans

Plate tectonics

Oceanic-continental convergence resulting in subduction and volcanic arcs illustrates one effect of plate tectonics.

Paleo-geography

Appalachia, circa 100 mya

Laurentia, also called the North American craton

Geology of Texas

Geology of Florida

Related Links

People of note

Other Links

Gary Larson and the Thagomizer

^ Partial list from Image:Extinction Intensity.png
^ Benitez, Narciso; et al. (2002). "Evidence for Nearby Supernova Explosions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (8): 081101. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88h1101B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.081101. PMID 11863949.
^ Fimiani, L.; Cook, D. L.; Faestermann, T.; Gómez-Guzmán, J. M.; Hain, K.; Herzog, G.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Ludwig, P.; Park, J.; Reedy, R. C.; Rugel, G. (13 April 2016). "Interstellar 60Fe on the Surface of the Moon". Physical Review Letters. 116 (15): 151104. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116o1104F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151104.
^ "Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary: did Eltanin asteroid kickstart the ice ages?".
^ "Did a Killer Asteroid Drive the Planet Into An Ice Age? – Universe Today". 20 September 2012.
^ "Russia's Popigai Meteor Crash Linked to Mass Extinction". June 13, 2014.
^ Randall, Lisa (2015). Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 196–217. ISBN 978-0-06-232847-2.
^ David Bond; Paul Wignall. "Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update" (PDF). p. 17.
^ József Pálfy; Paul Smith. "Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Blackburn, Terrence J.; Olsen, Paul E.; Bowring, Samuel A.; McLean, Noah M.; Kent, Dennis V; Puffer, John; McHone, Greg; Rasbury, Troy; Et-Touhami7, Mohammed (2013). "Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Links the End-Triassic Extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province". Science. 340 (6135): 941–945. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..941B. doi:10.1126/science.1234204. PMID 23519213.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
^ Dal Corso, J.; Mietto, P.; Newton, R.J.; Pancost, R.D.; Preto, N.; Roghi, G.; Wignall, P.B. (2012). "Discovery of a major negative δ13C spike in the Carnian (Late Triassic) linked to the eruption of Wrangellia flood basalts". Geology. 40 (1): 79–82. doi:10.1130/g32473.1.
^ Campbell, I; Czamanske, G.; Fedorenko, V.; Hill, R.; Stepanov, V. (1992). "Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic Boundary". Science. 258 (5089): 1760–1763. doi:10.1126/science.258.5089.1760. PMID 17831657.
^ von Frese, R; Potts, L.; Wells, S.; Leftwich, T.; Kim, H. (2009). "GRACE gravity evidence for an impact basin in Wilkes Land, Antarctica". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 10 (2). Bibcode:2009GGG....10.2014V. doi:10.1029/2008GC002149.
^ Bond, David P. G.; Wignall, Paul B. (2014-09-01). "Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update". Geological Society of America Special Papers. 505: 29–55. doi:10.1130/2014.2505(02). ISSN 0072-1077.
^ J, Ricci; et al. (2013). "New 40Ar/39Ar and K–Ar ages of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Further evidence for a relationship with the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Jeppsson, L. (1998). "Silurian oceanic events: summary of general characteristics". Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes. James Hall Centennial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin. Vol. 491. pp. 239–257. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
^ Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 93 (02): 135–154.
^ Jeppsson, L (1997). "The anatomy of the Mid-Early Silurian Ireviken Event and a scenario for P-S events". In Brett, C.E.; Baird, G.C. (eds.). Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 451–492.
^ Melott, A.L.; et al. (2004). "Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?". International Journal of Astrobiology. 3: 55–61. arXiv:astro-ph/0309415. Bibcode:2004IJAsB...3...55M. doi:10.1017/S1473550404001910.

[1] Partial list from Image:Extinction Intensity.png

[2] Benitez, Narciso; et al. (2002). "Evidence for Nearby Supernova Explosions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (8): 081101. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88h1101B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.081101. PMID 11863949.

[Fimiani_et_al_2016-3] Fimiani, L.; Cook, D. L.; Faestermann, T.; Gómez-Guzmán, J. M.; Hain, K.; Herzog, G.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Ludwig, P.; Park, J.; Reedy, R. C.; Rugel, G. (13 April 2016). "Interstellar 60Fe on the Surface of the Moon". Physical Review Letters. 116 (15): 151104. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116o1104F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151104.

[4] "Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary: did Eltanin asteroid kickstart the ice ages?".

[5] "Did a Killer Asteroid Drive the Planet Into An Ice Age? – Universe Today". 20 September 2012.

[6] "Russia's Popigai Meteor Crash Linked to Mass Extinction". June 13, 2014.

[7] Randall, Lisa (2015). Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 196–217. ISBN 978-0-06-232847-2.

[8] David Bond; Paul Wignall. "Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update" (PDF). p. 17.

[9] József Pálfy; Paul Smith. "Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[10] Blackburn, Terrence J.; Olsen, Paul E.; Bowring, Samuel A.; McLean, Noah M.; Kent, Dennis V; Puffer, John; McHone, Greg; Rasbury, Troy; Et-Touhami7, Mohammed (2013). "Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Links the End-Triassic Extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province". Science. 340 (6135): 941–945. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..941B. doi:10.1126/science.1234204. PMID 23519213.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

[11] Dal Corso, J.; Mietto, P.; Newton, R.J.; Pancost, R.D.; Preto, N.; Roghi, G.; Wignall, P.B. (2012). "Discovery of a major negative δ13C spike in the Carnian (Late Triassic) linked to the eruption of Wrangellia flood basalts". Geology. 40 (1): 79–82. doi:10.1130/g32473.1.

[12] Campbell, I; Czamanske, G.; Fedorenko, V.; Hill, R.; Stepanov, V. (1992). "Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic Boundary". Science. 258 (5089): 1760–1763. doi:10.1126/science.258.5089.1760. PMID 17831657.

[13] von Frese, R; Potts, L.; Wells, S.; Leftwich, T.; Kim, H. (2009). "GRACE gravity evidence for an impact basin in Wilkes Land, Antarctica". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 10 (2). Bibcode:2009GGG....10.2014V. doi:10.1029/2008GC002149.

[14] Bond, David P. G.; Wignall, Paul B. (2014-09-01). "Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update". Geological Society of America Special Papers. 505: 29–55. doi:10.1130/2014.2505(02). ISSN 0072-1077.

[15] J, Ricci; et al. (2013). "New 40Ar/39Ar and K–Ar ages of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Further evidence for a relationship with the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[16] Jeppsson, L. (1998). "Silurian oceanic events: summary of general characteristics". Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes. James Hall Centennial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin. Vol. 491. pp. 239–257. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

[17] Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 93 (02): 135–154.

[18] Jeppsson, L (1997). "The anatomy of the Mid-Early Silurian Ireviken Event and a scenario for P-S events". In Brett, C.E.; Baird, G.C. (eds.). Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 451–492.

[19] Melott, A.L.; et al. (2004). "Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?". International Journal of Astrobiology. 3: 55–61. arXiv:astro-ph/0309415. Bibcode:2004IJAsB...3...55M. doi:10.1017/S1473550404001910.

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User:Pixatplay/Books/Animals from Deep Time

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