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User:Nonenmac/Northeast Invasive Plants

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Exotic plants of the Eastern Finger Lakes region

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Keys

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General color-coding for tables

Red Non-native, exotic invasive in Eastern Finger Lakes
Yellow Non-native, exotic probably not invasive in Eastern Finger Lakes
Green Native to general region probably not invasive in Eastern Finger Lakes
Blue Native to general region possibly invasive in Eastern Finger Lakes

From The New York Invasive Species Clearinghouse (2011)[1]

Rank & PRISMs Invasiveness Relative maximum score
NY-V aaaaaaaa Very High > 80
NY-H aaaaaaaa High 70 - 80
NY-M aaaaaaaa Moderate 50 - 69.99
NY-L aaaaaaaa Low 40 - 49.99
NY-0 aaaaaaaa Insignificant < 40
NY-N aaaaaaaa Not Assessed
NY-U aaaaaaaa Unknown Insufficient Data
aaaaaaaa PRISM code Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management
Codes for the PRISMs from which the species has been reported A
M
C
F
L
H
S
W
 Adirondack Park Invasive Program
Capital/Mohawk
Catskill Regional Invasive Species Partnership
Finger Lakes
Long Island Invasive Species Management Area
Lower Hudson
Saint Lawrence/Eastern Lake Ontario
Western New York

From the New York Flora Atlas (2012)[2]

NY-1 Cccc Especially vulnerable in New York State
NY-2 Cccc Vulnerable in New York State
NY-3 Cccc Limited population in New York State
NY-4 Cccc Apparently secure in New York State
NY-5 Cccc Demonstrably secure in New York State
NY-X Cccc Exotic or not native to New York State
Cccc The first 4 letters of the county closest to Skaneateles, NY from which the species has been vouchered.

From appendices to Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)[3]

CP-V – Highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region (Appendix 2)[4]
CP-H – Moderately to Highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region (Appendix 3)[5]
CP-M – Moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region (Appendix 4)[6]
CP-C – Of Concern (on Watch List) for natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region (Appendix 5)[7]

Categories from Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998)[8]

NE-H – Highly invasive non-native[9]
NE-M – Moderately invasive non-native[10]
NE-W – Widespread non-native plant[11]
NE-L – Local-concern non-native plant [12]
NE-N – Native, possibly invasive in some regions[13]

subclass Pinidae

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order Pinales

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Pinaceae (pine family)

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Abies (fir)
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir NY-5 Onon  
Abies magnifica California red fir NY-X Ulst  
Larix (larch)
Larix decidua European larch NY-X Oswe naturalized  
Larix kaempferi Japanese larch NY-X Oswe naturalized  
Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch Tamarack,
American larch 		NY-5 Onon  
Picea (spruce)
Picea abies Norway spruce NY-X Onon CP-M[6] naturalized
Salicicola 		 
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White spruce NY-4-5 Cort  
Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black spruce,
Bog spruce 		NY-5 Onon  
Picea pungens Colorado blue spruce NY-X Otse rare escape  
Picea rubens Sarg. Red spruce NY-5 Oswe  
Pinus (pine)
Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack pine NY-3 Tomp  
Pinus nigra Austrian pine NY-X Wayn may be naturalized  
Pinus resinosa Soland. Red pine NY-5 Oswe  
Pinus rigida P.Mill. Pitch pine NY-5 Sene  
Pinus strobus Eastern white pine NY-5 Onon  
Pinus sylvestris Scots pine,
Scotch pine 		NY-X Oswe CP-C[7] slightly naturalizing
WW 		 
Pinus thunbergii
(=) P. thunbergiana Franco
 Japanese black pine NY-M 59 LH
NY-X Nass 		NE-L[12]  
Pinus virginiana Virginia pine NY-1 Warr NE-N[13] Endangered in NY  
Pseudotsuga (Douglas fir)
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir NY-X Gree rarely naturalizing  
Tsuga (hemlock)
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern hemlock,
Canadian hemlock 		NY-5 Onon  

Taxaceae (yew family)

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Taxus (yew)
Taxus baccata English yew NY-X Nass rare escape  
Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada yew,
Ground hemlock,
American yew 		NY-5 Onon  
Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew NY-X Broo CP-C[7] NE-L,[12] common escape
WW 		 
Taxus × media
 [baccata × cuspidata] 		Anglojap yew

Nymphaeanae

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Nymphaeales

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Cabombaceae (water-shield family)

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Cabomba caroliniana Carolina fanwort NY-H 72

Lilianae

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Alismatales

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Butomaceae (flowering rush family)

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Hydrocharitaceae (tape-grass family)

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Potamogetonaceae (pond-weed family)

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Asparagales

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Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis family)

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Asparagaceae (asparagus family)

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Iridaceae (iris family)

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Iris pseudacorus Yellow iris,
Pale-yellow iris,
Yellow flag,
Yellow water iris 		NY-H 76 all
NY-X Oswe 		CP-H[5]  

Xanthorrhoeaceae

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Hemerocallis fulva Orange daylily
Tawny daylily 		NY-L 46 all
NY-X Cayu 		CP-H[5]  
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus Yellow daylily NY-X Madi  

Dioscoreales

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Dioscoreaceae (yam family)

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  • Dioscorea polystachya - Chinese yam, cinnamon vine, air potato (NY-H 78)
    (=) Dioscorea oppositifolia
    (=) Dioscorea batatas

Poales

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Cyperaceae (sedge family)

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Poaceae (grass family)

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Agrostis capillaris Rhode Island bent,
Rhode Island bentgrass,
Colonial bent
Colonial bentgrass 		NY-X Onon Onon[14]  
Agrostis gigantea Roth
(=) A. alba auct. non L.
(=) A. gigantea var. dispar
(=) A. nigra
(=) A. stolonifera ssp. gigantea
(=) A. stolonifera var. major
Redtop,
Black bentgrass 		NY-M 68 all
NY-X Onon 		Onon[14]  
Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino Jointhead grass,
Small carpgrass 		NY-H 76 -H-

NY-X Bron

NE-L[12]  
Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhl. Giant cane,
Switch cane,
River cane,
Canebreak,
Bamboo 		NY-M 62 -H-
NY-X few 		Native to SE US  
Brachypodium sylvaticum Slender false brome NY-V 87
NYFA 		CP-V[4]
Bromus arvensis field brome Onon[14]
Bromus hordeaceus soft brome Onon[14]
Bromus inermis smooth brome CP-C[7] NE-M[10]
Bromus racemosus Bald brome Onon[14]
Bromus secalinus Rye brome Onon[14]
Bromus tectorum Cheatgrass,
Downy brome 		NY-M 50 all Onon[14]
Elymus repens Quackgrass
Eragrostis curvula weeping lovegrass  
Festuca filiformis Hair fescue NY-M 60
Glyceria declinata Bréb. Small manna grass NY-X Queens
Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. Water manna grass NY-X Chenango  
Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holb. Tall glyceria,
English watergrass,
Reed mannagrass 		NY-H 80 none  
Microstegium vimineum Japanese stiltgrass,
Nepalese browntop 		CP-V[4] NE-H[9]
Miscanthus sinensis Chinese silvergrass CP-C[7]
Phalaris arundinacea reed canary grass CP-H[5]
Phragmites australis Common reed,
Phragmites 		CP-V[4]
Poa compressa Wiry bluegrass CP-V[4]
Schedonorus phoenix Tall fescue
Setaria faberi Japanese bristlegrass
Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass
Taeniatherum caput-medusae Medusahead

Typhaceae (cattail, bullrush family)

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Ranunculanae

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Ranunculales

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Berberidaceae (barberry family)

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Berberis thunbergii - Japanese barberry (NY-V 91 all, CP-V,[4] NE-H[9])
Berberis vulgaris - Common barberry (NY-M 69 all, CP-H,[5] NE-M[10])
Berberis × ottawensis [thunbergii × vulgaris]

Lardizabalaceae (lardizabala family)

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Akebia quinata - fiveleaf akebia, chocolate vine (NY-M 52, CP-M[6])

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

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Clematis terniflora - Sweet autumn virginsbower, Japanese virgin's-bower (NY-H 73)
Ficaria verna - lesser celandine, fig buttercup

Buxanae

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Buxales

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Buxaceae (box family)

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Myrothamnanae

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Saxifragales

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Haloragaceae (watermilfoil family)

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Rosanae

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Brassicales

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Brassicaceae (mustard family)

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Celastrales

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Celastraceae (staff-vine family)

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Celastrus gemmata Shrub-bittersweet NY-X Suff
Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental bittersweet,
Oriental staff vine 		NY-V 87 NE-H[9]
Euonymus alatus Winged burning bush
Euonymus alta Winged euonymus
Euonymus fortunei Climbing euonymus,
Winter creeper

Fabales

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Fabaceae (pea family)

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Fagales

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Betulaceae (birch family)

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Malpighiales

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Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)

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Hypericaceae (St. John's-wort family)

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Salicaceae (willow family)

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Malvales

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Malvaceae (mallow family)

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Myrtales

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Lythraceae (loosestrife family)

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Rosales

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Cannabaceae (hemp family)

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Cannabis sativa L. Hemp,
Marijuana,
Pot 		NY-X Onon  
Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese hops NY-H all
NY-X Onon 		 
Humulus lupulus L. Common hop,
Hops 		NY-5 Onon  

Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family)

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Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive,
Silver-berry,
Oleaster 		NY-M 68 MCLH
NY-X Fult 		CP-C[7] NE-H[9]  
Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. Cherry silverberry NY-X Livi IPA KY,NC  
Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive NY-V 94 all
NY-X Oswe 		CP-V[4] NE-H[9]  
Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. Silver buffalo-berry,
Silver buffaloberry 		NY-X Rens  
Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Canada buffalo-berry,
Canada buffaloberry 		NY-4 Cayu  

Moraceae (mulberry, fig family)

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Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family)

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Rosaceae (rose family)

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Amelanchier arborea (F.Michx.) Fernald Downy serviceberry,
Common serviceberry 		NY-5 Onon  
Amelanchier laevis Wiegand Smooth shadbush,
Allegheny serviceberry 		NY-5 Onon
Crataegus beata Sarg. Dunbar's hawthorn NY-1 Steu
Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet hawthorn NY-4 Oswe  
Crataegus crus-galli L. Cockspur hawthorn NY-5 Cayu  
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Common hawthorn,
Single-seed hawthorn,
English hawthorn 		NY-X Onon CP-C[7] IPA NY  
Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted hawthorn NY-4 Oswe  
Malus baccata Siberian crabapple NY-X Alba CP-L[6]  
Malus floribunda Japanese flowering crabapple NY-X Monr CP-L[6]  
Malus prunifolia Pear-leaved crabapple,
Plum-leaf crabapple,
Chinese apple,
Chinese crabapple 		NY-X Oswe CP-C[7]  
Malus prunifolia x pumila Apple NY-X Catt CP-C[7]  
Malus sylvestris European crabapple NY-X none CP-L[6]  
Prunus avium (L.) L. Sweet cherry,
Bird cherry,
Wild cherry 		NY-M 55 all
NY-X Oswe 		CP-C[7] NE-L[12]  
Prunus cerasus L. Sour cherry,
Sour red cherry 		NY-M 55 all
NY-X Tiog 		 
Pyrus calleryana Dcne. Bradford pear,
Callery pear 		NY-M 65 LH
NY-X Suff 		CP-C[7] NPS  
Rhodotypos scandens Jetbead,
Black jetbead 		NY-M 69 all
NY-X Otse 		CP-C[7]  
Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose NY-V 89 all
NY-X Cayu 		CP-V[4]  
Rosa rugosa Japanese rose,
Rugosa rose 		NY-M 63 MCLH
NY-X Chen 		 
Rubus armeniacus Focke
(=) R. discolor Weihe & Nees
 Armenian Blackberry,
Himalayan blackberry 		NY-M 57 L  
Rubus bifrons Vest. ex Tratt. European blackberry,
Himalayan berry,
Bramble 		NY-M 57 L
NY-X none
Rubus caesius European dewberry NY-X Onon CP-H[5]  
Rubus illecebrosus Focke Strawberry raspberry Inv.org  
Rubus laciniatus Cutleaf blackberry,
Evergreen blackberry 		NY-M 63 all
NY-X Cayu 		 
Rubus phoenicolasius Wineberry CP-M[6] NE-L[12]
Sorbus aucuparia European mountain ash
Spiraea japonica Japanese meadowsweet

Ulmaceae (elm family)

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Sapindales

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Aceraceae (maple family)

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Acer campestre Hedge maple NY-X Tomp CP-H[5]
Acer ginnala Amur maple NY-M 66 -MC-LH--
NY-X Mont 		CP-H[5] NE-L[12] WW
Acer palmatum Japanese maple NY-M 50 ---FLH--
NY-X Oran naturalized, aggressive 		NE-L[12] VT
Acer platanoides Norway maple NY-V 82 AMCFLHSW
NY-X Onon weedy aggressive 		CP-V[4] NE-H[9] Onon[14]
Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore maple NY-H 71 AMC-LH-W
NY-X Orle naturalized uncommon 		CP-C[7] NE-L[12]

Meliaceae (mahogany family)

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Rutaceae (rue, citrus family)

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Sapindaceae (soapberry family)

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Simaroubaceae (quassia family)

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Vitales

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Vitaceae (grape family)

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Caryophyllanae

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Caryophyllales

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Amaranthaceae (amaranth family)

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Caryophyllaceae (pink, carnation family)

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Polygonaceae (buckwheat family)

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Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat NY-X Onon  
Fagopyrum tataricum Tartarian buckwheat,
Tartary buckwheat,
Green buckwheat,
India-wheat 		NY-X Gree  
Fallopia baldschuanica Bukhara fleeceflower,
China fleece vine,
Silver lace-vine 		NY-M 51 FLH
NY-X Monr
Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub
(=) Polygonum cilinode Michx.
 Fringed black bindweed,
Fringed bindweed,
Blackfringe knotweed 		NY-5 Onon
Fallopia convolvulus Black bindweed,
Wild buckwheat 		NY-X Onon Onon[14]  
Fallopia dumetorum Climbing false buckwheat,
European climbing buckwheat,
Corpse-bindweed 		NY-X Onon  
Fallopia japonica var japonica
(=) Polygonum cuspidatum
Japanese knotweed,
Japanese bamboo 		NY-V 98 all
NY-X Onon 		CP-V[4] NE-H[9]  
Fallopia sachalinensis
(=) Polygonum sachalinense
Sakhalin knotweed,
Giant Knotweed 		NY-V 98 all CP-H[5]  
Fallopia x bohemica
(=) Polygonum x bohemicum
Bohemian knotweed
[japonica x sachalinensis] 		NY-V 98 all
NY-X ? 		CP-V[4]
Persicaria longiseta
(=) Polygonum caespitosum var. longiseta
Creeping smartweed NY-M 60
Persicaria perfoliata Mile-a-minute weed NY-V 91 CP-V[4] NE-H[9]
Persicaria nepalensis
(=) Polygonum nepalense
Nepal smartweed (U) (CF)
Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel,
Red sorrel 		NY-M 66 all CP-M[6] Onon[14]
Rumex crispus Curly dock Onon[14]

Asteranae

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Apiales

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Apiaceae (carrot family)

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Aegopodium podagraria Bishop's goutweed,
Ground elder 		NY-M 68 all CP-H[5] NE-M[10]  
Anthriscus sylvestris Wild chervil,
Cow parsley 		NY-H 79 CP-H[5]
Conium maculatum Poison hemlock
Daucus carota Wild carrot,
Queen Anne's lace
Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier Giant hogweed NY-H 72 FLHSW
NY-X Onon 		CP-H[5]  
Pastinaca sativa Wild parsnip
Torilis japonica Japanese hedge parsley,
Erect hedge-parsley 		NY-X Cayu CP-H[5]  
Zizia aurea Golden Alexander,
Golden Zizia 		 

Araliaceae (ginseng family)

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Aralia elata Japanese angelica tree NY-V 80 all?
NY-X Oran? 		NE-L[12]  
Aralia hispida Bristly sarsaparilla NY-4 Oswe
Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla NY-5 Cayu  
Aralia racemosa L. ssp. racemosa American spikenard NY-5 Onon  
Aralia spinosa Devil's Walking Stick,
Angelica-tree,
Hercules' club 		NY-4 Madi NE-N[13]  
Hedera helix English ivy NY-M 66 FLH CP-H[5]  

Asterales

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Asteraceae (sunflower, daisy, aster family)

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Boraginales

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Boraginaceae (forget-me-not family)

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Cornales

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Cornaceae (dogwood family)

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Hydrangeaceae (hydrangea family)

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Dipsacales

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Adoxaceae (moschatel, muskroot family)

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Viburnum acerifolium Mapleleaf viburnum NY-5 Onon VT  
Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum Northern arrowwood NY-5 Onon VT  
Viburnum dentatum var. venosum Southern arrowwood NY-2 Bron
Viburnum dilatatum Linden arrowwood,
Linden viburnum 		NY-M 57 LH
NY-X Oran 		NE-L[12] IPA, MBG,
UCONN, VT 		 
Viburnum lantana Wayfaring tree NY-M 53 all
NY-X Onei 		CP-C[7] NE-L[12] IO, VT  
Viburnum lantanoides Hobblebush
Alder-leaved viburnum 		NY-5 Onon VT  
Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry,
Sweet viburnum 		NY-5 Onon  
Viburnum nudum L. var. cassinoides Northern wild raisin,
Withe-rod 		NY-5 Onon  
Viburnum opulus var. opulus European cranberrybush,
Guelder rose 		NY-M 67 all
NY-X Cayu 		CP-H[5] NE-L[12] Onon[14], VT  
Viburnum opulus var. americanum
(=) Viburnum trilobum
Highbush cranberry NY-4 Onon NE-N[13] VT  
Viburnum plicatum Doublefile viburnum,
Japanese snowball 		NY-X Oswe NE-L[12] VT  
Viburnum rafinesquianum Schultes Downy arrow-wood NY-5 Onon Duke 100px
Viburnum rhytidophyllum Leatherleaf viburnum NY-X none IO, VT  
Viburnum setigerum Tea viburnum NY-L 41 LH
NY-X Rock 		 
Viburnum sieboldii Siebold viburnum,
Siebold’s arrowwood 		NY-M 62 MLH
NY-X Rens 		CP-C[7] NE-L[12]  

Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family)

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Lonicera fragrantissima Sweet-breath-of-spring - VA, TN
Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle NY-V 84 CP-H[5] NE-H[9] VT
Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle NY-V 84 CP-V[4] NE-H[9] WI-VT-GA-MO VT
Lonicera morrowii Morrow's honeysuckle NY-V 86 CP-V[4] NE-H[9] WI-ME-NC-MO VT Onon[14]
Lonicera tatarica Tatarian honeysuckle NY-V 86 CP-V[4] NE-H[9] WI-NH-NC-AR-IA VT Onon[14]
Lonicera × bella
 [morrowii × tatarica] 		Bell's honeysuckle NY-V 86 CP-V[4] NE-H[9] WI-ME-NC-TN-IL VT Onon[14]
Lonicera standishii Standish's honeysuckle PA, VA
Lonicera xylosteum European fly honeysuckle,
Dwarf honeysuckle 		NY-U CP-M[6] NE-L[12] MI-VT-NC-MO Onon[14]

Dipsacaceae (teasel family)

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Valerianaceae (valerian family)

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Ericales

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Primulaceae (primrose family)

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Gentianales

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Apocynaceae (dogbane family)

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Rubiaceae (coffee, madder family)

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Lamiales

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Lamiaceae (mint family)

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Ajuga reptans Common bugle,
Blue bugle (Europe) 		CP-C[7] NE-W[11]
Perilla frutescens Beefsteak plant
Glechoma hederacea Ground ivy
Vitex rotundifolia Beach vitex,
Roundleaf chastetree 		NY-H 73 -------- Native to Pacific shores

Oleaceae (olive family)

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Ligustrum amurense Amur privet NY-N --------
NY-X Sche 		VA VT
Ligustrum japonicum Japanese privet NY-0 KY-SC-FL-TX VT
Ligustrum obtusifolium Border privet NY-H 77 AMCFLHS-
NY-X Oswe 		CP-V[4] NE-L[12] NH-VA-IL-MI VT
Ligustrum ovalifolium California privet NY-L 45 ----LH--
NY-X West 		CP-H[5] CT-FL
Ligustrum sinense Chinese privet NY-N -------- OH-MD-FL-TX
Ligustrum vulgare European privet NY-M 68 AMCFLH-W
NY-X Cayu 		CP-H[5] NE-M[10] NH-SC-LA-WI WW Cayu[15]
Syringa reticulata
 (=) S. amurensis
 (=) S. pekinensis 		Japanese tree lilac NY-U 31 -M------ Sara, Colu
Syringa vulgaris Common lilac WI, CA

Orobanchaceae (broomrape family)

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Plantaginaceae (plantain family)

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Scrophulariaceae (figwort Family)

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Verbenaceae

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Solanales

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Convolvulaceae (bindweed, morning-glory family)

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Solanaceae (nightshade family)

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References

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  1. ^ Non-Native Plant Species Invasiveness Assessment Sea Grant. New York Invasive Species Information - The New York Invasive Species Clearinghouse
  2. ^ Weldy, Troy and David Werier. 2012 New York Flora Atlas. [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research. University of South Florida]. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  3. ^ Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)
  8. ^ Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Category 2 Plants - moderately invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  11. ^ a b c d e f Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  13. ^ a b c d Category 5 Plants - native invasives - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Species found in Onondaga County, New York EDDMapS. 2012. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
  15. ^ Species found in Cayuga County, New York EDDMapS. 2012. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
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