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User:Autumnabennett/sandbox

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Below are my personal contributions. At the bottom is the complete version of the article for grading!!!!


Chromodoris is a genus of very colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, and the type genus of in the family Chromodorididae. Within the Chromodoris genus, there are currently 101 classified species. Species within Chromodoris are commonly found in tropical and subtropical waters, living as members of reef communities and preying primarily on sponges.[1] A molecular phylogeny of the family Chromodorididae resulted in this genus being restricted to a smaller number of species than formerly, most of which have longitudinal black lines on the mantle. Many former members of Chromodoris were transferred to Goniobranchus.

Anatomy

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Chromodoris is a genus of dorid nudibranchs, which exhibit one of the two major body types found within Nudibranchia. There are a few major bodily features that separate chromodorids from other sea slugs.

Mantle

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Dorids have a thick mantle that exists over their foot, and in some species, the mantle can have tubercles (nodules along the surface of an organism that are made of keratin)[2] of different concentrations, shapes, and sizes, providing some rigidity and protection for their soft, shell-less bodies. In most dorid species, the mantle holds toxins that defend the organism that are obtained through their diet.

Rhinophores

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They also, like other sea slugs, have rhinophores, a set a of sensory tentacles at the head of the organism. These provide a sense of taste and smell. They can be retracted into the organism into a structure called a basal sheath, and the rhinophores themselves can come in a diverse array of shapes that are important to species identification.

Respiratory System

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Chromodorids breathe oxygen principally through their gills, usually positioned in a featherlike structure located around the anus at their posterior, called the branchial plume. [3]

Phylogeny and Taxonomy

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The the classification of the family Chromodorididae has been the subject of many studies on nudibranches in recent years, most focusing on the phylogeny and it's impact on the traditional taxonomies of the genera. Chromodoris was long considered to be the most diverse genus of the Chromodorididae, however, A study published in July of 2018 on indo-pacific species of chromodorid nudibranchs has shown that the genus should be categorized more strictly, and has been narrowed down to 22 species. These species characteristically have black stripes along their bodies and linear spawning. [4]

Chemical Defenses

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Chromodorid nudibranchs commonly exhibit chemical defenses to protect themselves from predators. Most of the species that exhibit this behavior make use of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes from the sponges they feed on. Nudibranchs can collect these compounds and store them as is, transform them, or be selectively sequestered, although there is no information on how common each mechanism is and which individual species exhibit the individual methods. Chromodorid nudibranchs in particular transport and store their toxic compounds in specialized storage glands located in strategic locations throughout the mantle, called mantle dermal formations (MDFs). These MDFs have been shown to harbor extremely high concentrations of distasteful and potent compounds in comparison to the rest of their body.[5]

Reproduction

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All nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, with each individual possessing both male and female reproductive structures. During mating, two individuals compete for the position of male by darting their penises at one another until the victor penetrates the body wall of the other and impregnating them, forcing them to act as the female, an act commonly called "penis fencing." From here, the female lays eggs into a substrate, which hatch planktonic vestigial veliger larva, who will further evolve into adults.[6]


Citations

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  1. ^ Johnson, Rebecca Fay (2008). "History of the chromodorid nudibranchs: Nomenclature, phylogenetics, biogeography and classification". ProQuest. ProQuest 304661522.
  2. ^ "Tubercles". Fishionary. May 2018.
  3. ^ "Basic Anatomy of the Sea Slug". The Invertebrate Collections of the University Museum of Bergen. December 2018.
  4. ^ Layton, Kara K.S. (July 2018). "Flexible colour patterns obscure identification and mimicry in Indo-Pacific Chromodoris nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Chromodorididae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 124: 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.008. PMID 29476907. S2CID 4872462 – via Web of Science.
  5. ^ Carbone, Marianna (April 2013). "Packaging and Delivery of Chemical Weapons: A Defensive Trojan Horse Stratagem in Chromodorid Nudibranchs". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e62075. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062075. PMC 3631210. PMID 23620804. ProQuest 1344056819.
  6. ^ Parducho, Vina Angelica (April 2015). "Reproduction of Chromodoris lochi". SeaLifeBase.


COMPLETE ARTICLE:

edit

Chromodoris is a genus of very colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, and the type genus of in the family Chromodorididae. Within the Chromodoris genus, there are currently 101 classified species. Species within Chromodoris are commonly found in tropical and subtropical waters, living as members of reef communities and preying primarily on sponges.[1] A molecular phylogeny of the family Chromodorididae resulted in this genus being restricted to a smaller number of species than formerly, most of which have longitudinal black lines on the mantle. Many former members of Chromodoris were transferred to Goniobranchus.

"Chromodoris"
 
"Chromodoris lochi."
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Nudipleura
clade Nudibranchia
Superfamily:
Doridoidea
Family:
Chromodorididae
Genus:
Chromodoris

Type species
"Doris magnifica" Quoy & Gaimard, 1832
Species
See text
Synonyms

Actinodoris Ehrenberg, 1831 (Invalid: Placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 1375)

Anatomy

edit

Chromodoris is a genus of dorid nudibranchs, which exhibit one of the two major body types found within Nudibranchia. There are a few major bodily features that separate chromodorids from other sea slugs.

Mantle

edit

Dorids have a thick mantle that exists over their foot, and in some species, the mantle can have tubercles (nodules along the surface of an organism that are made of keratin)[3] of different concentrations, shapes, and sizes, providing some rigidity and protection for their soft, shell-less bodies. In most dorid species, the mantle holds toxins that defend the organism that are obtained through their diet.

Rhinophores

edit

They also, like other sea slugs, have rhinophores, a set a of sensory tentacles at the head of the organism. These provide a sense of taste and smell. They can be retracted into the organism into a structure called a basal sheath, and the rhinophores themselves can come in a diverse array of shapes that are important to species identification.

Respiratory System

edit

Chromodorids breathe oxygen principally through their gills, usually positioned in a featherlike structure located around the anus at their posterior, called the branchial plume. [4]

Phylogeny and Taxonomy

edit

The the classification of the family Chromodorididae has been the subject of many studies on nudibranches in recent years, most focusing on the phylogeny and it's impact on the traditional taxonomies of the genera. Chromodoris was long considered to be the most diverse genus of the Chromodorididae, however, A study published in July of 2018 on indo-pacific species of chromodorid nudibranchs has shown that the genus should be categorized more strictly, and has been narrowed down to 22 species. These species characteristically have black stripes along their bodies and linear spawning. [5]

Chemical Defenses

edit

Chromodorid nudibranchs commonly exhibit chemical defenses to protect themselves from predators. Most of the species that exhibit this behavior make use of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes from the sponges they feed on. Nudibranchs can collect these compounds and store them as is, transform them, or be selectively sequestered, although there is no information on how common each mechanism is and which individual species exhibit the individual methods. Chromodorid nudibranchs in particular transport and store their toxic compounds in specialized storage glands located in strategic locations throughout the mantle, called mantle dermal formations (MDFs). These MDFs have been shown to harbor extremely high concentrations of distasteful and potent compounds in comparison to the rest of their body.[6]

Reproduction

edit

All nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, with each individual possessing both male and female reproductive structures. During mating, two individuals compete for the position of male by darting their penises at one another until the victor penetrates the body wall of the other and impregnating them, forcing them to act as the female, an act commonly called "penis fencing." From here, the female lays eggs into a substrate, which hatch planktonic vestigial veliger larva, who will further evolve into adults.[7]

Species

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Species in the genus Chromodoris include:

  •  
    Chromodoris africana
  •  
    Chromodoris annae
  •  
    Chromodoris aspersa
  •  
    Chromodoris boucheti
  •  
    Chromodoris dianae
  •  
    Chromodoris hamiltoni
  •  
    Chromodoris joshi
  •  
    Chromodoris kuiteri
  •  
    Chromodoris lineolata
  •  
    Chromodoris lochi
  •  
    Chromodoris magnifica
  •  
    Chromodoris michaeli
  •  
    Chromodoris orientalis
  •  
    Chromodoris quadricolor
  •  
    Chromodoris striatella
  •  
    Chromodoris strigata
  •  
    Chromodoris willani
    • Synonyms

    References

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    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Alder J. & Hancock A. (1855). A monograph of the British nudibranchiate Mollusca: with figures of all the species. The Ray Society, London. Part 7, Appendix xvii.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    • Rudman W.B. (1977) Chromodorid opisthobranch Mollusca from East Africa and the tropical West Pacific. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 61: 351-397
    • Rudman W.B. (1984) The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2/3): 115-273 page(s): 130
    • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
    • Rudman W.B. & Darvell B.W. (1990) Opisthobranch molluscs of Hong Kong: Part 1. Goniodorididae, Onchidorididae, Triophidae, Gymnodorididae, Chromodorididae (Nudibranchia).Asian Marine Biology 7: 31-79 page(s): 55
    • Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
    • Johnson R.F. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS ONE 7(4): e33479
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