Underwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966 and is played in most states and territories. As of September 2013, Australia has been very successful at the international level finishing in the top three 43 times including being the world champion in various divisions 23 times out of 53 appearances at 17 international events.
History
editUnderwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966. Its introduction is attributed to Norm Leibeck, an Australian who returned from Canada both with Marlene, his Canadian bride, and a recently-acquired knowledge of underwater hockey then known as Octopush. The first Australian Underwater Hockey Championships was held in 1975 at Margaret River, Western Australia as part of the Australian Skindiving Convention (now called the Australian Underwater Championships). A Women's division was added to the championships in 1981 and a Junior division commenced in 1990.[1][2][3]
Governance
editThe peak body is the Underwater Hockey Commission (known as Underwater Hockey Australia) of the Australian Underwater Federation (AUF). There are state commissions in all states and territories with the exception of the Northern Territory. Underwater hockey has a coaching stream as part of the AUF's coaching program in underwater sport with two levels being accredited with the Australian Government's National Coaching Accreditation Scheme (NCAS).[4][5]
Domestic competitions
editUnderwater hockey is played at venues in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.[6] The national championships are held annually and as an event separate from the Australian Underwater Championships since 1994.[7][8]
As of 2017, the Australia nationals have six separate divisions based on age and gender – Under 15, Under 19 Mixed, Under 19 Women's, Masters, Elite Women's and Elite Men's.[9]
National team
editAustralia has played at world level since the inaugural world championship event in 1980. Australia did not send teams to the 15th CMAS World Championship in 2007 or to the 16th CMAS World Championship in 2009.[10][11][12]
At the World Championships
edit| Year | Championship | Location event | Men's Elite | Women's Elite | Men's Masters | Women's Masters | Men's U-19 | Women's U-19 | Men's U-23/24 | Women's U-23/24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 1st CMAS World Championship |  Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[13]
|
3 | No event | No event | No event | No event | No event | No event | No event |
| 1982 | 2nd CMAS World Championship |  Brisbane, Australia[14]
|
1 | 1 | ||||||
| 1984 | 3rd CMAS World Championship |  Chicago, United States[15][16]
|
1 | 1 | ||||||
| 1986 | 4th CMAS World Championship | Adelaide, Australia[17]
|
2 | 1 | ||||||
| 1988 | 5th CMAS World Championship |  Amersfoort, Netherlands[18]
|
1 | 3 | ||||||
| 1990 | 6th CMAS World Championship | Montreal, Quebec, Canada[19]
|
1 | 1 | ||||||
| 1992 | 7th CMAS World Championship |  Wellington, New Zealand[20]
|
1 | 2 | 1 | |||||
| 1994 | 8th CMAS World Championship |  Grand Couronne, France[21]
|
1 | 1 | 3 | |||||
| 1996 | 9th CMAS World Championship |  Durban, South Africa[22]
|
1 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| 1998 | 10th CMAS World Championship | San José, United States[23]
|
3 | 2 | 4 | Did not participate | ||||
| 2000 | 11th CMAS World Championship | Hobart, Australia[24]
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| 2002 | 12th CMAS World Championship | Calgary, Alberta, Canada[25]
|
1 | 1 | 5 | 2 | Did not participate | |||
| 2004 | 13th CMAS World Championship | Christchurch, New Zealand[26]
|
2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | Did not participate | ||
| 2006 | 14th CMAS World Championship |  Sheffield, United Kingdom[27][28]
|
4 | 1 | 6 | Did not participate | ||||
| 2007 | Disputed 15th World Championship (Part of 1st CMAS Games) |  Bari, Italy
|
Did not participate | |||||||
| 2008 | Alternative 15th World Championship and 1st Junior World Championship (1st WAA World Championships) | Durban, South Africa[29][30]
|
4 | 1 | 5 | No event | Did not participate | |||
| 2009 | 16th World Championship |  Kranj, Slovenia
|
Did not participate | No event | ||||||
| 2011 | 17th CMAS World Championship |  Coimbra, Portugal[31][32]
|
1 | 2 | ||||||
| 2013 | 18th CMAS World Championship |  Eger, Hungary[33]
|
3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Held Separately | |||
| 2016 | 19th CMAS World Championship | Stellenbosch, South Africa[34]
|
1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2018 | 20th CMAS World Championship | Quebec City, Canada
|
7 | 6 | 6 | 2 | ||||
| 2023 | 21th CMAS World Championship | Gold Coast, Australia
|
6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | ||||
At the Junior World Championships
edit| Year | Championship | Location event | Men's U-19 | Women's U-19 | Men's U-23/24 | Women's U-23/24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2nd Junior World Championship | Eger, Hungary
|
4 | 4 | 2 | ? |
| 2015 | 3rd Junior World Championship |  Castellón de la Plana, Spain
|
? | ? | 2 | 4 |
| 2017 | 4th Junior World Championship | Hobart, Australia
|
? | 2 | ? | ? |
| 2019 | 5th Junior World Championship | Sheffield, United Kingdom
|
Did not participate | 6 | Did not participate | |
| 2024 | 6th Junior World Championship [35] |  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
|
4 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
See also
edit- Adelaide Aquatic Centre – Indoor swimming pool complex in Adelaide, South Australia
- Gold Coast Aquatic Centre
- Hobart Aquatic Centre – Aquatic sporting facility in Hobart, Australia
- Leongatha – town in Victoria, Australia
- St Michael's Collegiate School – Anglican girls' school in Hobart, Australia
- Sleeman Centre (Brisbane) – Sporting and entertainment facility located in Brisbane, Queensland
- Underwater Hockey World Championships – International event for the sport of Underwater Hockey
References
edit- ^ Quilford, R. (17 December 2007). "Breath-taking fun for anyone". The Age. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- ^ "AUSTRALIAN UNDERWATER HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS RESULTS". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^ "The History of Underwater Hockey in Australia". BBC News. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- ^ Australian Underwater Federation. School Snorkelling Programme; Poole, Frank, 1938- (1985), Standards and procedures handbook / compiled by Frank Poole, Australian Underwater Federation
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "SNORKELLING CURRICULUM DOCUMENTATION AND RISK MANAGEMENT PLANS". Sport Swimming And Aquatics Unit, South Australian Government Department of Education and Children's Services. February 2011. p. 10. Retrieved 15 August 2013.[dead link]
- ^ "UNDERWATER HOCKEY AROUND AUSTRALIA". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "AUSTRALIAN UNDERWATER HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS RESULTS". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "Australian Spearfishing Championship results 1953-2012". Australian Underwater Federation Spearfishing Commission. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "AUSTRALIAN UNDERWATER HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS 2013 – HOBART, TASMANIA". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
- ^ "1st CMAS World Games Underwater Hockey Tournament Bari, Italy – 31st July to 4th August 2007". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "2nd CMAS WORLD GAMES UNDERWATER HOCKEY TOURNAMENT Kranj, Slovinia – 21st to 29th August 2009". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "KRANJ 16th CMAS UNDERWATER HOCKEY WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP". CMAS. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "1980 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ "1982 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Brisbane, Australia". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ "1984 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Chicago, United States Of America". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ "UNDERWATER HOCKEY World titles won by Australian teams". The Canberra Times. 8 May 1984. p. 23. Retrieved 20 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "1986 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Adelaide, Australia". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ "1988 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Amersfoort, Netherlands". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ "1990 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Montreal, Quebec, Canada". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "1992 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Wellington, New Zealand". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "1994 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Amersfoort, Netherlands". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "1996 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Durban, South Africa<". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "1998 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – San Jose, United States Of America". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "2000 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Hobart, Australia". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "2002 World Underwater Hockey Championship Final – Calgary, Alberta, Canada". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "2004 World Underwater Hockey Championship FINAL – Christchurch, New Zealand, 22nd to 31st March 2004". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "2006 – 14th World Underwater Hockey Championship Final – Sheffield, United Kingdom 15th August to 24th August 2006". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "2006 CMAS Underwater Hockey World Championships, Sheffield, UK (Official Website)". 2006 World Championship Committee. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ^ "World Championship results". World Aquachallenge Association. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ "2008 – 15th World Underwater Hockey Championship (sic) Durban, Natal, South Africa. 25th April – 3rd May 2008". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "3rd CMAS World Underwater Hockey Games (17th World Championship) Elite Teams Tournament Coimbra, Portugal, 16th to 27th August 2011". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "17th Underwater Hockey World Championship". CMAS. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ "18th CMAS UWH World Championship 2013-Eger Results". Hungarian Divers Federation. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- ^ "Final Results 19th CMAS Underwater Hockey World Championship. South Africa 2016". sportalsub.net. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ https://uwhportal.com/events/cmas-2024-cmas-6th-underwater-hockey-age-group-world-championship?table-view=placings