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Turya (Avesta)

This article is about the ethnonym Turya within the early history of the Iranians. For other uses, see Turan (disambiguation).

Turya or Turanian (Avestan 𐬙𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, tūriia) is the ethnonym of a group mentioned in the Avesta, i.e., the collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism.[1] In those texts, the Turyas closely interact with the Aryas, i.e. the early Iranians.[2] Their identity is unknown but they are assumed to have been Iranic horse nomads from the Eurasian steppe.[3]

Like the ethnonym Iranian, which is derived from Iran, the modern term Turanian is a back formation from the toponym Turan. Both Turan and Iran are in turn back formations from the Old Iranian ethnonyms Turya and Arya, respectively. Turya, or variants thereof, does not appear in any historically attested sources.[4] However, the Turanians appear in later Iranian legends, in particular in the Shahnameh as the enemies of the Iranians. During medieval times, Turkic tribes began to settle in Turan and the name was increasingly applied to them.[5] The modern pan-nationalist movement Turanism also ultimately derives its name from the term.[6]

In the Avesta

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Gathas

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The Turyas are thought to be mentioned in the Ushtavaiti Gatha. In verse Y. 46.12, names the family Friia of Tur as a follower of Asha and Ahura Mazda. This is interpreted such that he and his family hailed from the people of the Turyas.[7] The text also seems to imply that prominent figures from the early period of Zoroastrianism belong to his family.[8] This prominence and overall positive role of the Turanians is in contrast to their antagonistic role in other parts of the Younger Avesta as well as the absence of the Aryas in the Gathas.[9]

Frawardin Yasht

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The Frawardin Yasht is the longest of the Yashts and is dedicated to the veneration of the Fravashi, a unique Zoroastrian concept similar to and connected with the concept of the soul (urvan).[10] This Yasht is considered to consist of two parts. In the first part, the Fravashi themselves are praised, often for providing assistance in batte.[11] For example, Yt. 13.37-38, presents them as helping the Aryas in their fight against the Turyan Danus:

yūžam taδā tarwayata
wṛθram danunām tūranām
yūžam taδā tarwayata
δbaišāh dānunām tūranām
yušmabyō parō karšnazō
hu-wīrā bawan sawištā
yai taxmā xštāwayō
yai taxmā saušyantō
yai taxmā wṛθrājanō
xrūmāh asōbiš fra-zinta
dānunām baiwar-patinām

You then overcame
the resistance of the Turian Danus.
You then overcame
the hostilities of the Turian Danus.
Thanks to you the Karshnazids,
having good men, became the strongest.
the brave Xshtawids,
the brave Saushyants,
the brave victors,
You destroyed the crumbling (dwellings) together with (their) sites,
of the Danus who are lord of tens of thousands.

— Fravardin Yasht 13.38 (translated by William Malandra).[12]

The identity of the Danus is unknown but they have been connected to the Iranian word for river as well as to mythical race of the Danava from the Vedas.[13] From the text, it is clear that they are either a clan of the Turyas or are otherwise associated with them.[14] In the second part of the Yasht, the fravashis of numerous individuals are venerated, who played an important part in the early Zoroastrian community.[15] Several persons from the Turyas are mentioned as loyal supportes of the Zoroastrian faith, and Yt. 13.143 is dedicated to all the faithful who live in the lands of the Aryas and Turyas

tūiryanąm dax́ yunąm narąm aṣ̌aoninąm frawaṣ̌ayō ý°
tūiryanąm dax́ yunąm nāirinąm aṣ̌aoninąm frawaṣ̌ayō ý°

We worship the Fravashis of the holy men in the Turya lands;
We worship the Fravashis of the holy women in the Turya lands.

— Fravardin Yasht 13.143 (translated by James Darmesteter).[16]

In addition, Yt. 13.143-144 furthermore mentions the faithful who live in the lands of the Sairimas, Sainus and Dahas. In general, the relationship between the Aryas and Turyas is presented in these verses as much more amicable.[17]

Legendary Yashts

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Illustration from the Shahnameh depicting the murder of Iraj by his brothers Sarm and Tur.

Most references to the Turyas in the Avesta appear in the so called legendary Yashts, namely the Aban Yasht, the Drvasp Yasht, the Ram Yasht, the Den Yasht, and the Zamyad Yasht.[18] They are called legendary because they contain a number of allusions to the myths and legends of the people of the Avesta. These stories formed the core of later Iranian history as expressed in the Shahnameh, but may have entered the western Iranian traditions as early as the Achaemenid period.[19]

In the Avesta, the Turyas form as a people when the primordial Pishdadian ruler, Thraetaona, divides the world between his oldest son Tur, who receives the north and east, his middle son Sarm, who receives the west, and his youngest son Iraj, whe receives the south. While Tur becomes the ancestor of the Turyas, Iraj becomes the ancestor of the Aryas, who are then ruled by his grandson Manuchehr. Following this division of the world, the conflict between the two peoples evolves during the Kayanian cycle. This conflict centers around the attempts of the Turian King Franrasyan to conquer Iran and stealing the royal glory of the Iranians. The fighting between the two peoples stops temporarily when Erekhsha the Archer manages to shoot an arrow as far as the Oxus river, which from then on marks the border between Iran and Turan.[20] Kavi Xosrau eventually manages to kill Franrasyan in a fight at the "white forest".[21]

Later tradition

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It is assumed that during the Sassanian period, a coherent framework of Iranian history did exist and was presented in works like the Khwaday-Namag. In these works, factual, legendary and mythical elements are blended into a unified national history of Iran. These Sassanian era works are now lost but they formed the basis of Arab histories, like the Nihayat al-arab, which were produced after the Muslim conquest of Iran as well as a number of Iranian historizing epics, like the Bahman-nameh, the Borzu Nama, the Darab-nama; all of which were produced during the Iranian renaissance in the 9th and 10th century. The single most important work, however, from this period is the Iranian national epic, the Shahnameh.[22]

In these works, the Turanians are consistently presented as the main antagonists of the Iranians. Many of the characters and stories from the Kayanian epic cycle, as alluded to in the legendary Yashts, reappear and are treated as basically historical.[23] These later works were created during the 9th and 10th century BC, when the region of Turan had become mostly settled by Turkic steppe nomads. As a result, the Turanians became increasingly identified with them.[24]

Identity

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Possible location of the peoples mentioned in the Fravardin Yasht; namely the Turya, Sairima and Dahi.

The Turanians are not attested in historical 1st millennium BCE records.[4] Achaemenid sources consistently use the term Saka when referring to northern steppe nomads, whereas Greek authors often refer to them as Scythians. Despite this, there is a scholary consensus that the Turanians were Iranic steppe nomads living in the Eurasian steppe to the north of the ancient Iranians.[3][25][26]

This identification is based on a number of rationals. First, during the time of the Avesta, the region of Turan was inhabitated by Iranic steppe nomads. In addition, a number of Turanian personal names, like Frarasyan,[27] Agraeratha,[28] Biderafsh,[29] and Arjataspa,[30] appear in the Avesta. They have been studied by linguists and are all Iranic in character.[31] Furthermore, the story of the mythical king Thraetaona, who divided the world among his three sons Tur (Turya), Sarm (Sairima) and Iraj (Arya), is interpreted as a recognition of an ancient kinship between Turanians and Iranians.[32] Finally, the ethnonym of the Sairimas has been connected to the Sarmatians and Sauromatians.[33] Likewise, the ethnonym Dahi may be related to Dahaes.[34]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Gnoli 1980, pp. 99–130.
  2. ^ Yarshater 1983, p. 366.
  3. ^ a b Boyce 1996, p. 104: "In the Farvadin Yasht, 143-4, five divisions are recognized among the Iranians, namely the Airya (a term which the Avestan people appear to use of themselves), Tuirya, Sairima, Sainu and Dahi".
  4. ^ a b Great Britain Naval Intelligence Division 1920, p. 12: "[T]he term Turan is found neither in the inscriptions of Darius I (521-435 B.C.) nor in Greek writers".
  5. ^ Yarshater 2014, pp. 570-576: "The identification of the Turanians, a rival Iranian tribe, with the Turks, and Afrāsīāb with their king, is a late development, possibly made in the early 7th century, the Turks having first come into contact with the Iranians only in the 6th century.".
  6. ^ Great Britain Naval Intelligence Division 1920.
  7. ^ Humbach 2000, "His name recalls that of Tūr, the forefather of the Turanians".
  8. ^ Humbach 1991, p. 12.
  9. ^ Humbach 2000, "Strangely enough, the name of the Aryans, which is well attested in the Younger Avesta, does not occur in the Gathas".
  10. ^ Boyce 2012, : "The fravaši cult appears to represent the fusing of an ancient general one of the souls (urvan) of the dead with a particular one of those of warrior-heroes, the fravašis proper".
  11. ^ Malandra 2018, p. 35: "Since our Yašt is divided into two basic parts, the one being sst. 1-95 dealing in a more general way with the Frawṛtis, the other being a long series of invocations of the Frawṛtis of individuals".
  12. ^ Malandra 2018, p. 90.
  13. ^ Malandra 2018, pp. 186–187.
  14. ^ Gnoli 1980, p. 107.
  15. ^ Boyce 2012, : "Verses 96-144 have also evidently been taken over from the urvan cult, for they consist in the main of a list of names of Zoroaster's first disciples and of leading members of the early community, venerated with the formula: "We worship the fravaši of righteous so-and-so" ".
  16. ^ Darmesteter 1882, pp. 226-227.
  17. ^ Schwartz 1985, p. 648: "These peoples are not necessarily enemies of the Airya, as appears from Yasht 13.143 [...]".
  18. ^ Hintze 2014.
  19. ^ Nijssen 2024.
  20. ^ Bailey 1987.
  21. ^ Hambartsumian 2009.
  22. ^ Yarshater 1983.
  23. ^ Daniel 2012, p. 47: "[The Avestan] stories were so rich, detailed, coherent, and meaningful that they came to be accepted as records of actual events - so much so that they almost totally supplanted in collective memory the genuine history of ancient Iran.".
  24. ^ Boyce 1996, p. 105.
  25. ^ Diakonoff 1999, p. 100: "Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi's poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 'lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes".
  26. ^ Daniel 2012, p. 52: "They also included tales of the Kayanian kings, culminating in the reign of Kavi Vishtaspa (Goshtasp) and the warfare between the Iranians and their natural enemies, the Turanians (probably nomadic peoples to the north of Iran, later identified with the Turks).".
  27. ^ Yarshater 2014.
  28. ^ Khaleghi-Motlagh 2011.
  29. ^ Tafażżolī 1989.
  30. ^ Tafażżolī 2011.
  31. ^ Mayrhofer 1979.
  32. ^ Kuzmina 2007, p. 174 "In Iranian texts, the idea about the kinship of all Iranian-speaking languages is reflected in a legend of how the ancestor of the Iranians divided the land between three sons: Sairima, the forefather of Sauromatians (who dwelt in the historic period from the Don to the Urals), Tur, from whom the Turians originated (the northern part of Central Asia was called Turan), and the younger son Iraj, the ancestor of the Iranian population (Christensen 1934).".
  33. ^ Bailey 1985, p. 65: "In the Scythian field there are two names to be mentioned. The Sarmatai are in the Avesta Sairima-, and there are also the Sauromatai. The etyma of these two names are somewhat complex. The Sarmatai survived in the Zor. Pahl. slm *salm (the -l- is marked for -l-, not -r-, Bundashin TD 2, 106.15).".
  34. ^ Bailey 1959, p. 109: "A people called by the ethnic name Iran. daha-, now found in Old Persian daha placed before saka in an inscription of Xerxes (Persopolis h 26) has long been known. The Akkadian form is da-a-an for *daha-. The Avestan *daha- attested in the fem. dahi;- is an epithet of lands. Yasht 13.143-4 has the list airyanam ... tūiryanam ... sairimanam ... saininam ... dahinam ... From this we get : Arya-, Turiya-, Sarima-, Saini-, Daha-, as names of peoples known to the early litany of Yasht 13.".

Bibliography

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  • Bailey, Harold Walter (1959). "Iranian Arya and Daha". Transactions of the Philological Society. 58: 71–115. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1959.tb00300.x.
  • Bailey, Harold Walter (1985). Khotanese Text. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521257794.
  • Bailey, Harold W. (1987). "Arya". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
  • Boyce, Mary (1996). A History Of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period. Brill.
  • Boyce, Mary (2012). "Frawardin Yašt". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X. Iranica Foundation. pp. 199–201.
  • Daniel, Elton L. (2012). The History of Iran. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313375095.
  • Darmesteter, James (1882). The Zend-Avesta Part 2. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
  • Diakonoff, Igor M. (1999). The Paths of History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64348-1.
  • Gnoli, Gherardo (1980). Zoroaster's Time and Homeland: A Study on the Origins of Mazdeism and Related Problems. Istituto universitario orientale.
  • Great Britain Naval Intelligence Division (1920). A Manual on the Turanians and Pan-Turanianism (PDF). London: Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty. ISBN 978-1332154494.
  • Hambartsumian, Arthur (2009). "The Sacred Aryan Forest in the Avestan and Pahlavi Texts". Iran and the Caucasus. 13 (1): 125–130. JSTOR 25597397.
  • Hintze, Almut (2014). "Yašts". Encyclopædia Iranica. Iranica Foundation.
  • Humbach, Helmut (2000). "Gathas i Texts". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X. Iranica Foundation. pp. 321–327.
  • Humbach, Helmut (1991). The Gathas of Zarathustra and the Other Old Avestan Texts. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
  • Kuzmina, Elena E. (2007). J.P. Mallory (ed.). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2071-2.
  • Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (2011). "AḠRĒRAṮ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. Iranica Foundation.
  • Malandra, William W. (2018). The Frawardin Yašt: Introduction, Translation, Text, Commentary, Glossary. Ancient Iran. Vol. 8. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-1949743036.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1979). Iranisches Personennamenbuch I: Die Altiranischen Namen. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3700103004.

Nijssen, Daan (2024). "Kayanian history - How the Persians reinvented their past". Ancient History Magazine.

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