Tropical Storm Ignacio was a strong tropical storm that deluged the Mexican coast with heavy rains. The 9th named storm and 11th tropical cyclone of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season, the system formed from two tropical waves. The pair moved across the Atlantic during the first ten days of September. The second of the two spawned Tropical Storm Erika in the eastern Atlantic. Emerging into the eastern Pacific between the September 10 and September 12, an area of thunderstorms developed southeast of an upper level cyclone off the southern tip of Baja California Sur due to the interaction of the upper cyclone with the pair of tropical waves. By the September 15, the thunderstorm activity organized into bands, indicating the presence of a new tropical depression, the eleventh of the season. The cyclone moved north-northwest due to steering around the upper cyclone, and became a tropical storm by noon on the September 16. Once the upper cyclone moved away from Ignacio, its motion towards the Mexican coast stopped on September 17, and it executed a slow anticyclonic loop that would be completed late on the September 18. Proximity to land and west to southwesterly vertical wind shear weakened the cyclone, and Ignacio regained tropical depression status late on the September 18. The system dissipated as a tropical cyclone that night, and its remnants moved west-southwest into the tropical Pacific, occasionally flaring up new convection over the succeeding couple days.[1]
 Ignacio off the coast of Mexico, on September 17 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | September 16, 1991 |
| Dissipated | September 19, 1991 |
| Tropical storm | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 65 mph (100 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 994 mbar (hPa); 29.35 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 23 |
| Damage | Minimal |
| Areas affected | Southwestern Mexico, Northwestern Mexico |
| IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season | |
Meteorological history
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Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionThe origins of Ignacio formed from two tropical waves. The pair moved across the Atlantic during the first ten days of September. The second of the two spawned Tropical Storm Erika in the eastern Atlantic. It emerged into the eastern Pacific between the September 10 and September 12.[1] An area of thunderstorms developed southeast of an upper level cyclone off the southern tip of Baja California Sur due to the interaction of the upper cyclone with the pair of tropical waves.[1] It had become a broad area of convection located to the east of a quasi-stationary mid-level trough axis along 115°W. The area of disturbance became a tropical depression on September 16, about 375 km (233 mi) southwest of Acapulco.[2] The storm continued to intensify and became a tropical storm later in the day. The tropical cyclone's forward motion was slow, along with a small clockwise loop, a track that was somewhat unexpected.[2]
Ignacio was centered around 45 km (28 mi) offshore and was near its peak intensity of a minimum central pressure of 994 mbar (29.4 inHg) on the evening of September 17. Once the upper cyclone moved away from Ignacio, its motion towards the Mexican coast stopped on September 17, and it executed a slow anticyclonic loop that would be completed late on the September 18.[1] The surface pressure fell to 1,004.7 mbar (29.67 inHg) at Zinhuatenejo and 1,006 mbar (29.7 inHg) at Manzanillo. Tropical storm warnings were issued for the affected portion of southwest Mexico. The few surface-observing sites reported many hours of rain, some locally heavy, from noon on September 16 to early on September 18. Several ships reported tropical storm-force winds. The OMI Willamette reported the highest surface winds of the event.[2]
Ignacio weakened quickly on September 18, probably due to the combined effects of the storm's close proximity to land and persistence of waters likely cooled by upwelling. Strong winds aloft, shearing Ignacio from the southwest, might have contributed to the weakening as well. Ignacio was downgraded to a tropical depression on September 19 and became a remnant low later that day. The remnants of Ignacio, identified on satellite imagery as occasional flare-ups of convection, moved west-southwestwards over the next two days.[2]
Preparations and impact
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When Ignacio was closely approaching the coast of Mexico, a tropical storm warning was issued from Zihuatenajo to Cuyutan on September 16. When Ignacio was forecast to move up the coast, the warnings were extended to Cabo Corrientes, Jalisco on September 17. However, the warnings were dropped when the cyclone dissipated.[3]
Despite remaining offshore, the outer rainbands of Tropical Storm Ignacio widespread rain to Mexico. The highest amount recorded was 15.43 inches (392 mm) at Pasa de San Antonio.[4] The storm also caused street flooding in Acapulco.[5] Ten people died in Guerrero due to flash flooding. In addition, heavy rains and high ways brought widespread damage to nine other Mexican states.[6] The remnants of the storm caused several dams to burst in the state of Chihuahua, leaving 10,000 people homeless and killing another 13.[7] In all, 40 people were injured.[2]
See also
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References
edit- ^ a b c d "Tropical Storm Ignacio - September 13-19, 1991". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Mayfield, Britt Max; Rappaport, Edward N. (1992). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1991". Monthly Weather Review. 120 (11). American Meteorological Society: 2697–2708. Bibcode:1992MWRv..120.2697R. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2697:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
- ^ Edward Rappaport. "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
- ^ David M. Roth. "Tropical Storm Ignacio" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- ^ "Tropical storms". The Atlanta Journal and Constitution (Earthweek:A Diary of the Planet). September 21, 1991.
- ^ Weekly Climate Bulletin. Climate Analysis Center. p. 5.
