Trondheimsk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪmsk]), Trondheim dialect or Trondheim Norwegian is a dialect of Norwegian used in Trondheim. It is a variety of Trøndersk.
| Trondheimsk | |
|---|---|
| Region | Trondheim |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Phonology
editConsonants
edit- /l/ is dental [l̪].[1]
- After short vowels, it is realized as an approximant, either palatal [ʎ] or palatalized dental [l̪ʲ].[2]
- When it occurs after a short vowel before a voiceless stop (particularly /t/),[1] it is realized as a voiceless dental lateral continuant, described variously as an approximant [l̪̊][1] and a fricative [ɬ̪].[2]
- /r/ tends to be realized as a voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]. It is devoiced to [ʂ] before /p/ and /k/.[2]
Vowels
edit- /iː/ and /yː/ can be diphthongized to, respectively, [ie] and [ye].[3]
- /uː/ is diphthongized to [ue].[4]
- /eː, øː/ and /ɔː/ are diphthongized to, respectively, [eæ], [øæ] and [ɔ̝æ].[5]
- The schwa [ə] does not exist in the Trondheim dialect.[6]
- /æ, æː/ have the most open realization in all of Norway, i.e. open front [a, aː].[7]
- /ɑ, ɑː/ are fully back [ɑ, ɑː].[8]
- /ɑi/ has a back starting point [ɑi].[9]
Tonemes
editPhonetic realization
editThe tonemes of the Trondheim dialect are the same as those of the Oslo dialect; accent 1 is low-rising, whereas accent 2 is falling-rising.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c Vanvik (1979), p. 36.
- ^ a b c Kristoffersen (2000), p. 79.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 14, 19.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 18.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 14, 17, 20.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 21.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 15.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 16.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 23.
- ^ Ophaug (2014), p. 59.
Bibliography
edit- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ophaug, Wencke (2014), EXFAC Fonetikk og fonologi (PDF)
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
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