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Trojan script is a series of signs of unknown origin found on vessels from Troy excavated by Heinrich Schliemann's expedition.[1] Their status is disputed.
| Trojan script | |
|---|---|
| Script type | Undeciphered
|
| Status | Extinct |
| Languages | Unknown |
Analysis
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While excavating Troy, Heinrich Schliemann unearthed various objects he believed to depict a Trojan script. These include: a vase found within the royal palace, two terracotta seals, a red slate, and two clay spindle whorls.[2] He was especially interested in the text on the vase, which, by his account, contained a letter similar to the modern "P."[2] Schliemann initially attempted to translate the inscriptions based on the Cypriot syllabary.[3] Émile-Louis Burnouf, a leading orientalist, racialist, and friend of Schliemann during the time, believed these inscriptions represented an ancient Graeco-Asiatic alphabet. Professor Haug, another contemporary scholar, argued that the inscriptions were connected to the Phoenician alphabet and the Cypriot syllabary.[2]
Philologues attempted to transliterate the signs as Greek. Professor Haug attempted to translate the seal; he claimed to have read the words “ta.i.o.si.i.go.” Haug believed this meant “to the divine Sigo.” He argued that the deity “Sigo” appeared in the names of Sigeum, Scamander, and Sicyon. Austrian classical philologist Theodor Gomperz attempted to decipher this same inscription. Although Gomperz utilized the same method as Haug, he instead chose to read the seal from right to left instead of from left to right. He claimed it translated to “to the divine commander." Gomperz went on to translate four more terracotta seals. However, other scholars were alarmed that perfect Greek had been found in Trojan inscriptions, and the inscriptions should predate the form of Greek which was used. These translations were soon revealed as erroneous; they had been based on a mistranslation of the Cypriot script. British Assyriologist Archibald Sayce attempted to read the translation utilizing more recent advancements in academic understanding of the Cypriot syllabary. Professor Sayce believed that the Trojan inscriptions were copies of a Babylonian script and were influenced by the Hittites.[4]
In 1994, Dr. Louis Godart, republished the inscriptions; he identified the script as Linear A. Dr. Cynthia W. Shelmerdine, an American classicist and archaeologist, considers this theory "highly unlikely." According to Dr. Shelmerdine, the signs found on the spindle whorls appear in numerous other ancient scripts and ornaments. Dr. Shelmerdine has argued that any analysis of the signs is problematic due to inability to analyze the original finds.[6] Dr. Paul MacKendrick argued they were written using Linear A to transcribe a dialect of the Luwian language.[7]
Another inscription in the Trojan script was found in Troy II.[3] Soviet historian of antiquity Nikolay Kazansky found them more similar to Linear B signs,[1][8] while another Soviet historian, Arkady Molchanov, regarded them as "imitation of writing".[citation needed] Archaeological analyses of the inscriptions have indicated that Troy III (2250–2100/2050 BCE) and Troy IV (2100/2050–2000/1950 BCE) predate Linear A, Troy V (2000/1950–1900/1850 BCE) coincides with linear A, and Troy II (2600/2550–2250 BCE) may be an intermediate link to Bronze Age societies such as the Usatove or Ezero cultures.[3]
Inscriptions
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Inscription № 2444, may be read:[3]
ku-pa a-ro-ma ku-pa a-ro-ma
Inscription № 2445 is illegible and seems to have partly deteriorated; several signs may be identified as fragments of Linear A or Linear B signs but not as whole signs.[citation needed]
Dr. Paul MacKendrick claims that two of the spindle whorls can be read as "PI-MI-D/MI-D/TA." “PI-MI-D” can be translated as “Pimidas”, a personal name in the possessive genitive. “Pi” or “Piya” appears in many ancient Anatolian names such as Piyamarandu or Pissillis. Similarly, “MI-D/TA” appears frequently in ancient Anatolian names such as Mita, Mida, and Midas. In Luwian hieroglyphics the name “Mita” means “servant.” However, in this context it may refer to devoted servitude of a deity. “Puri(y)as” may be read as a noun in the nominative singular or plural form” It is possible that this word is a cognate with the Hittite word “Purpura,” meaning “dumpling” or “lump.” If “Puri(y)as” shares the same meaning, then the term may refer to the spindle whorl itself, which was made of a lump of clay. It is possible the entire sentence may be translated to read: “Pimidas’s spindle whorl” or perhaps as “The spindle whorl is Pimidas’s.”[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kazansky (1984).
- ^ a b c Schliemann, Heinrich; Smith, Philip; Schmitz, L. Dora (1875). Troy and its remains; a narrative of researches and discoveries made on the site of Ilium, and in the Trojan plain. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London, J. Murray. pp. 23–24.
- ^ a b c d Mosenkis, Iurii. Trojan script: proto-Linear A of Anatolian Greeks?.
- ^ Schliemann, Heinrich (1881). Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. University of Michigan. New York, Harper & brothers.
- ^ Mosenkis, Iurii. Trojan Greek inscriptions: Troy III 2150 BC and later.
- ^ Gulizio, Joann; James, Sarah A.; Nakassis, Dimitri (2014-12-31). KE-RA-ME-JA: Studies Presented to Cynthia W. Shelmerdine. INSTAP Academic Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-62303-357-6.
- ^ a b MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (1998). Qui Miscuit Utile Dulci: Festschrift Essays for Paul Lachlan MacKendrick. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 52–56. ISBN 978-0-86516-406-2.
- ^ "ТРОЯНСКОЕ ПИСЬМО. К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ВОПРОСА". www.kladina.narod.ru. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
Sources
edit- Kazansky, NN. (1984). Троянское письмо: к постановке вопроса. In Bernstein, S.B.; Gindin, L.A.; Golubtsova, E.S.; I.A.; Orel, V.E. (eds.). Античная балканистика: Карпато-балканский регион в диахронии (Предварительные материалы к международному симпозиуму) (in Russian). (Includes images of inscriptions 2444 and 2445.)
- Zurbach, Julien (2003). "Schriftähnlihe Zeichen und Töpferzeichen in Troia". Studia Troica (in German). 13: 113–130.
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