Troctomorpha is one of the three major suborders of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera)[1][2](barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice), alongside Psocomorpha and Trogiomorpha. There are more than 30 families and 5,800 described species in Troctomorpha.[3][4][1] The order includes parasitic lice, which are most closely related to the booklice family Liposcelididae.
| Troctomorpha Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Burmacompsocus perreaui (Compsocidae) | |
| |
| Liposcelis (Liposcelididae) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Psocodea |
| Suborder: | Troctomorpha Roesler, 1944 |
| Infraorders[1] | |
Cladogram
editCladogram showing the position of Troctomorpha within Psocodea:[5]
Fossil record
editThe oldest record of the suborder is suggested to be Paramesopsocus adibi, known from the Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan.[6][7]
Classification
editTroctomorpha contains the following subgroups:[1]
- Infraorder: Amphientometae
- Family: Amphientomidae Enderlein, 1903 (tropical barklice)
- Family: Compsocidae Mockford, 1967
- Family: Electrentomidae Enderlein, 1911
- Family: Manicapsocidae Mockford, 1967
- Family: Musapsocidae Mockford, 1967
- Family: Protroctopsocidae Smithers, 1972
- Family: Troctopsocidae Mockford, 1967
- Infraorder: Nanopsocetae
- Family: Liposcelididae Broadhead, 1950 (booklice)
- Family: Pachytroctidae Enderlein, 1904 (thick barklice)
- Family: Sphaeropsocidae Menon, 1941
- Parvorder: Phthiraptera
- Superfamily: Amblycera
- Family: Ancistronidae
- Family: Boopiidae Mjoberg, 1910
- Family: Colpocephalidae Eichler, 1937
- Family: Gliricolidae
- Family: Gyropidae Kellogg, 1896
- Family: Laemobothriidae Mjoberg, 1910
- Family: Menoponidae Mjoberg, 1910 (chicken body lice)
- Family: Pseudomenoponidae Mjoberg, 1910
- Family: Ricinidae Neumann, 1890
- Family: Somaphantidae Eichler, 1941
- Family: Trimenoponidae
- Family: Trinotonidae Eichler, 1941
- Superfamily: Anoplura
- Family: Echinophthiriidae Enderlein, 1904 (seal lice)
- Family: Enderleinellidae Ewing, 1929
- Family: Haematopinidae Enderlein, 1904 (ungulate lice)
- Family: Hamophthiriidae Johnson, 1969
- Family: Hoplopleuridae Ewing, 1929 (armoured lice)
- Family: Hybothiridae Ewing, 1929
- Family: Linognathidae Webb, 1946 (pale lice)
- Family: Microthoraciidae Kim & Lugwig, 1978
- Family: Neolinognathidae Fahrenholz, 1936
- Family: Pecaroecidae Kéler, 1963
- Family: Pedicinidae Enderlein, 1904
- Family: Pediculidae Leach, 1817 (body lice, head lice)
- Family: Polyplacidae Fahrenholz, 1912 (spiny rat lice)
- Family: Pthiridae Ewing, 1929 (crab lice or pubic lice)
- Family: Ratemiidae Kim & Lugwig, 1978
- Superfamily: Ischnocera (paraphyletic)
- Family: Bovicolidae
- Family: Dasyonygidae
- Family: Goniodidae
- Family: Heptapsogasteridae
- Family: Lipeuridae
- Family: Philopteridae Nitzsch, 1818 (paraphyletic)
- Family: Trichodectidae
- Family: Trichophilopteridae
- Superfamily: Rhynchophthirina
- Family: Haematomyzidae Enderlein, 1904
- Superfamily: Amblycera
References
edit- ^ a b c d Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2021). "Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0". Retrieved 2021-11-05.
- ^ Bess, Emilie; Smith, Vince; Lienhard, Charles; Johnson, Kevin P. (2006). "Psocodea". Tree of Life. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
- ^ "Troctomorpha Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
- ^ "Troctomorpha suborder Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
- ^ de Moya, Robert S; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K O; Sweet, Andrew D; Dietrich, Christopher H; Kevin P, Johnson (2021-06-16). Buckley, Thomas (ed.). "Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 719–738. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa075. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 32979270.
- ^ Azar, Dany; Hajar, Lara; Indary, Chadi; Nel, André (January 2008). "Paramesopsocidae, a new Mesozoic psocid family (Insecta: Psocodea "Psocoptera": Psocomorpha)". Annales de la Société entomologique de France. New Series. 44 (4): 459–470. doi:10.1080/00379271.2008.10697581. ISSN 0037-9271. S2CID 85044414.
- ^ Mockford, Edward L.; Lienhard, Charles; Yoshizawa, Kazunori (October 2013). "Revised classification of 'Psocoptera' from Cretaceous amber, a reassessment of published information". Insecta Matsumurana. New Series. 69: 1–26. ISSN 0020-1804.
Further reading
edit- Lyal, Ch H. C. (1985). "Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera)". Systematic Entomology. 10 (2): 145–165. Bibcode:1985SysEn..10..145L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 86331606.
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