The traditional architecture of Papua New Guinea (PNG) reflects the diversity and ingenuity of this Pacific Island nation, with over 850 different ethnic groups each with its own distinct architectural styles, techniques, and materials. Their typical buildings range from houses on stilts to ceremonial and spiritual centers.
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Overview
editThe island's diverse geographic conditions, which include coastal areas, lowland rainforests, highland valleys, and swamplands, have significantly influenced the traditional architecture in each region. Buildings are typically constructed using locally sourced materials such as bamboo, wood, palm leaves, and sago palm. Each structure has a distinct purpose, whether for living, community gatherings, spiritual rituals, or warfare.[1][2]
Housing
editTraditional housing varies widely across the country. In coastal areas and swamps, the 'stilt house' or 'pile dwelling' is common. These are raised on wooden posts above the ground or water to protect against flooding, insects, and predators. The flooring is often made of split bamboo or sago palm, while the walls and roofs are typically thatched with palm leaves or grass.[3][4]
In the highland regions, the round or oval-shaped houses, often known as 'Pit Houses',[2] are partially or fully buried in the ground for insulation and protection against the elements.[5] These houses often have a hearth at the center, used for cooking and warmth.[6]
Ceremonial and Spiritual Architecture
editCommunal longhouses, also known as "Spirit Houses" or "Haus Tambarans," play a crucial role in the social and spiritual life of many Papua New Guinean communities, particularly in the Sepik River region.[7] They are typically larger and more elaborately decorated than other buildings, showcasing intricate carvings and paintings depicting ancestral spirits and local mythologies. These structures are often the venue for initiation rites, meetings, and ceremonies.[3][8]
In the highland regions, the ceremonial men's houses known as "Mendi" are used for similar purposes.[5] These large, impressive structures are typically decorated with culturally significant symbols and motifs.
Construction Techniques
editTraditional construction techniques in Papua New Guinea are designed to withstand the region's diverse and often challenging climatic conditions. Joinery techniques, such as mortise and tenon or lashing with vines, are used to create sturdy, flexible structures that can withstand earthquakes and heavy winds.[9][10] Thatched roofs are angled steeply to shed rain quickly, and many houses are designed with high-pitched roofs and open sides to allow for air circulation, offering a practical solution to the tropical heat.[4][11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Loupis, George (1984). The Traditional Architecture of the Central Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Appropriate Technology Development Institute. ISBN 9980-56-001-0.
- ^ a b Rusch, Rosemarie (2021). "Woven walls, threaded horizons: Traditional architecture in the modern urban fabric of Papua New Guinea | Garland Magazine". garlandmag.com. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ^ a b Vernacular Architecture of Papua New Guinea, IOM. 2012
- ^ a b Holden, Gordon (2011). Papua New Guinea Village Studies of the early 1970's: History and Reflections. Australia: SAHANZ.
- ^ a b Anania, Michelle; Peki, Mex M.; Vinas, Artis (2013). Identification of Plant Materials Used in the General Construction of Traditional Houses in Serongko Village, Finschhafen District, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea: PNG University of Technology.
- ^ Menin, Sarah; Preston, Lewis (2012). Environmental Education: Creative place-making in Papua new Guinea. United Kingdom: Newcastle University.
- ^ Tsang, Roxanne; Pleiber, William; Kariwiga, Jason; Plutniak, Sébastien; Forestier, Hubert; Taçon, Paul S.C.; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Leavesley, Matthew G. (2020-12-08). "Rock art and long-distance prehistoric exchange behavior: A case study from Auwim, East Sepik, Papua New Guinea". The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. 17 (3): 432–444. doi:10.1080/15564894.2020.1834472. hdl:10072/400652. ISSN 1556-4894. S2CID 230663512.
- ^ Milani; Rahim (1992). Traditional architecture of Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. Lae, Papua New Guinea : University of Technology, Dept. of Architecture & Building. ISBN 9980560185.
- ^ Jell, George; Jell-Bahlsen, Sabine (2005). "From "Haus Tambaran" to Church: Continuity and Change in Contemporary Papua New Guinean Architecture". Visual Anthropology. 18 (5): 407–437. doi:10.1080/08949460500288272. ISSN 0894-9468. S2CID 143840338.
- ^ Kayrooz, Carole; Chambers, Barbara; Spriggs, John (2006). "Between four worlds: building research capacity in Papua New Guinea". Development in Practice. 16 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1080/09614520500451345. ISSN 0961-4524. S2CID 154655553.
- ^ Loupis, George (1987). Traditional building techniques in Papua New Guinea and proposals for their incorporation in contemporary architecture (Thesis thesis). UNSW Sydney. doi:10.26190/unsworks/7240. hdl:1959.4/61461.