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Timeline of women's ordination

(Redirected from Timeline of women's religious ordination)

This is a timeline of notable moments in the history of women's ordination in the world's religious traditions. It is not an exhaustive list of all historic or contemporary ordinations of women. See also: Timeline of women in religion

Timeline

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Ancient history and Middle Ages

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  • 6th century BCE: Mahapajapati Gotami, the aunt and foster mother of Buddha, became the first woman to receive Buddhist ordination.[1][2]
 
Prince Siddhartha with Mahaprajapati Gautami

19th century

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  • 1815: Clarissa Danforth was ordained in New England. She was the first woman ordained by the Free Will Baptist denomination.
  • 1830: Emma Hale Smith was ordained by the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) in the United States.[3] After she became President of the Relief Society in 1842, Joseph Smith declared, that Emma had "previously been ordained to expound the scriptures".[4]
  • 1853: Antoinette Brown Blackwell was the first woman ordained as a minister in the United States.[5] She was ordained by a church belonging to the Congregationalist Church.[6] However, her ordination was not recognized by the denomination.[7] She later quit the church and became a Unitarian.[7] The Congregationalists later merged with others to create the United Church of Christ, which ordains women.[7][8]
  • 1861: Mary A. Will was the first woman ordained in the Wesleyan Methodist Connection by the Illinois Conference in the United States. The Wesleyan Methodist Connection eventually became the Wesleyan Church.
  • 1862: Bishop of London licenses Elizabeth Ferard as the first deaconess in the Church of England. Ferard founded the North London Deaconess Institution.[9]
  • 1863: Olympia Brown was ordained by the Universalist denomination in 1863, the first woman ordained by that denomination, in spite of a last-moment case of cold feet by her seminary which feared adverse publicity.[10] After a decade and a half of service as a full-time minister, she became a part-time minister in order to devote more time to the fight for women's rights and universal suffrage.[7] In 1961, the Universalists and Unitarians joined to form the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA).[11] The UUA became the first large denomination to have a majority of female ministers.[7]
  • 1865: The Salvation Army was founded, which in the English Methodist tradition always ordained both men and women.[7] However, there were initially rules that prohibited a woman from marrying a man who had a lower rank.[7]
     
    Heleanor M. Davison, likely the first woman ordained in the Methodist tradition (1866)
  • 1866: Helenor M. Davison was ordained as a deacon by the North Indiana Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church, probably making her the first ordained woman in the Methodist tradition.[12]
  • 1880: Anna Howard Shaw was the first woman ordained in the Methodist Protestant Church, an American church which later merged with other denominations to form the United Methodist Church.[13]
  • 1883: Ellen G. White was the first woman ordained in the Seventh-Day-Adventist Church by the Michigan Conference in the United States. [14] It is also worth mentioning that she was also one of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventists.
  • 1884: Marion Macfarlane became the first woman to be ordained as a deaconess in the Anglican Church in Australia, when she was ordained to the "Female Diaconate" in 1884 in the Diocese of Melbourne.[15][9]
  • 1888:
    • Fidelia Gillette may have been the first ordained woman in Canada.[7] She served the Universalist congregation in Bloomfield, Ontario, during 1888 and 1889.[7] She was presumably ordained in 1888 or earlier.[7][original research?]
    • Lady Grisell Baillie (1822–1891) became the first deaconess in the Church of Scotland on 9 December 1888 in a service conducted by Dr James Mackenzie Allardyce at Bowden Kirk in Bowden, Scottish Borders.
  • 1889:
    • The Nolin Presbytery of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church ordained Louisa Woosley as the first female minister of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, USA.[16]
    • Ella Niswonger was the first woman ordained in the American United Brethren Church, which later merged with other denominations to form the American United Methodist Church, which has ordained women with full clergy rights and conference membership since 1956.[12][17]
  • 1890: Mary Sterling was the first woman ordained as minister/pastor by the German Baptist Brethren/Brethren Church in America.[18][19]
  • 1892: Anna Hanscombe is believed to be the first woman ordained by the parent bodies which formed the Church of the Nazarene in 1919.[7]
     
    Julia A.J. Foote, first woman ordained in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (1894)
  • 1894: Julia A. J. Foote was the first woman to be ordained as a deacon by the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.[12]

Early 20th century

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Late 20th century

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1950s

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  • 1954: Bé Ruys became the first woman to be ordained as a Dutch Reformed minister by the Dutch Ecumenical Congregation in Berlin, Germany.
  • 1956: The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ordained its first female minister, Margaret Towner.[39]
  • 1957: In 1957 the Unity Synod of the Moravian Church declared of women's ordination "in principle such ordination is permissible" and that each province is at liberty to "take such steps as seem essential for the maintenance of the ministry of the Word and Sacraments;" however, while this was approved by the Unity Synod in 1957, the Northern Province of the Moravian Church did not approve women for ordination until 1970 at the Provincial Synod, and it was not until 1975 that Mary Matz became the first female minister ordained within the Moravian Church.[40]
  • 1958: Women ministers in the Church of the Brethren were given full ordination with the same status as men.[41]
  • 1959: Ietske Jansen became the first woman to be ordained as a minister by the Dutch Reformed Church in the Netherlands.

1960s

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1970s

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  • 1970:
    • The Northern Province of the Moravian Church approved women for ordination in 1970 at the Provincial Synod, but it was not until 1975 that Mary Matz became the first female minister ordained within the Moravian Church.[40]
    • On November 22, 1970, Elizabeth Alvina Platz became the first woman ordained by the Lutheran Church in America, and as such was the first woman ordained by any Lutheran denomination in America.[47]
    • The first woman ordained by the American Lutheran Church, Barbara Andrews, was ordained in December 1970.[48]
    • On January 1, 1988, the Lutheran Church in America, the American Lutheran Church, and the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches merged to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, which continues to ordain women.[49] (The first woman ordained by the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, Janith Otte, was ordained in 1977.[50])
    • According to statements made in 1995 and later, the underground Catholic bishop Felix Maria Davídek, who was a friend of her family, secretly ordained Ludmila Javorová on December 28, 1970.[51] Historians Fiala and Hanuš conclude[52] that these women he ordained (there were about five, Javorová being the only publicly known) found very few specific sacerdotal tasks in Davídek's group, and conclude from this that their ordinations can therefore be considered as only a "symbolical act and a precedent".
  • 1971:
    • Venerable Voramai, also called Ta Tao Fa Tzu, became the first fully ordained Thai woman in the Mahayana lineage in Taiwan and turned her family home into a monastery.[53][54]
    • Joyce Bennett and Jane Hwang were the first regularly ordained priests in the Anglican Church in Hong Kong.[7]
  • 1972:
    • Freda Smith became the first female minister to be ordained by the Metropolitan Community Church.[55]
    • Sally Priesand became America's first female rabbi ordained by a rabbinical seminary, and the second formally ordained female rabbi in Jewish history, after Regina Jonas.[56][57]
  • 1973: Emma Sommers Richards became the first Mennonite woman to be ordained as a pastor of a Mennonite congregation (Lombard Mennonite Church in Illinois).[58]
  • 1974:
  • 1975
  • 1976:
    • The Anglican Church in Canada ordained six female priests.[68]
    • Pamela McGee was the first woman ordained to the Lutheran ministry in Canada.[7]
    • Karuna Dharma became the first fully ordained female member of the Buddhist monastic community in the U.S.[69]
    • Episcopal Church laws were changed to permit women's ordination on September 16, 1976.[70]
    • Since 1976, the denomination called the Evangelical Covenant Church has ordained and licensed women as ministers.[71]
  • 1977:
    • On January 1, 1977, Jacqueline Means became the first woman ordained to the priesthood in the Episcopal Church.[72]
    • Pauli Murray became the first African American woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest in 1977.[73]
    • The Anglican Church in New Zealand ordained five female priests.[7]
    • The first woman ordained by the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, Janith Otte, was ordained in 1977.[50]
  • 1978:
  • 1979:

1980s

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1990s

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  • 1990:
    • Pauline Bebe became the first female rabbi in France, although she was ordained in England.[94][95]
    • Penny Jamieson became the first female Anglican diocesan bishop in the world. She was ordained a bishop of the Anglican Church in New Zealand in June 1990.[96]
    • Anglican women were ordained in Ireland.[7] Janet Catterall became the first woman ordained an Anglican priest in Ireland.[97]
    • The Church of Ireland began ordaining women to the priesthood.[98] The first two women so ordained were Kathleen Margaret Brown and Irene Templeton.
  • 1991:
    • The Presbyterian Church of Australia ceased ordaining women to the ministry in 1991, but the rights of women ordained prior to this time were not affected.
    • The Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, which supports ordaining women, was founded in 1991.[84]
  • 1992:
    • Naamah Kelman, born in the United States, became the first female rabbi ordained in Israel.[99][100]
    • In November 1992 the General Synod of the Church of England approved the ordination of women as priests.[101]
    •  
      Her Grace The Most Reverend, Kay Goldsworthy, Archbishop of Perth, one of the first women in the Anglican Church of Australia to be ordained (1986) and the first woman to be ordained as an archbishop in the church (2018)
      In 1992 women were first ordained as priests in the Anglican Church of Australia[102]
    • The Anglican Church of South Africa started to ordain women.[7]
  • 1993:
    • Rosemarie Köhn was bishop in Hamar diocese from 1993 to 2006. She was Norway's and the Nordic countries' first female bishop.
    • Rebecca Dubowe became the first deaf woman to be ordained as a rabbi in the United States.[103]
    • The Communauté Evangélique Mennonite au Congo (Mennonite Evangelical Community of Congo) voted to ordain women as pastors.[104]
    • Valerie Stessin became the first female Conservative rabbi to be ordained in Israel.[93]
    • Leslie Friedlander became the first female cantor ordained by the Academy for Jewish Religion (New York).[105][106]
  • 1994:
  • 1995:
    • The Sligo Seventh-day Adventist Church in Takoma Park, Maryland, ordained three women in violation of the denomination's rules – Kendra Haloviak, Norma Osborn, and Penny Shell.[113]
    • The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark ordained its first woman as a bishop.[114]
    • In May 1995, Bola Odeleke was the first woman ordained as a bishop in Africa. Specifically, she was ordained in Nigeria.[115]
  • 1996:
    • Through the efforts of Sakyadhita, an International Buddhist Women Association, ten Sri Lankan women were ordained as bhikkhunis in Sarnath, India.[116][117]
    • Gloria Shipp of the Gamilaroi nation was the first Aboriginal woman ordained as priest in the Anglican Church of Australia on 21 December 1996 in the Diocese of Bathurst.[118][119]
  • 1997: Chava Koster, born in the Netherlands and ordained in the United States, became the first female rabbi from the Netherlands.[120]
  • 1998:
  • 1999:
    • The Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil allowed the ordination of women as either clergy or elders.[7]
    • Beth Lockard was ordained as the first deaf pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.[122][123]
    • Tamara Kolton became the first rabbi of either sex (and therefore, because she was female, the first female rabbi) to be ordained in Humanistic Judaism.[124]
       
      Rabbi Angela Warnick Buchdahl, the first Asian-American woman cantor (1999) and rabbi (2001)
    • Angela Warnick Buchdahl, born in Seoul, Korea,[125] became the first Asian-American person to be ordained as a cantor in the world when she was ordained by HUC-JIR, an American seminary for Reform Judaism.[126]
    • The Anglican Diocese of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands ordained Angela Palacious as the first Bahamian woman deacon.[127]

21st century

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2000s

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  • 2000:
  • 2001:
  • 2002:
  • 2003:
    • Ayya Sudhamma Bhikkhuni became the first American-born woman to gain bhikkhuni ordination in the Theravada school in Sri Lanka.[143][144][145]
       
      Dhammananda Bhikkhuni, the first Thai woman to receive full ordination as a Theravada nun (2003)
    • On February 28, 2003, Dhammananda Bhikkhuni, formerly known as Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, became the first Thai woman to receive full ordination as a Theravada nun.[146] She was ordained in Sri Lanka.[147]
    • Sivan Malkin Maas became the first Israeli to be ordained as a rabbi in Humanistic Judaism; she was ordained by the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism in 2003.[148][149]
    • In the summer of 2003, two of the Danube Seven, Christine Mayr-Lumetzberger (from Austria) and Gisela Forster (from Germany), were ordained as bishops by several male bishops of independent churches not affiliated with the Vatican. These ordinations were done in secret and are not recognized as valid by the Roman Catholic Church. At the death of the male bishops, their identities will be revealed.[136] Since then several similar actions have been held by Roman Catholic Womenpriests, a group in favor of women's ordination in Roman Catholicism; this was the first such action for women being ordained bishops.[137]
    • Saccavadi and Gunasari were ordained as bhikkhunis in Sri Lanka, thus becoming the first female Burmese novices in modern times to receive higher ordination in Sri Lanka.[150]
  • 2004: Genevieve Benay (from France), Michele Birch-Conery (from Canada), Astride Indrican (from Latvia), Victoria Rue (from the USA), Jane Via (from the USA), and Monika Wyss (from Switzerland) were ordained as deacons on a ship in the Danube. The women's ordinations were not, however, recognised as being valid by the Roman Catholic Church. As a consequence of this violation of canon law and their refusal to repent, the women were excommunicated. Since then several similar actions have been held by Roman Catholic Womenpriests, a group in favor of women's ordination in Roman Catholicism; this was the first such action for female deacons.[151]
  • 2005: Annalu Waller, who had cerebral palsy, was ordained as the first disabled female priest in the Scottish Episcopal Church.[152][153]
  • 2006:
  • 2007:
    • The 2007 synod of the Gereformeerde Kerken vrijgemaakt [nl] decided on 15–16 June 2007 to open all ecclesiastical offices to women.[159]
    • The synod of the Christian Reformed Church voted 112–70 to allow any Christian Reformed Church congregation that wishes to do so to ordain women as ministers, elders, deacons and/or ministry associates; since 1995, congregations and regional church bodies called "classes" already had the option of ordaining women, and 26 of the 47 classes had exercised it before the vote in June.[160]
    • Myokei Caine-Barrett, born and ordained in Japan, became the first female Nichiren priest in her affiliated Nichiren Order of North America.[161]
    • Becky L. Savage was ordained as the first woman to serve in the First Presidency of the Community of Christ.[162][163]
    • Kay Goldsworthy became the first woman to be consecrated as a bishop in the Anglican Church of Australia at St George's Cathedral, Perth, on 22 May 2008.[164]
  • 2009:
    • The first Bhikkhuni ordination in Australia in the Theravada Buddhist tradition was performed in Perth, Australia, on 22 October 2009 at Bodhinyana Monastery. Abbess Vayama together with Venerables Nirodha, Seri, and Hasapanna were ordained as Bhikkhunis by a dual Sangha act of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis in full accordance with the Pali Vinaya.[165]
    • Alysa Stanton, born in Cleveland and ordained by a Reform Jewish seminary in Cincinnati, became the world's first black female rabbi.[166]
       
      Rabbi Alysa Stanton, the first Black female rabbi
    • Tannoz Bahremand Foruzanfar, who was born in Iran, became the first Persian woman to be ordained as a cantor in the United States.[167][168]
    • On July 19, 2009, 11 women received semicha (ordination) as kohanot from the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute, based at the Isabella Freedman Jewish Retreat Center, becoming their first priestess ordainees.[169]

2010s

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  • 2010:
    • Sara Hurwitz, an Orthodox Jewish woman born in South Africa, was given the title of "rabbah" (sometimes spelled "rabba"), the feminine form of rabbi. As such, she is considered by some to be the first female Orthodox rabbi.[170][171]
    • For the first time in the history of the Church of England, more women than men were ordained as priests (290 women and 273 men).[172]
    • The first American women to be ordained as cantors in Jewish Renewal after Susan Wehle's ordination were Michal Rubin and Abbe Lyons, both ordained on January 10, 2010.[173] (Susan Wehle became the first American female cantor in Jewish Renewal in 2006; however, she died in 2009.[157][158])
    • Alina Treiger, born in Ukraine, became the first female rabbi to be ordained in Germany since World War II (the very first female rabbi ordained in Germany was Regina Jonas, ordained in 1935).[174]
    • The first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in America (Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont), offering novice ordination in the Drikung Kagyu lineage of Buddhism, was officially consecrated.[175]
    • In Northern California, 4 novice nuns were given the full bhikkhuni ordination in the Thai Therevada tradition, which included the double ordination ceremony. Bhante Gunaratana and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere.[176] The following month, more full ordinations were completed in Southern California, led by Walpola Piyananda and other monks and nuns. The bhikkhunis ordained in Southern California were Lakshapathiye Samadhi (born in Sri Lanka), Cariyapanna, Susila, Sammasati (all three born in Vietnam), and Uttamanyana (born in Myanmar).[177]
    • Delegates of the Fellowship of the Middle East Evangelical Churches unanimously voted in favor of a statement supporting the ordination of women as pastors, during their Sixth General Assembly. An English translation of the statement reads, "The Sixth General Assembly supports the ordination of the women in our churches in the position of ordained pastor and her partnership with men as an equal partner in decision making. Therefore we call on member churches to take leading steps in this concern."[178]
    • With the October 16, 2010, ordination of Margaret Lee, in the Peoria-based Diocese of Quincy, Illinois, women have been ordained as priests in all 110 dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States.[179][180]
  • 2011:
    • Sandra Kviat became the first woman from Denmark to be a rabbi; she was ordained in England.[181]
    • Antje Deusel was ordained by Abraham Geiger College, thus becoming the first German-born woman to be ordained as a rabbi in Germany since the Nazi era.[182][183]
    • One third of the Catholic theology professors in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (144 people) signed a declaration calling for women's ordination and opposing "traditionalism" in the liturgy.[184]
    • Mary Whittaker became the first deaf person to be ordained into the Church of Scotland.[185]
    • The Anglican Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf was allowed to ordain women as priests and appoint them to single charge chaplaincies. On June 5, 2011, Catherine Dawkins was ordained by the bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf, the Right Revd Michael Lewis, during a ceremony at St Christopher's Cathedral, Manama. This makes her the first female priest in the Middle East.[186][187]
    • Stella Bentsi-Enchil, Alberta Kennies Addo, and Susanna C. Naana Ackun were ordained as the first female priests of the Anglican Church of Ghana.[188]
    • The Evangelical Presbyterian Church's 31st General Assembly voted to allow congregations to call women to ordained ministry, even if their presbytery (governing body) objects for theological or doctrinal reasons. Such congregations will be allowed to leave the objecting presbytery (such as the Central South, which includes Memphis) and join an adjacent one that permits the ordination of women.[189]
    • The American Catholic Church in the United States, ACCUS, ordained their first woman priest, Kathleen Maria MacPherson, on June 12, 2011.[190]
  • 2012:
    • Ilana Mills was ordained, thus making her, Jordana Chernow-Reader, and Mari Chernow the first three female siblings in America to become rabbis.[191]
    • Jo Henderson became the first Anglican priest to be ordained in the United Arab Emirates.[192]
    • Eileen Harrop became the first woman from South East Asia (specifically, Singapore) to be ordained by the Church of England.[193]
    • Amel Manyon became the first South Sudanese woman to be ordained in the Uniting Church in Australia.[194]
    • Pérsida Gudiel became the first woman ordained by the Lutheran Church in Guatemala.[195]
    • Mimi Kanku Mukendi became the first female pastor ordained by the Communauté Evangélique Mennonite au Congo (Mennonite Evangelical Community of Congo), although they voted to ordain women as pastors in 1993.[104]
    • The Mennonite Church of Congo approved women's ordination.[128]
    • Christine Lee was ordained as the Episcopal Church's first female Korean-American priest.[196]
    • Alma Louise De bode-Olton became the first female priest ordained in the Anglican Episcopal Church in Curaçao.[197]
    • On April 23, 2012, the North German Union of the Seventh-day Adventist Church voted to ordain women as ministers.[198]
    • On July 29, 2012, the Columbia Union Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church voted to "authorize ordination without respect to gender."[199]
    • On August 19, 2012, the Pacific Union Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church voted to ordain without regard to gender.[200] Both unions began immediately approving ordinations of women.[201]
    • Emma Slade, a British woman, became the first Western woman to be ordained as a Buddhist nun in Bhutan.[202]
  • 2013:
    • On May 12, 2013, the Danish Union of the Seventh-day Adventist Church voted to treat men and women ministers the same, and to suspend all ordinations until after the topic was considered at the next GC session in 2015.
    • On May 30, 2013, the Netherlands Union of the Seventh-day Adventist Church voted to ordain female pastors, recognizing them as equal to their male colleagues.[203] On September 1, 2013, a woman was ordained in the Netherlands Union.[204]
    • On September 12, 2013, the Governing Body of the Church in Wales passed a bill to enable women to be ordained as bishops, although none would be ordained for at least a year.[205]
    • The Anglican Synod of Ballarat voted to allow the ordination of women as priests.[206]
  • 2014:
    • Fanny Sohet Belanger, born in France, was ordained in America and thus became the first French female priest in the Episcopal Church.[207]
    • The Lutheran Church in Chile ordained Rev. Hanna Schramm, born in Germany, as its first female pastor.[208]
    • The Bishop of Basel, Felix Gmür, allowed the Basel Catholic church corporations, which are officially only responsible for church finances, to formulate an initiative appealing for equality between men and women in ordination to the priesthood.[209]
    • The Association of Catholic Priests in Ireland stated that the Catholic church must ordain women and allow priests to marry in order to survive.[210]
    • The first ever book of halachic decisions written by women who were ordained to serve as poskim (Idit Bartov and Anat Novoselsky) was published.[211] The women were ordained by the municipal chief rabbi of Efrat, Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, after completing Midreshet Lindenbaum women's college's five-year ordination course in advanced studies in Jewish law, as well as passing examinations equivalent to the rabbinate's requirement for men.[211]
    • The General Synod of the Church of England voted to allow for the ordination of women as bishops.[212]
  • 2015:
    • Mira Rivera became the first Filipino-American woman to be ordained as a rabbi.[213]
    • Libby Lane became the first woman ordained as a bishop of the Church of England.[214]
       
      The Right Reverend Libby Lane, Bishop of Derby, the first woman to be appointed as a bishop by the Church of England
    • The first bhikkhuni ordination in Germany, the Theravada bhikkhuni ordination of German nun Samaneri Dhira, occurred on June 21, 2015, at Anenja Vihara.[215]
    • The first Theravada ordination of bhikkhunis in Indonesia after more than a thousand years occurred at Wisma Kusalayani in Lembang, Bandung.[216] Those ordained included Vajiradevi Sadhika Bhikkhuni from Indonesia, Medha Bhikkhuni from Sri Lanka, Anula Bhikkhuni from Japan, Santasukha Santamana Bhikkhuni from Vietnam, Sukhi Bhikkhuni and Sumangala Bhikkhuni from Malaysia, and Jenti Bhikkhuni from Australia.[216]
    • In the GC session in Dallas on July 9, 2015, Seventh-day Adventists voted not to allow their regional church bodies to ordain women pastors.[217]
    • Bolivia became the first diocese in the Anglican Province of South America (formerly known as the Southern Cone) to ordain women as priests.[218]
    • The Rev. Susana Lopez Lerena, the Rev. Cynthia Myers Dickin and the Rev. Audrey Taylor Gonzalez became the first women Anglican priests ordained in the diocese of Uruguay.[218]
    • Yaffa Epstein was ordained as Rabba by the Yeshivat Maharat.[219]
    • Lila Kagedan was ordained as Rabbi by the Yeshivat Maharat, making her their first graduate to take the title Rabbi.[220]
    • The Rabbinical Council of America passed a resolution which states, "RCA members with positions in Orthodox institutions may not ordain women into the Orthodox rabbinate, regardless of the title used; or hire or ratify the hiring of a woman into a rabbinic position at an Orthodox institution; or allow a title implying rabbinic ordination to be used by a teacher of Limudei Kodesh in an Orthodox institution."[221]
    • The Agudath Israel of America denounced moves to ordain women, and went even further, declaring Yeshivat Maharat, Yeshivat Chovevei Torah, Open Orthodoxy, and other affiliated entities to be similar to other dissident movements throughout Jewish history in having rejected basic tenets of Judaism.[222][223][224]
  • 2016:
  • 2017:
  • 2018:

2020s

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Life of Buddha: Maha Pajapati Gotami – Order of Nuns (Part 2)". www.buddhanet.net.
  2. ^ "A New Possibility". Congress-on-buddhist-women.org. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  3. ^ ""A Revelation I Give unto You": The Revelation of Jesus Christ to Emma Hale Smith | Religious Studies Center". rsc.byu.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  4. ^ "Section 25, 'An Elect Lady'". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  5. ^ "Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825-1921)". Electronic Oberlin Group. Oberlin College Archives. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  6. ^ "Antoinette Brown Blackwell". 5.uua.org. 1921-11-05. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as "When churches started to ordain women". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  8. ^ "A Movement Begins". Womensordination.org. 1977-06-30. Archived from the original on 2010-10-13. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  9. ^ a b c d e Jane Shaw (2012). "The ordination of Anglican women: Challenging tradition". Preachers, prophets & heretics: Anglican women's ministry. Elaine Lindsay, Janet Scarfe. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. pp. 14-29. ISBN 978-1-74224-605-5. OCLC 811406174.
  10. ^ Dorothy May Emerson; June Edwards; Helene Knox (2000). Standing before us: Unitarian Universalist women and social reform, 1776–1936. Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations. p. 460. ISBN 978-1-55896-380-1.
  11. ^ Robinson, B.A. "Unitarian Universalism". Religious Tolerance.org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  12. ^ a b c "Timeline of Women in American Methodism". Archives.umc.org. 2006-11-06. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  13. ^ "Anna Howard Shaw Biography". Biography.com. 1919-07-02. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  14. ^ "Ellen White's Stature and Her Authority in Photos". spectrummagazine. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  15. ^ "NOTES OF THE MONTH". Church of England Messenger and Ecclesiastical Gazette for the Diocese of Melbourne and Ballarat (Vic. : 1876 - 1889). 1884-03-05. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  16. ^ "Louisa Mariah Layman Woosley". Cumberland.org. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  17. ^ "The United Methodist Church And Homosexuality". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  18. ^ Flora, JR (December 1987). "Ordination of women in the Brethren Church: A case study from the Anabaptist-Pietist tradition" (PDF). JETS: 427–440.
  19. ^ Flora, Jerry R. "NINETY YEARS OF BRETHREN WOMEN IN MINISTRY" (PDF). Ashland Theological Journal.
  20. ^ Rosemary Skinner Keller; Rosemary Radford Ruether; Marie Cantlon (2006). Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories. Indiana University Press. p. 951. ISBN 978-0-253-34687-2.
  21. ^ "The 100th Anniversary Celebration of St. Joan's International Alliance". Bridget Mary's Blog. 12 October 2011.
  22. ^ Mark Smith (2012-05-11). "Celebration of first woman minister". Heraldscotland.com. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  23. ^ Women, the Church and Ministry: Celebrating 100 years of women's ordination in the UK.
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